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Rodna perspektiva – želje, planovi i stavovi učenica i učenika završnih razreda srednjih škola o prijelazu iz srednjeg u visoko obrazovanje
Get PDFIN CROATIAN: Empirijska istraživanja i statistički podaci iz Hrvatske i brojnih drugih zemalja ukazuju na to da se djevojke i mladići razlikuju u obrazovnim aspiracijama i odabirima, interesima za pojedina obrazovna područja, kao i u procjenama svoje uspješnosti u različitim aktivnostima i obrazovnim ishodima. Teorijski okvir ovog istraživanja čini model očekivanja i vrijednosti za objašnjenje motivacije vezane uz postignuće Jacquelynne Eccles i njezinih suradnika/ca (1983). Imajući u vidu spoznaje brojnih istraživanja o razlikama između učenika i učenika u obrazovnim aspiracijama i raznim aspektima motivacije, cilj ovog poglavlja je istražiti razlikuju li se mladići i djevojke u obrazovnim aspiracijama i interesima, očekivanjima uspjeha i informiranosti o prijelazu u visoko obrazovanje. Uzorak na kojem su provedene analize za ovo poglavlje čini 4501 učenik/ca koji pohađa završni razred gimnazije ili četverogodišnje strukovne škole.
Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da su razlike između mladića i djevojaka statistički značajne na gotovo svim ispitanim varijablama. Također je važno napomenuti da su učinci većinom skromni, osim u slučaju velikog učinka rodnih razlika na interes za tehničko područje te umjerenih učinaka na interes za informatičko područje te na čestinu korištenja web stranice www.postani-student.hr koja služi za informiranje o prijelazu iz srednjeg u visoko obrazovanje. Nadalje, djevojke više aspiriraju upisati studij nego mladići, iako su obrazovne aspiracije visoke i kod djevojaka i kod mladića. Manji dio učenika/ca se planira zaposliti odmah nakon srednje škole, a među njima su mladići brojniji. Učenički interesi su jasno podijeljeni na „muška“ i „ženska“ područja što se kasnije preslikava u rodnoj neravnoteži u visokom obrazovanju. Ovi nalazi u skladu su s brojnim istraživanjima provedenima u okviru teorijskog modela očekivanja i vrijednosti (Eccles i sur., 1983).
Kada riječ o informiranosti o prijelazu iz srednje škole u visoko obrazovanje, djevojke raspolažu s više točnih informacija o tom procesu i zaista se češće informiraju o prijelazu u visoko obrazovanje, no osjećaju se podjednako informiranima kao i mladići koji imaju slabije znanje i rjeđe se informiraju. Ovi nalazi ukazuju na to da se djevojke podcjenjuju, a mladići precjenjuju kada je riječ o informiranosti, što je u skladu sa spoznajama iz drugih istraživanja o samopouzdanju djevojaka i mladića u adolescenciji (Harper i Marshall, 1991; Marsh, 1989; Frome i Eccles, 1995; Jugović, 2017).
Spoznaje ovog istraživanja imaju i svoje praktične implikacije. S obzirom da rezultati pokazuju da postoje razlike između djevojaka i mladića u obrazovnim i profesionalnim interesima koje za posljedicu imaju rodnu neravnotežu u odabirima zanimanja i područja studiranja, važno je učenicima/cama osigurati rodno osjetljivo profesionalno usmjeravanje. Različite edukacije i aktivnosti usmjerene na suzbijanje rodnih stereotipa o zanimanjima i informiranje učenika/ca o širokom spektru obrazovnih i karijernih mogućnosti trebale bi biti dostupne svim učenicima/cama. --------------- IN ENGLISH: Empirical research and statistical data from Croatia and many other countries indicate that girls and boys differ in their educational aspirations and choices, interests in particular educational domains, as well as in self-efficacy and self-esteem for different activities and educational outcomes. This research is framed within the expectancy-value model for achievement motivation that focuses on gender dimension of educational achievement and choice (Eccles et al., 1983). The aim of this paper is to explore whether boys and girls differ in educational aspirations and interests, expectations of success and knowledge about the transition to higher education. The sample consists of 4501 final year students attending grammar schools and four-year vocational schools in Croatia.
The results of the study show that differences between young men and women are statistically significant on almost all the variables examined. It is also important to note that the effects are mostly modest, except in the case of a large effect of gender differences on the interest in the technical engineering domain and moderate effects on the interest in the IT domain and on the frequency of use of the website www.postani-student.hr (aimed at providing information about the transition from the secondary to higher education). Furthermore, young women have higher aspirations to enrol in higher education than young men, although educational aspirations are high for both young men and women. A smaller proportion of students are planning to find an employment immediately after secondary school, with young men being more numerous. Student interests are clearly divided into "male" and "female" areas, which is later reflected in the gender imbalance in higher education. These findings are consistent with a number of studies conducted within the expectancy-value model (Eccles et al., 1983).
Results about knowledge on the transition from secondary education to higher education show that young women have more accurate information about this process, but feel just as informed as young men who have less knowledge. These findings indicate that young women are underestimating their knowledge and young men overestimating theirs, which is consistent with findings from other studies on gender differences in adolescents’ self-esteem (Harper & Marshall, 1991; Marsh, 1989; Frome & Eccles, 1995; Jugović, 2017).
Findings from this research have their practical implications, and the most important one is a necessity of providing students with gender sensitive vocational guidance. Various educational activities and trainings aimed at eliminating gender stereotypes about occupations and at informing students about a wide range of educational and career opportunities should be available to all students
Perspektiva odgojno-obrazovnih radnika - slika generacije na prijelazu iz srednjeg u visoko obrazovanje
Get PDFIN CROATIAN: Kako bi se stekao potpuni uvid u perspektive mladih osoba i doživljaj vrijednosti obrazovanja, često je potrebno istražiti mišljenje stručnjaka koji imaju neposredan doticaj s tom skupinom, ali i širi rakurs viđenja problematike. Stoga je istraživačko pitanje ovog rada identifikacija pojedinih segmenata generacijske promjene od strane odgojno-obrazovnih radnika. Provedeno je 27 polustrukturiranih intervjua s ravnateljima srednjih škola te 33 fokus skupine s nastavnicima i stručnim suradnicima u kojima je bilo 148 sudionika. Analiza rezultata pokazuje kako sudionici smatraju da su današnjim generacijama učenika informacije dostupnije, ali ističu kako se mladi ne znaju služiti tehnologijama kako bi došli do potrebnih informacija, a kada dođu, ne znaju kako ih koristiti. Lakša dostupnost informacija reflektira se na shvaćanje vrijednosti obrazovanja gdje učenici smatraju kako nije potrebno usvajati činjenična znanja jer su ona dostupna na internetu. Ta se pragmatičnost, u pogledu vrijednosti obrazovanja, očituje i u tome da je učenicima važnije steći diplomu, a ne obrazovanje samo po sebi. Stjecanje znanja radi ostvarenja vlastitih ciljeva i strateški pristup obrazovanju vidljiv je u promjeni interesa novih generacija od društveno-humanističkog područja prema STEM području, ponajviše zbog lakšeg pronalaska posla ili odlaska u inozemstvo. Odgojno-obrazovni radnici primjećuju kako odlazak u inozemstvo radi daljnjeg školovanja planiraju uglavnom najbolji i najambiciozniji učenici. U zaključku se navodi da odgojno-obrazovni sustav treba biti responsivan na aktualne generacijske čimbenike, fleksibilan s obzirom na društvene promjene te utemeljen na znanju i iskustvu praktičara i teoretičara. --------------- IN ENGLISH: To gain full insight into the perspectives of young people and the value of education, it is often necessary to consider the opinions of professionals who have direct contact with youth, but also the broader perspectives of the problem. Therefore, the research question of this paper is to identify segments of generational change from the perspective of educators. A total of 27 semi-structured interviews with high school principals and 33 focus groups with teachers and associates, which had 148 participants, were conducted. The analysis of the results shows that participants find access to information to be more available to nowaday generations of young people, but they point out that young people do not know how to use technology to get the information they need and when they do, they do not know how to use it. Accessibility of information reflects on the understanding of the value of education in which students think they do not need to learn factual knowledge, as it is available online. This pragmatism, in terms of the value of education, is also evident in the fact that students are more oriented towards obtaining degrees, than the education itself. Acquiring knowledge to achieve one's goals and the strategic approach to education is evident in the changing interest of new generations in the socio-humanistic disciplines towards the STEM disciplines, most notably for ease of finding a job or moving abroad. Educators note that moving abroad for further education is generally planned by the best and most ambitious students. The conclusion states that the educational system should be responsive to current generational factors, flexible regarding social changes and based on the knowledge and experience of experts
Perspektiva društvenog podrijetla – želje, planovi i stavovi učenika završnih razreda srednjih škola o prijelazu iz srednjeg u visoko obrazovanje
Get PDFIN CROATIAN: Cilj je rada ispitati razlikuju li se učenici različitoga društvenog podrijetla u aspiracijama za visoko obrazovanje, planovima nakon srednje škole, važnosti pojedinih čimbenika za odabir studijskog programa, osjećaju informiranosti o prijelazu iz srednje škole u visoko obrazovanje i znanju o tom prijelazu, uvjerenosti u ostvarivanje pozitivnih obrazovnih ishoda te u stavovima prema nekim aspektima obrazovnog konteksta u Republici Hrvatskoj. Istraživanje je provedeno u 59 srednjih škola među učenicima četverogodišnjih i petogodišnjih srednjoškolskih programa u šk. god. 2017./18. Baza podataka korištena u ovome radu sadrži podatke 4501 učenika završnih razreda. Kao pokazatelj društvenog podrijetla učenika korišten je stupanj obrazovanja roditelja. Rezultati pokazuju da učenici iz obitelji višega obrazovnog statusa u većoj mjeri iskazuju aspiracije za visoko obrazovanje nego učenici nižega obrazovnog statusa roditelja, pri čemu najveći broj namjerava studirati odmah nakon srednje škole. Učenici nižega obrazovanog statusa roditelja pri odluci što studirati veću važnost pridaju praktičnim razlozima, dok učenici višega obrazovnog statusa roditelja prioritet daju intrinzičnim ciljevima poput interesa za područje studija. Učinak obrazovanja roditelja vidljiv je i u razlikama u uvjerenosti učenika u uspješno polaganje državne mature, upis i završavanje željenog studija, gdje viši obrazovni status roditelja prati viša razina uvjerenosti učenika u vlastite mogućnosti. Analiza je također pokazala da postoje neznatne razlike u osjećaju informiranosti o prijelazu iz srednje škole u visoko obrazovanje, kao i prema znanju o pojedinim aspektima toga prijelaza. U svim navedenim aspektima informiranja o prijelazu iz srednjeg u visoko obrazovanje, učenici iz obitelji višega obrazovnog statusa iskazuju višu razinu informiranosti, pri čemu većina učenika glavninu informacija o nastavku školovanja dobiva od roditelja i prijatelja, a ne iz izvora dostupnih u školi i u javnim medijima. Iako učenici iz kategorije višeg obrazovnog statusa roditelja imaju više aspiracije i daju više procjene na različitim tvrdnjama povezanim s pozitivnim ishodima i vrijednošću obrazovanja, jačine učinaka utvrđenih razlika pokazuju da su navedene razlike uglavnom niske. --------------- IN ENGLISH: The aim of this paper is to examine whether students of different social backgrounds differ in higher education aspirations, post-secondary education plans, the importance of certain factors for choosing a study program, feeling informed about the transition from secondary to higher education and knowledge about this transition, belief in achieving positive educational outcomes and attitudes towards some aspects of the educational context in the Republic of Croatia. The research was conducted in 59 secondary schools among students of four-year and five-year secondary school programs in the school year 2017/2018. The dataset used in this study contained data obtained from 4501 secondary school students of the final year. Parents' educational level was used as an indicator of students' social background. The results show that students from families with higher educational status tend to have higher aspirations for higher education than students whose parents had lower educational status; majority of them plans to study immediately after high school. Students whose parents had lower educational status attach greater importance to practical reasons in deciding what to study, while students whose parents had higher educational status prioritize intrinsic goals, such as interest in the field of study. The effect of parental education is also evident in the differences in students' belief in successfully completing the state matura, enrolment and completion of their desired studies, where parents’ higher educational status indicated a higher level of students' belief in their own capabilities. The analysis also showed that there were slight differences in the feeling of being informed about the transition from secondary to higher education, as well as in the knowledge of certain aspects of this transition. In all of the above mentioned aspects of being informed about the transition from secondary to higher education, students from families with higher educational status had higher level of information, with the majority of students receiving most information on continuing education from parents and friends rather than from sources available in school and in the media. Although students whose parents had higher educational status had higher aspirations and evaluated various claims related to positive outcomes and the value of education higher, the effects sizes of the found differences were mostly small
Divided national memories and EU crises: how Eurosceptic parties mobilize historical narratives
Get PDFIN ENGLISH: Historical grievances of different political groups in the EU contributed to the rising opposition to “Brussels”. This opposition is often framed through memories that contest the official EU narrative of the peaceful and prosperous continental integration that was able to overcome the destructions of the two world wars and the Cold War divisions. Based on the analysis of the development of some of the most prominent Eurosceptic parties (le Front National, die Alternative für Deutschland, Syriza, Podemos, Fidesz, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość), it is argued that recent EU crises and especially their interpretations have been influenced by the legacies of some of the most important periods of twentieth-century European history. The legacy of the Second World War and its aftermath in two founding member states (France, Germany), the legacy of right-wing dictatorships in two Southern European member states (Greece, Spain) and the legacy of communist dictatorships in two Central and Eastern European member states (Hungary, Poland) still shape narratives and stances towards European integration. --------------- IN CROATIAN: Osjećaj povijesnih nepravdi kod različitih političkih grupa u EU doprinijeli su rastućem protivljenju Bruxellesu. To protivljenje se često iskazuje upotrebom sjećanja koja dovode u pitanje službeni EU narativ o mirnom i prosperitetnom kontinentu koji je uspio prevladati dva svjetska rata i hladnoratovske podjele. Na osnovi analize razvoja nekoliko najprominentnijih euroskeptičnih stranaka (le Front National, die Alternative für Deutschland, Syriza, Podemos, Fidesz, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość), tvrdi se da su na nedavne EU krize i posebno na njihove interpretacije utjecale ostavštine nekih od najznačajnijih razdoblja europske povijesti u 20. stoljeću. Ostavština Drugog svjetskog rata i njegove posljedice u dvije države osnivačice (Francuska, Italija), ostavština desničarskih diktatura u dvije zemlje Južne Europe (Grčka, Španjolska) i ostavština komunističkih diktatura u dvije zemlje Srednje i Istočne Europe (Mađarska, Poljska) još uvijek oblikuju narative i pozicioniranje prema europskoj integraciji
Differences in social background, study choice motivation and higher education experience between pre-service class teachers and pre-service subject teachers
Get PDFConsidering that the disregard in teacher profession seems to be an observed problem in contemporary western societies which can result in a deficit of teachers, it is important to research reasons for enrolment into faculties of teacher education, factors which create a resistance towards the teacher education and teaching profession and possible differences between pre-service subject and pre-service class teachers related to these issues. Thus, the purpose of this research was to examine the differences in social background (level of human, financial, and social capital), motivation for selection of program of study and the experience of studying in higher education between pre-service class teachers and pre-service subject teachers. Theoretical background of research was based on Coleman’s theory of social mobility (1988) and the theory of motivation (Watt & Richardson, 2007). A quantitative research design was employed, and the survey was conducted. Sample comprised 455 pre-service (subject and class) teachers studying at the University of Zagreb, Croatia. The results of Welch ANOVA test showed that pre-service subject teachers possess a higher level of financial and human capital, more often are extrinsically motivated in choosing the program of study and have more positive experiences of studying than preservice class teachers. The results of logistic binary regression showed that participants are more likely to select the subject teaching profession (instead of class teaching profession) if they take into consideration status and financial benefit of their future occupation more frequently, if, on average, they spend more money and if they have more family members who held university degrees. Findings led to the conclusion that programs of study for the education of subject teachers are more prestigious which is not in line with the Coleman's theory of social mobility (1988) but are closer to the theory of cultural reproduction (Bourdieu, 1986)
Weather conditions: a neglected factor in human salivary cortisol research?
No full textIN ENGLISH: There is ample evidence that environmental stressors such as extreme weather conditions affect animal behavior and that this process is in part mediated through the elevated activity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis which results in an increase in cortisol secretion. This relationship has not been extensively researched in humans, and weather conditions have not been analyzed as a potential confounder in human studies of stress. Consequently, the goal of this paper was to assess the relationship between salivary cortisol and weather conditions in the course of everyday life and to test a possible moderating effect of two weather-related variables, the climate region and timing of exposure to outdoors conditions. The sample consisted of 903 secondary school students aged 18 to 21 years from Mediterranean and Continental regions. Cortisol from saliva was sampled in naturalistic settings at three time points over the course of a single day. We found that weather conditions are related to salivary cortisol concentration and that this relationship may be moderated by both the specific climate and the anticipation of immediate exposure to outdoors conditions. Unpleasant weather conditions are predictive for the level of salivary cortisol, but only among individuals who anticipate being exposed to it in the immediate future (e.g., in students attending school in the morning shift). We also demonstrated that isolated weather conditions or their patterns may be relevant in one climate area (e.g., Continental) while less relevant in the other (e.g., Mediterranean). Results of this study draw attention to the importance of controlling weather conditions in human salivary cortisol research. --------------- IN CROATIAN: Mnoštvo je dokaza da okolišni stresori poput ekstremnih vremenskih uvjeta utječu na ponašanje životinja te da je ovaj proces djelomice posredovan kroz povišenu aktivnost hipotalamičko-pituitarno-adrenalno-kortikalne osi, što rezultira povećanim lučenjem kortizola. Ovaj odnos nije opsežno istraživan kod ljudi, a vremenski uvjeti nisu analizirani kao potencijalni zamagljujući čimbenik u istraživanjima ljudskog stresa. Slijedom toga, cilj ovoga rada bio je procijeniti povezanost salivarnog kortizola i vremenskih uvjeta tijekom svakodnevnih životnih aktivnosti i provjeriti mogući moderacijski učinak dviju varijabli vezanih uz vremenske uvjete, a to su klimatska regija i vrijeme izlaganja vanjskim uvjetima. Uzorak se sastojao od 903 učenika srednjih škola u dobi od 18 do 21 godine iz sredozemne i kontinentalne regije. Kortizol iz sline uzorkovan je u prirodnim uvjetima u tri vremenske točke tijekom jednoga dana. Utvrdili smo da su vremenski uvjeti povezani s koncentracijom salivarnog kortizola te da je ova povezanost možda posredovana specifičnom klimom, i očekivanjem neposredne izloženosti uvjetima na otvorenom. Neugodni vremenski uvjeti prediktivni su za razinu salivarnog kortizola, ali samo kod ispitanika koji predviđaju da će im biti izloženi u bliskoj budućnosti (npr. kod učenika koji pohađaju školu u jutarnjoj smjeni). Također smo pokazali da izolirani vremenski uvjeti ili njihovi obrasci mogu biti relevantni u jednom klimatskom području (npr. kontinentalnom), a manje relevantni u drugom (npr. sredozemnom). Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na važnost kontroliranja varijable vremenskih uvjeta u istraživanjima humanog salivarnog kortizola
A new kid on the block: youth work meets youth policy in Croatia
No full textIn the light of these caveats, we argue that it is necessary to provide a context for youth work development and illustrate present-day attempts to professionalise this practice. This chapter consists of three sections, which together follow a logical matrix: con- textualisation – problem identification – policy response. Consequently, the first section provides a historical perspective of youth work development in Croatia. The second section offers an overview of Croatian youth policy with a particular emphasis on youth work, discussing the definition of youth work in Croatia, the platform of its practice, and what influences its framing in the way it is conceptualised today. In the third section, we delineate and analyse a number of issues and propose policy solutions regarding youth work regulation. The idea of this chapter is to critically examine youth work policy initiatives at the national level or, in other words, to offer an interpretation of the ongoing process of youth work professionalisation. We seek to provide a coherent academic argument about youth work as a policy priority, and offer some recommendations as well, aiming to make a contribution to holistic youth policy development in a national context. --------------- IN CROATIAN: U svjetlu navedenih upozorenja, tvrdimo da je potrebno osigurati kontekst za razvoj rada s mladima i ilustrirati današnje pokušaje profesionalizacije ove prakse. Ovo poglavlje sastoji se od tri odjeljka koji zajedno slijede logičku matricu: kontekstualizacija - identifikacija problema - odgovor politike. Slijedom toga, prvi dio daje povijesnu perspektivu razvoja rada s mladima u Hrvatskoj. Drugi dio nudi pregled politike za mlade u Hrvatskoj s posebnim naglaskom na rad s mladima, pri čemu se raspravlja o definiciji rada s mladima u Hrvatskoj, platformi njegove prakse i o tome što utječe na njegovo oblikovanje na način na koji ga se danas konceptualizira. U trećem odjeljku ocrtavamo i analiziramo niz pitanja i predlažemo rješenja u vezi s reguliranjem rada s mladima. Ideja ovog poglavlja je kritički ispitati inicijative u politici rada s mladima na nacionalnoj razini ili, drugim riječima, ponuditi tumačenje procesa profesionalizacije rada s mladima koji je u tijeku. Nastojimo osigurati dosljednu akademsku argumentaciju o radu s mladima kao prioritetu politike za mlade te ponuditi i neke preporuke s ciljem doprinosa razvoju cjelovite politike za mlade u nacionalnom kontekstu
A što je s našim pravima?: država i manjinske vjerske zajednice: analiza slučaja
Get PDFU prosincu 2007. godine tri registrirane manje vjerske zajednice protestantske provenijencije tužile su Republiku Hrvatsku Europskom sudu za ljudska prava (ECHR) u Strassbourgu zbog diskriminacije. U izlaganju će se ukratko prezentirati slučaj, od javne objave tužbe preko odluke ECHR-a u korist tri vjerske zajednice, do potpisivanja ugovora s Vladom Republike Hrvatske te značenje slučaja za daljnji razvitak prava i sloboda koje vjerskim zajednicama garantira Ustav
Reference intervals for six salivary cortisol measures based on the Croatian Late Adolescence Stress Study (CLASS)
No full textIN ENGLISH: INTRODUCTION: The aim of this nested study is to provide the reference intervals for already published measurements of salivary cortisol from the Croatian Adolescence Stress Study (CLASS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 969 individuals (372 males and 597 females) were included in the reference sample (age range: 18-21 years). Salivary cortisol concentrations were determined by the enzyme immunoassay (LUCIO-Medical ELISA Salivary Cortisol Kit, Nal von Minden, Germany) in the Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Split. Nonparametric statistics were used for calculating the reference intervals (RIs) and 90% confidence intervals (90% CIs). RESULTS: The lower limits of RIs determined by the direct method were higher in females (> 10%) than in males for the cortisol concentrations at awakening (SCC0), 30 to 45 after awakening (SCC30-45) and at bedtime (SCCbedtime). The upper limits of RIs for the SCCbedtime were higher (> 10%) in males than in females. Females also had higher upper limits of RIs for the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and the diurnal cortisol slope (DCS) and higher lower limits of RIs for the CAR and the area under the curve with respect to ground (AUCG). The lower limits of RIs for the DCS were higher in males than in females. CONCLUSIONS: Obtained reference values open the arena for introducing salivary bioscience in Croatian clinical laboratory practice and provide important data for better understanding of gender differences in adaptation to stress during late adolescence.
--------------- IN CROATIAN: UVOD: Cilj ove studije bio je definirati referentne intervale za objavljene mjere salivarnog kortizola iz Hrvatskog istraživanja stresa u kasnoj adolescenciji (CLASS). MATERIJALI I METODE: Ukupno 969 ispitanika (372 djevojaka i 597 mladića) uključeno je u referentni uzorak (18-21 godine starosti). Koncentracije salivarnog kortizola izmjerene su imunokemijskom ELISA metodom (LUCIO-Medical ELISA Salivary Cortisol Kit, Nal von Minden, Germany) u Zavodu za medicinsko laboratorijsku dijagnostiku Kliničkog bolničkog centra Split. Referentni intervali (RI) i 90%-tni intervali pouzdanosti (90% CI) izračunati su neparametrijskim metodama. REZULTATI: Donja granica referentnog intervala određena izravnom metodom veća je kod djevojaka (>10%) nego mladića za koncentracije kortizola u sve tri vremenske točke (po buđenju, 30-45 minuta nakon buđenja i neposredno prije lijeganja). Gornja granica referentnog intervala za koncentracije salivarnog kortizola neposredno prije lijeganja veća je kod mladića (>10%) u odnosu na djevojke. Također, djevojke imaju veću gornju granicu referentnog intervala za odgovor kortizola na buđenje (engl. cortisol awakening response, CAR) i cirkadijano smanjenje kortizola (engl. diurnal cortisol slope, DCS) te veću donju granicu referentnog intervala za CAR i površinu ispod krivulje u odnosu na nultu razinu (engl. area under the curve with respect to ground, AUCG). Indeks cirkadijanog smanjenja kortizola, DCS je u donjoj granici referentnog intervala veći kod mladića u odnosu na djevojke. ZAKLJUČCI: Objavljeni referentni intervali mjera salivarnog kortizola važni su zbog uvođenje salivarnih analiza u rutinsku kliničku praksu u RH i pridonose detaljnijim spoznajama o spolnim razlikama u adaptacijskim mehanizmima na stresne poticaje tijekom kasne adolescencije
Primjeri urbane obnove šireg gradskog centra grada Zagreba
Get PDFIN CROATIAN: U radu će se analizirati urbane transformacije u Hrvatskoj u tranzicijskom (postsocijalističkom) razdoblju na primjeru glavnoga grada Zagreba. Pri tome će se pojasniti karakter, opseg i tipovi suvremenih urbanih promjena kroz odabrane, relevantne primjere. Posebna pozornost posvećena je pojavi novih urbanih aktera, njihovoj dinamici i prostoru djelovanja te njihovom položaju, ekonomskoj i političkoj moći. Istraženi su novonastali, “tranzicijski” aspekti urbane obnove u Zagrebu na primjerima poslovnih nebodera, trgovačkih centara i podzemnih garaža u centru grada, dakle nove urbane strukture nastale u Zagrebu nakon 2000. godine, njihovi uzroci i (pozitivne i negativne) posljedice. Putem smjernica za planiranje grada, razmatraju se i načini na koje stručni akteri promišljaju daljnji razvoj Zagreba kao i svoju ulogu u njemu. Kompariraju se stavovi različitih stručnjaka o njihovoj (ne)moći u planiranju grada, problemu interdisciplinarnosti te prijeporu stavova između različitih stručnih aktera. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na promjene u odnosima moći između različitih tipova aktera do kojih je došlo nakon 2000. godine. Iznose se i najvažnije odrednice urbanih transformacija, poglavito (ne)postojeće urbane obnove na prostoru grada. Također se sintetiziraju rezultati razmišljanja stručnih ispitanika o budućnosti prostornog razvoja grada Zagreba. --------------- IN ENGLISH: The work analyses urban transformations in Croatia in transitional (postsocial) period in the city of Zagreb. It explaines the character, extension and types of contemporary urban changes on the chosen, relevant examples. New urban actors, their dynamics, activities, economic and political power are also discussed. „Transitional“ aspects of urban renewal, as well as their causes and consequences are presented on the example of high business towers, shopping malls and underground garages in the centre of the city. These examples present new urban structures in Zagreb after 2000. Through the guidelines for city planning, the ways in which professional actors regard future city planning and their role in it is also revised. Various professional opinions about their power and disability in city planning are compared, as well as problems of interdisciplinarity and professional opinion conflicts. The results of the research point out the changes in the position of power between various types of actors after 2000. The most important determinants of urban transformations, aspecially (non)existing urban renewal in the space of the city are given, as well as the synthesis of differenet professional opinions about the future of the spatial development in Zagreb