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    Exploring serial mediation effects of gender roles and motivation on gendered educational choice

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    IN ENGLISH: The aim of our study, grounded in the situated expectancy-value theory, was to examine the mediating role of gender roles and motivational beliefs in physics in the relationship between gender and the intention to choose a university course in technical sciences. A total of 625 secondary school students from Zagreb, Croatia, participated in the study. Gender Roles in Adolescence Scale contained Femininity and Masculinity scales, and Motivational beliefs in physics were measured with Expectancy of success and Utility value scales. Our findings show that the relationship between gender and the intention to choose a technical sciences course is serially mediated by gender roles and motivational beliefs. Young men were more likely to choose a technical sciences course than young women. This was explained with young men’s higher masculinity and lower femininity scores (compared to young women), which led to their higher expectancy of success and utility value in physics, finally resulting in young men’s higher chance to choose a technical sciences course. Policy implications of our findings point to the necessity of challenging traditional gender roles in educational systems and raising awareness of their impact on gender division in higher education courses and occupations. --------------- IN CROATIAN: Cilj našeg istraživanja, utemeljenog na teoriji situiranih očekivanja i vrijednosti, bio je ispitati medijacijsku ulogu rodnih uloga i motivacijskih uvjerenja o fizici u odnosu između roda i namjere odabira tehničkih studija. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo ukupno 625 srednjoškolaca iz Zagreba. Skala rodnih uloga u adolescenciji uključivala je podskale femininosti i maskulinosti, a motivacijska uvjerenja o fizici mjerena su podskalama očekivanja uspjeha i percipirane korisnosti. Rezultati pokazuju da postoje serijski medijacijski učinci rodnih uloga i motivacijskih uvjerenja u odnosu između roda i namjere odabira tehničkih studija. Mladići su češće iskazivali namjeru odabrati tehnički studij u usporedbi s djevojkama. To se može objasniti njihovim višim rezultatima na ljestvici maskulinosti i nižim na ljestvici femininosti (u usporedbi s djevojkama), što je dovelo do viših očekivanja uspjeha i percipirane korisnosti fizike, a posljedično i do snažnije namjere odabira tehničkih studija kod mladića. Koristeći se suvremenim pristupom statističkoj analizi, ovo je prvo istraživanje koje empirijski potvrđuje ove složene serijske odnose u objašnjavanju rodnih razlika u obrazovnim izborima unutar okvira teorije situiranih očekivanja i vrijednosti. Implikacije za obrazovne politike upućuju na nužnost propitivanja tradicionalnih rodnih uloga u obrazovnim sustavima i podizanja svijesti o njihovom utjecaju na rodnu podjelu u visokom obrazovanju i zanimanjima

    Rethinking socio-ecological resilience: lessons from the COVID-19 and the Degrowth Donut Model

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    IN ENGLISH: This article develops a socio-ecological understanding of societal resilience by situating COVID-19 pandemic responses within broader configurations of cultural orientations, social foundations, and socio-metabolic pressures. Building on resilience debates from ecology and the social sciences, the paper argues that resilience cannot be reduced to “bounce-back” capacity or institutional preparedness alone, because societies may be resilient in undesirable states and because short-term crisis performance can coexist with long-term ecological vulnerability. To operationalise this perspective, the study applies a degrowth-based socio-ecological doughnut (“degrowth donut”) framework that maps countries’ positions relative to a safe and just operating space. Using a theory-driven comparative design, the analysis examines five European countries—Austria, Croatia, Germany, Italy, and Spain—through a selected subset of 18 indicators drawn from biophysical ceilings, socio-metabolic throughput, and cultural–institutional and social foundation dimensions. Results indicate that variation in pandemic performance aligns most clearly with differences in cultural and social foundation indicators (e.g., perceived democratic deficit, life satisfaction, health perception, and social equality), while countries showing stronger short-term pandemic performance often exhibit greater biophysical overshoot (notably CO₂ emissions and material use). The findings highlight a structural paradox at the centre of contemporary resilience debates: immediate adaptive capacity may be enabled by socio-metabolic regimes that undermine long-term socio-ecological stability. The paper concludes that the degrowth donut offers a heuristic, constraint-based tool for comparative resilience assessment that foregrounds trade-offs and supports a shift from crisis management toward deliberate socio-ecological transformation. --------------- IN CROATIAN: Ovaj rad razvija socio-ekološko razumijevanje društvene otpornosti smještajući odgovore na pandemiju bolesti COVID-19 u šire konfiguracije kulturnih orijentacija, društvenih temelja i socio-metaboličkih pritisaka. Nadovezujući se na rasprave o otpornosti u ekologiji i društvenim znanostima, rad argumentira da se otpornost ne može svesti isključivo na sposobnost „povratka u prijašnje stanje“ niti na institucionalnu spremnost, budući da društva mogu biti otporna i u nepoželjnim stanjima, te da kratkoročna uspješnost u kriznim situacijama može koegzistirati s dugoročnom ekološkom ranjivošću. Kako bi operacionalizirao ovu perspektivu, rad primjenjuje socio-ekološki model odrasničke krafne („degrowth donut“), koji mapira položaje država u odnosu na siguran i pravedan prostor djelovanja. Koristeći teorijski utemeljen komparativni dizajn, analiza obuhvaća pet europskih zemalja — Austriju, Hrvatsku, Njemačku, Italiju i Španjolsku — kroz odabrani skup od 18 indikatora koji proizlaze iz biofizičkih granica, sociometaboličkog protoka te kulturno-institucionalnih i društvenih dimenzija. Rezultati pokazuju da se razlike u uspješnosti odgovora na pandemiju najjasnije povezuju s razlikama u kulturnim i društvenim indikatorima (primjerice percipirani demokratski deficit, zadovoljstvo životom, percepcija zdravlja i društvena jednakost), dok zemlje s boljim kratkoročnim pandemijskim ishodima često istodobno bilježe veći biofizički prekoračaj, osobito u pogledu emisija CO₂ i materijalne potrošnje. Nalazi upućuju na strukturni paradoks u središtu suvremenih rasprava o otpornosti: neposredna sposobnost prilagodbe može biti omogućena socio-metaboličkim režimima koji dugoročno narušavaju socio-ekološku stabilnost. Rad zaključuje da odrasnička krafna predstavlja heuristički alat za komparativnu procjenu otpornosti, koji osvjetljava nužne kompromisne odnose i podupire pomak od upravljanja krizama prema promišljenoj socioekološkoj transformaciji

    Thematic country review on upskilling pathways for low-skilled adults in Croatia: key findings of the first research phase

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    Resilient in precarity: how employment contract type moderates the relationships between psychological factors and music teachers’ intention to remain in the profession

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    IN ENGLISH: This study examines whether music teachers’ employment contract type moderates the relationships between psychological factors—work-related flow, self-efficacy, and musical calling—and their intention to remain in the profession. Participants were 293 music teachers (70.9% female) from 55 elementary and upper secondary music schools in Croatia. On average, teachers reported frequent flow experiences, high self-efficacy, strong musical calling, and strong intention to remain in the profession. Preliminary correlational analyses indicated positive associations between all three psychological factors and intention to stay; however, structural equation modelling revealed that only self-efficacy had a significant direct effect. Additionally, holding a full-time permanent contract, compared to a part-time and/or temporary contract, positively predicted intention to remain in the profession. Significant moderation effects were observed between flow and contract type, as well as between self-efficacy and contract type, indicating that the associations with intention to remain were more pronounced among teachers holding part-time and/or temporary contracts compared to those with full-time permanent contracts. The moderation effect of musical calling and contract type was not confirmed. Specifically, the results indicate that self-efficacy, as a personal resource, and flow, conceptualized as an indicator of work engagement within the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) framework, serve as more salient facilitating factors for music teachers employed under less favourable contract conditions. Accordingly, efforts to strengthen work-related self-efficacy and flow are likely to have a greater impact on music teachers with part-time and/or temporary contracts in supporting their intention to remain in the profession. --------------- IN CROATIAN: Rad ispituje moderira li vrsta ugovora o radu odnos između psiholoških čimbenika—zanesenosti poslom, samoefikasnosti i glazbenog poziva—te namjere nastavnika glazbe da ostanu u profesiji. Sudionici su bili 293 nastavnika glazbe (70,9 % žena) iz 55 osnovnih i srednjih glazbenih škola u Hrvatskoj. U prosjeku, nastavnici glazbe su izvještavali o čestim doživljajima zanesenosti poslom, visokoj samoefikasnosti, snažnom osjećaju glazbenog poziva te izraženoj namjeri ostanka u profesiji. Preliminarne korelacijske analize pokazale su pozitivne povezanosti sva tri psihološka čimbenika s namjerom ostanka; međutim, strukturalno modeliranje otkrilo je da jedino samoefikasnost ima značajan izravan učinak. Nadalje, posjedovanje ugovora na neodređeno vrijeme s punom satnicom, u usporedbi s posjedovanjem drugih vrsta ugovora (na određeno vrijeme i/ili s nepunom satnicom), pozitivno je predviđalo namjeru ostanka u profesiji. Značajni moderacijski učinci utvrđeni su između zanesenosti poslom i vrste ugovora, kao i između samoefikasnosti i vrste ugovora, koji pokazuju da su povezanosti s namjerom ostanka u profesiji izraženije među nastavnicima s ugovorima na određeno vrijeme i/ili s nepunom satnicom nego među onima s ugovorima na neodređeno vrijeme s punom satnicom. Moderacijski učinak glazbenog poziva i vrste ugovora nije potvrđen. Rezultati ukazuju da samoefikasnost, kao osobni resurs, i zanesenost poslom, konceptualizirana kao pokazatelj radne angažiranosti unutar okvira teorije radnih zahtjeva i resursa, imaju izraženiju ulogu olakšavajućih čimbenika kod nastavnika glazbe zaposlenih pod manje povoljnim ugovornim uvjetima. Shodno tome, napori usmjereni na jačanje radne samoefikasnosti i iskustava zanesenosti vjerojatno će imati veći učinak u podržavanju namjere ostanka u profesiji među nastavnicima glazbe s ugovorima na određeno vrijeme i/ili s nepunom satnicom

    Research and innovation for long-term resilience: towards a place-based, innovation-driven strategy for Europe’s security and competitiveness

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    This paper proposes to design a strategy for Europe's security and competitiveness through innovation, by linking security with innovation across various policies and leveraging dual-use and place-based investments, with the goal of achieving greater security and competitiveness in the long term for the European Union

    Croatia

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    IN ENGLISH: European Parliament elections have been mired with low turnouts and protest votes for the last couple of decades. This was especially pronounced in the new member states of Central and Eastern Europe and was linked to gender and age variables. The elections of 2019 bucked that trend, showing the rise in turnout across EU, including Croatia. What is not known is why this upswing in vote happened and how it influenced (or was influenced by) the focus of political parties on specific policies. By analysing the results of 2019 EP elections in Croatia, comparing them to previous national and EP elections, and linking them to the perceptions of citizens towards the European integration, we will answer the following research question: how and why did political parties incorporate gender and youth policies in their electoral programs and activities, and in what way did that influence the higher turnout in Croatia. We used mixed-methods approach, focusing dominantly on interpretative method in order to gain insights from both qualitative and quantitative data on public perception of the EU, voting results in EP and national elections, campaign materials of relevant political parties, and their ideological positions and policy preferences. We concluded that both gender and youth policies influenced how political parties approached 2019 EP elections, especially by putting female and younger candidates on electoral lists, organizing campaigns symbolically depicting these two groups, and promising policies focused on them. Despite 2019 EP elections maintaining their role described by the Second-order Elections Theory, with important influence of protest votes, in Croatia this gender- and youth-based focus allowed for political parties to depict the EU as an important place to contest public policies as well, strengthening the Europe Salience Theory. --------------- IN CROATIAN: Europski parlamentarni izbori posljednjih su desetljeća obilježeni niskom izlaznošću i izraženim protestnim glasovima. Ova je pojava bila osobito naglašena u novim državama članicama Srednje i Istočne Europe, a pritom je bila povezana s varijablama roda i dobi. Ipak, izbori za Europski parlament 2019. godine predstavljali su iznimku od tog trenda, jer je zabilježen porast izlaznosti diljem EU-a, uključujući i Hrvatsku. Ono što ostaje nejasno jest zašto je došlo do tog porasta izlaznosti te na koji je način on bio povezan s fokusom političkih stranaka na specifične javne politike. Analizom rezultata izbora za Europski parlament 2019. u Hrvatskoj, u usporedbi s prethodnim nacionalnim i europskim izborima, te povezivanjem tih rezultata s percepcijama građana o europskoj integraciji, nastojali smo odgovoriti na istraživačko pitanje: na koji su način i zbog kojih razloga političke stranke uvrstile rodne i omladinske politike u svoje izborne programe i aktivnosti te kako je to utjecalo na povećanu izlaznost u Hrvatskoj. Primijenjen je mješoviti metodološki pristup, s naglaskom na interpretativnu metodu, kako bismo dobili uvid u kvalitativne i kvantitativne podatke o percepcijama javnosti prema EU-u, rezultate izbora za Europski parlament i nacionalnih izbora, kampanjske materijale relevantnih političkih stranaka te njihove ideološke pozicije i programske orijentacije. Zaključili smo da su i rodne i omladinske politike oblikovale pristup političkih stranaka izborima 2019., posebice kroz stavljanje žena i mlađih kandidata na izborne liste, organizaciju kampanja koje su simbolički isticale te dvije društvene skupine te obećavanje politika usmjerenih na njih. Unatoč tomu što su izbori 2019. zadržali obilježja opisana u teoriji izbora drugog reda, uz važan utjecaj protestnog glasanja, u hrvatskom je slučaju rodno i dobno usmjerenje omogućilo političkim strankama da predstave EU i kao relevantno mjesto političkog nadmetanja oko javnih politika, čime je ojačana teorija salijentnosti Europe

    Public support for European Union integration during migration and COVID-19 crises: dynamic and determinants

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    IN ENGLISH: The main focus of this article is to examine how the support for European Union (EU) integration has developed during the migration crisis and COVID-19 pandemics, considered one of the two most significant crises to have impacted EU countries in the decade before the war in Ukraine. The article aims to investigate the factors that influence public support for EU deeper integration during times of crisis while considering both individual traits and the wider social context. We have identified three groups of factors as possible predictors of attitudes towards the EU integration: identity, utilitarian, and system performance factors. For the analysis, we used data from four waves of the ESS European Social Survey (VII and VIII for the migration crisis and IX and X for the COVID-19 crisis). We analysed the data using multilevel modelling at three levels: individual, temporal, and country-level. Analyses show that all factors contribute to explaining citizens’ attitudes towards the EU, but the specificity of crises also leads to the specific weight of different factors. --------------- IN CROATIAN: Glavno usmjerenje ovoga članka jest ispitati kako se potpora integraciji Europske unije (EU) razvijala tijekom migrantske krize i pandemije COVID-19, dviju najznačajnijih kriza koje su pogodile države članice EU-a u desetljeću prije rata u Ukrajini. Cilj je članka istražiti faktore koji oblikuju javnu potporu dubljoj integraciji EU-a u razdobljima krize, uzimajući u obzir obilježja na individualnoj razini, ali i širi društveni kontekst. Identificirali smo tri skupine faktora kao potencijalne prediktore stavova prema integraciji EU-a: identitetske, utilitarne i faktore vezane uz funkcioniranje sustava. Za potrebe analize korišteni su podaci iz četiri vala Europskog društvenog istraživanja (ESS) – valovi VII. i VIII. za migrantsku krizu te IX. i X. za pandemiju COVID-19. Podaci su analizirani primjenom višerazinskog modeliranja na tri razine: individualnoj, vremenskoj i razini države. Rezultati pokazuju da sve skupine faktora doprinose objašnjenju stavova građana prema EU-u, pri čemu specifičnosti pojedinih kriza uvjetuju različitu težinu pojedinih faktora

    Introduction: why another study on COVID-19 and youth?: introduction to the YO-VID22 project main publication

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    IN ENGLISH: The introductory chapter outlines the methodological design and rationale of the YO-VID22 project, which investigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on youth well-being and support structures in Croatia and Slovenia. Employing a mixed-method approach, the study combined large-scale quantitative nationally representative surveys with qualitative methods, which included focus groups, expert interviews, and media content analysis. Quantitative data were collected through stratified online surveys on nationally representative samples of 16-29-year-olds, which enabled comparisons with pre-pandemic datasets. Qualitative components provided more profound insights into lived experiences, institutional responses, and public discourse surrounding youth. Focus groups captured peer-based dynamics and shared cultural values, while expert interviews highlighted systemic adaptations and policy gaps. At the same time, media analysis revealed shifting portrayals of young people in the public sphere. This integrated research design ensured both statistical robustness and contextual richness, and offered comprehensive evidence for understanding youth experiences during the pandemic and informing future policy and academic debates. --------------- IN CROATIAN: Uvodno poglavlje iznosi metodološki okvir i obrazloženje projekta YO-VID22, koji je istraživao utjecaj pandemije COVID-19 na dobrobit mladih i strukture podrške u Hrvatskoj i Sloveniji. Koristeći kombinirani metodološki pristup, istraživanje je spojilo opsežna kvantitativna nacionalno reprezentativna anketna ispitivanja s kvalitativnim metodama, koje su uključivale fokus grupe, intervjue s ekspertima i analizu medijskog sadržaja. Kvantitativni podaci prikupljeni su putem stratificiranih online anketa na nacionalno reprezentativnim uzorcima mladih od 16 do 29 godina, što je omogućilo usporedbe s podacima prikupljenima prije pandemije. Kvalitativne komponente dale su dublji uvid u životna iskustva, institucionalne odgovore i javni diskurs o mladima. Fokus grupe obuhvatile su vršnjačku dinamiku i zajedničke kulturne vrijednosti, dok su intervjui s ekspertima istaknuli sistemske prilagodbe i praznine u politikama. Istodobno, analiza medija otkrila je promjenjive prikaze mladih u javnoj sferi. Ovakav integrirani istraživački dizajn osigurao je i statističku čvrstoću i kontekstualnu dubinu, te ponudio sveobuhvatne dokaze za razumijevanje iskustava mladih tijekom pandemije i informiranje budućih politika i akademskih rasprava

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