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殺生をめぐるガワンタシの見解
No full textThe aim of this paper is to analyze the debate about compassionate killing and unintentional killing in rTen ’brel chen mo and to clarify Ngag dbang bkra shis’s (1678–1738) understanding of killing.
Killing is described as one kind of the ten unvirtuous karma in Buddhism. One must avoid killing because it brings about the transmigration into the unhappy realm. However, in some Buddhist scriptures, we can find examples where killing is allowed in specific cases. Asaṅga (ca. 330–405), in his Bodhisattvabhūmi, states that if a Bodhisattva, motivated by compassion (karuṇā), kills a robber who is engaging in the sin of immediate retribution, the Bodhisattva is not sinful, and in fact, much merit is brought forth. This type of killing (hereafter “compassionate killing”) is the action that the Bodhisattva should perform. This idea is widely accepted in Mahāyāna Buddhism, as shown in previous studies.
With regard to a Bodhisattva’s compassionate killing as a skillful means (upāyakauśalya), Ngag dbang bkra shis, in his rTen ’brel chen mo, states that this type of killing falls into the category of virtuous karma (dge ba’i las) as long as it is motivated by white intention (bsam pa, *āśaya), bringing about a white fruition. His idea is based on the theory of black-white karma provided in Asaṅga’s Abhidharmasamuccaya. Moreover, Ngag dbang bkra shis provides a debate about unintentional killing. The point here is that Ngag dbang bkra shis clearly distinguishes unvirtuous karma (mi dge ba’i las, *akuśalakarman) and unvirtuous way of karma (mi dge ba’i las lam, *akuśalakarmapatha). The latter is established through the correspondence between actual karma and intention, while the former is not always established through the correspondence between them. For example, when one aims to kill only Devadatta and then unintentionally kills Yajñadatta, misunderstanding him to be Devadatta, one does not generate an unvirtuous way of karma. However, this does not mean that this person does not generate unvirtuous karma. Although the person kills Yajñadatta, his original intention was to kill Deavadatta, not Yajñadatta. Considering this, when the person kills Devadatta motivated by the intention to kill Devadatta, an unvirtuous way of karma is established. Ngag dbang bkra shis’s idea, which is based on his reading of Tsong kha pa’s (1357–1419) Lam rim chen mo, is keeping in line with the definition of killing given by Vasubandhu in his Abhidharmakośa IV.73ab. Thus, it can be concluded from Ngag dbang bkra shis’s debate, that the categorization of karma as being virtuous or unvirtuous, as well as the establishment of a way of karma, are determined by its intention.広島大学比較論理学プロジェクト研究センター研究成果報告書（2023年度）本論文はYanoshita 2024 (forthcoming) を和文にした上で、改稿したものである
人間とAIの相互補完を目指した「論理・表現Ⅱ」の単元開発 : 「正確さ」と「適切さ」の指導を通して
No full text本研究は、「論理・表現Ⅱ」科目において、英語の「正確さ」の指導と「適切さ」の指導を両立するための指導法を開発することを目的とする。「正確さ」の指導に重点が置かれ「適切さ」の指導が不十分であるという筆者の課題を踏まえ、「正確さ」の指導に英文添削AI である“DeepL Write” を活用し、「正確さ」にかかる指導時間の削減を目指した。また1st Writing 後に同テーマのもと相手を変えて2nd Writing を行わせることにより、英文を相手に応じて調整する過程を通じて英文の「適切さ」を指導した。生徒の２種類のプロダクトを比較し、その前後で見られる変化を「適切さ」の観点から分析した。その結果、AI 活用により「適切さ」を効果的に指導できることが示唆された。一方「正確さ」の指導においては、指導法のさらなる質的向上を要することが明らかになった。This study aims to develop instructional methods for balancing the teaching of “Accuracy” and “Appropriacy” in the “English Logic and Expression II” lesson. Recognizing the author’s problem of an emphasis on “accuracy” instruction with insufficient focus on “appropriacy,” the study leverages the English proofreading AI, “DeepL Write,” to reduce the instructional time on “accuracy.” Additionally, by conducting a second writing session with a different audience after the first writing session under the same theme, the study guides the “appropriacy” of English writing through the process of adjusting the text based on the audience. The study compares two types of student products and analyzes the changes observed before and after, specifically focusing on “appropriacy.” The results suggest that the effective instruction of “appropriacy” can be achieved through the utilization of AI. However, the study also highlights the need for further qualitative improvement in the instructional approach to “accuracy.
尾道の文化関連資料における地域表象とヒーロー表象 : 尾道市史近代編現代編の編纂作業の余白に
No full textI am currently conducting research on the modern and contemporary cultural history of Onomichi, commissioned by the city of Onomichi in Hiroshima Prefecture. This research targets works set in Onomichi or by writers from Onomichi, and covers a wide range of genres including novels, poems, haiku, tanka, paintings, manga, and films. I am also conducting a joint research project funded by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) on the representation of heroes in postwar Japanese cultural history （Project/Area Number 22K00132.） In this paper, I will discuss some of the issues that emerged in the course of this research and our joint research, while also taking into account the issues raised in an article I wrote in the past ("A Consideration of 'Geo-Regionality and Literature': A Review of Previous Studies and a Perspective", Modern Literature Review, No. 60, 2022).
I would like to discuss this issue from the following perspectives.
1.Clarify the "relationship between locality and literature" while also considering its historical background and power relations in society
2.Clarify what is the uniqueness and independence in the regional and heroic representations in the works set in Onomichi or by artists of Onomichi origin.
3.To analyze the Asian representations and "imperial imagination" of these works with an eye to their wartime historical context.本稿は、「2023 年第3回ヒーロー研究会」（2023・12・17 ZOOM によるオンライン開催）で報告した発表原稿に基づいている
清末華僑の政治活動に関する一考察 : ホノルル保皇会（1900―1903）を中心に
No full textThis article centers on the political activities of the Baohuanghui（保皇会） in Honolulu from 1900 to 1903. Employing a perspective beyond "revolution" and "nationalism," it interprets the political engagements of Overseas Chinese （华侨） during the late Qing dynasty. Using the confrontation between Baohuanghui and Consul of the Qing government as a narrative thread, the study explores changes in the political power structure within the Overseas Chinese community and investigates the response of Hawaiian authorities to political disputes within this community. The article also examines how this political turmoil ultimately triggered diplomatic negotiations between China and the United States, providing insight into the disparities in worldviews and modern legal concepts between the two nations. It highlights how Overseas Chinese proactively responded to changes in their living environment and discusses the potential impact of Overseas Chinese on political reforms in the Qing Dynasty
Prevention of COVID-19 infection in the delivery room by assessing smoke test visualization of exhaled air
No full textThe principal route of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is through the inhalation of respiratory droplets and aerosols. To date, there are no reports on the control of aerosol-mediated infections during vaginal delivery. This study aimed to visualize the airflow in a delivery room and use this information to develop infection control measures. A tracheal intubation practice manikin was used for the experiment. Smoke was generated using fog liquid and a fog machine. Smoke was collected in a plastic bag connected to the lower pharynx of the manikin via a conduit. Exhaled airflow was visualized by irradiating exhaled smoke with a laser beam. We visualized the aerosol flow from the mouth and nose of the manikin by compressing a plastic bag filled with smoke. We performed a smoke test to check the expiratory flow and accordingly modified the delivery room in two ways: the head side of the delivery table was surrounded with a plastic sheet, and the exhaust pipe was passed through the vinyl sheet to the exhaust port. After these modifications, we managed 18 vaginal deliveries in parturient women with COVID-19, with no related infections among the babies or staff. With emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, the route of infection may be unclear and determining appropriate infection control measures can be difficult. By considering the characteristics of the virus and implementing appropriate infection control measures, we can safely manage high-risk vaginal deliveries
汉语学习者表征移动事件的母语迁移研究 : 以日、韩汉语学习者偏误为例
No full textThis paper investigates the errors made by Chinese learners with Japanese and Korean as their native languages (L1) when expressing motion events in Chinese, and analyzes the types of errors and the phenomenon of native language transfer. Based on linguistic levels and conceptual types, the errors are categorized into six types: (A) "verb + come/go + place" error; (B) overemphasizing the motion domain; (C) endpoint expression error; (D) manner verb / causative verb omission; (E) manner verb / causative verb error; and (F) directional verb error. The study reveals that there are similar performances in A-E errors from the learners, but significant differences in F errors. Chinese learners whose native language is Korean tend to make more errors in acquiring F expressions, whereas Chinese learners whose native language is Japanese rarely make such errors. Through analysis, it is proposed that A errors result from syntactic level negative transfer and overgeneralization of Chinese syntactic structures, while C errors stem from the dual effects of syntactic level negative transfer and conceptual level negative transfer. B, D, and E errors are attributed either to syntactic level negative transfer, or conceptual level negative transfer, depending on specific cases.本研究得到教育部中外语言交流合作中心2022 年国际中文教育研究课题项目（项目编号：22YH70D）、以及泰山学者工程专项经费资