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小学校国語科話し合い学習における〈探索的合意形成〉の検討 : ストラウスによる組織論を基盤として
No full textConsensus building is an important activity for various people to resolve problems through cooperation. In recent years, progress has been made in studying consensus building in elementary-school Japanese language classes. However, there is no standard positioning or definition of consensus building, and the developmental stages of consensus building ability have not been clarified, such as the kinds of consensus building possible in each grade. Thus, it is extremely difficult to establish consensus building discussion goals and instructional guidance. Therefore, this study aimed to define consensus building in elementary-school Japanese-language classes with discussion-based learning and propose a process model of consensus building. First, based on prior research on consensus building in Japanese-language education and on Straus’ theory of organizations, the importance of the concept of consensus building at each stage in the process was identified. Next, by analyzing child protocols, consensus building as a learning theory was defined as “exploratory consensus building,” with the following characteristics. (1) With “exploratory consensus building,” the consensus-building process can be retroactively traced back. (2) Agreements based on “exploratory consensus building” can be reached by means other than a majority vote. (3) Finally, “Exploratory consensus building” agreements are no more than provisional at all times. In view of the above, the study proposed a process model of elementary school‒level“ exploratory consensus building.
バーリン思想における「消極的自由」の教育学的意義 : 哲学的な議論との連続と展開
No full textThe purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding of the two concepts of liberty in continuity with the philosophical arguments conceived early in Berlin's thought, and to further clarify the value of “negative liberty” and its implications for educational research. Berlin, along with his colleagues at Oxford University, was primarily critical of the logical positivists. He took issue with the fact that logical positivists base their arguments on the “correspondence model,” which attempts to make a one-to-one correspondence between certain propositions and the world and pointed out three fallacies underlying such thinking. Through these points, we were able to clarify that the grasp of the world based on the“ correspondence model” has a problem in principle and to confirm that it was the prototype for the criticism of monism, which later became the core of his thought. Then, in the Two Concepts of Liberty, he develops the criticism that positive liberty grasps the world in a monistic way. Asserting the importance of negative liberty on a pluralistic foundation, Berlin finds the value of negative liberty in understanding it as a condition for the exercise of freedom. However, it became clear that such conditions and freedom need to be distinguished, and that while recognizing the importance of developing conditions, we must not forget the value of negative liberty itself, which is“ the absence of obstacles to possible choices and activities. Among several suggestions, I argued that we should be cautious about translating problems into a more understandable form, no matter how difficult they may be to solve
Exploring the Quality of Teaching Materials and Methods during Planned Science Activities in Vietnamese Preschools: A case study
No full textPlanned science activity (PSA) is compulsory in Vietnamese preschools, where children learn about science under the guidance of teachers who have prepared the content, materials, and process in advance. This case study investigates materials usage during PSAs at a public preschool in Da Nang, Vietnam, focusing on the types and how science materials are used. This study’s PSA-ECERS3 and PSA-SSTEW are adaptations of the original the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale Third Edition (ECERS-3) and Sustain Shared Thinking and Emotional Well-being (SSTEW) scales. The results of these scales were presented as a qualitative report, complemented by illustrative instances of teaching methods from participant PSAs. The results showed that photos and slides on a computer about the objects of the PSA lesson were the most frequently used materials. Teachers used them to teach science concepts through on-site observation, question-and-answer sessions, and play. By contrast, teachers rarely used natural materials, experiments, or hands-on activities to help children learn about science. The results of ECERS-3 and SSTEW also indicated that PSAs with more interactive activities using the materials received higher scores than ones that did not include interaction
Impact of cash assistance on food insecurity: a snapshot from Rohingya camps during COVID-19
No full textCollaborating with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), World Food Program (WFP), and NGOs, the Bangladesh Government implemented cash assistance programs for Rohingya refugee households facing exacerbated food insecurity because of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigates the impact of a cash assistance program on alleviating the food insecurity experienced by Rohingya migrants during the pandemic. Additionally, this study explores potential variations of the impact of cash assistance with reference to vulnerability levels based on gender and income inequality. These findings indicate a significant reduction in food insecurity among Rohingya migrants who received cash assistance. However, further analysis reveals that cash assistance is not effective in ensuring the food security of comparatively more vulnerable households headed by women and households with no earning members. This policy implication underscores the need to restructure, redesign, and reconsider the features of cash assistance programs to enhance the welfare of refugee households across all levels of vulnerability
Performance Comparison of Software Reliability Estimation Algorithms
No full textSpecific optimization algorithms have been developed for the purpose of automated software reliability assessment tools. In this article, we propose the Monte Carlo expectation-maximization algorithm as another optimization algorithm, and carry out the performance comparison of the software reliability estimation algorithms through comprehensive numerical experiments
Facilitating Gas Accessibility via Macropore Engineering in Amine-Loaded Silica Particles for Enhanced CO2 Adsorption Performance
No full textThe urgent need to mitigate climate change has spurred the development of efficient adsorbents for CO2 capture. Porous solid sorbents, especially those incorporating amine-modified porous silica materials, offer a promising alternative due to their superior selectivity and reversibility. However, the existing research has focused on developing mesoporous silica for CO2 adsorption applications, often overlooking the role of macropores. One critical challenge with mesoporous silica is the restriction in the loading amount of amine due to low pore volume, which is followed by reduction of the CO2 capture capacity due to pore blocking and a decrease in surface area at high amine concentration. Macroporous silica particles offer promising advantages over mesopores in CO2 adsorption performance, including improved mass transfer kinetics and enhanced accessibility of CO2 to amine sites. Therefore, the CO2 adsorption capacity of porous silica materials may not have reached its full potential, and the influence of macropore sizes ranging from 60 to 400 nm has yet to be fully explored. This research, for the first time, aims to address current limitations in CO2 capture methodologies by engineering controllable porous silica particles with various macropore sizes utilizing a spray process followed by tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) modification. Results indicate that increasing TEPA concentration up to 70 wt % enhanced the CO2 adsorption capacity of the particles. The absorption performance was maximized in macroporous silica with a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) template size of 291 nm (6.08 mmol CO2/g of absorbent). Generally, larger macropore size facilitates CO2 diffusion within the particles, preventing the formation of inactive TEPA sites and reducing the CO2 diffusion resistance. This study not only highlights the relationship between the macroporous structure, TEPA modification, and CO2 adsorption capacity but also provides valuable insights for advancing carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, emphasizing the potential of macroporous silica to overcome the inherent limitations of its mesoporous counterpart
Clinical utility of Duke pancreatic monoclonal antigen type 2 in resectable biliary tract cancers
No full textThis study aimed to investigate the clinical utility of Duke pancreatic monoclonal antigen type 2 (DUPAN-2) in addition to carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) and carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) in biliary tract cancers (BTCs). Patients who underwent surgery for BTC were investigated. BTCs included five types: intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC), distal cholangiocarcinoma (DC), gall bladder carcinoma (GBC), and ampullary carcinoma (AC). The percentages of patients with elevated and normal tumor marker levels (high and normal groups) were determined across five BTC types, and recurrence-free survivals (RFSs) were compared between the two groups. Forty, 67, 56, 51, and 51 patients had ICC, HC, DC, GBC, and AC, respectively. In all patients, the percentages of patients with elevated tumor marker levels decreased in the order of CA19-9 (44.9%), DUPAN-2 (36.6%), and CEA (17.0%). This trend was consistent across four cancer types: ICC, HC, DC and GBC. In all patients, the high groups in three markers exhibited significantly poorer RFSs compared to the normal groups (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.01, respectively). DUPAN-2 is a useful marker for recurrence in patients with resectable BTC
Design Process for a Unit Inquiring into “Difficult History”: The Case of Collaboration Between a Researcher and a Practitioner in Japan
No full textThe purpose of this research is to clarify 1) what the "difficulties" are in introducing alternative historical narratives into Japanese history units and critically inquiring into those narratives themselves, and 2) what the collaborative process between a researcher and a practitioner to support decision-making in design to overcome those “difficulties”. The research method was case study research in Japan and the second author’s self-study. There are various considerations for practitioners in teaching classes dealing with “difficult history”. We believe it is unrealistic to make these considerations the responsibility of a single practitioner. In this research, the ‘colonial modernity’ theory in the history of Japan’s colonial rule of the annexation of Korea was introduced as the content of the unit and designed for practice in Japanese classrooms. The following were identified as “difficulties” for the practitioners in designing this unit: a) “The Difficulty of Identity,” b) “Challenge of Social Media and Students’ Historical Understanding,” c) “Challenges of Finding Resources,” d)“Accountability to Colleagues”.These “difficulties” were then overcome through a process in which the researcher collaborated with the practitioner to design the unit. And this process was clarified qualitatively
Atomic Bomb Survivors’ Messages for Future Generations: Insights from the Process of Testifying to Their Lived Experiences for Peace
No full textThis study aimed to systematically understand how Japanese atomic bomb survivors (Hibakusha) confront their experiences and construct peace messages. Therefore, semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven Hibakusha aged 84–92 years who mainly testified to children from elementary to high school. In the interviews, participants were asked about their motivations, conflicts, and perspectives on peace. As a result of category analysis, a Modified Grounded Theory Approach, six Categories and 22 Concepts were generated and presented as conceptual diagrams. The results indicate that Hibakusha struggled with challenges, such as recalling traumatic events, societal discrimination, and internal conflict, with the psychological invasion of sharing their experiences. However, motivated by a sense of being understood by non-victims about their desire for peace and responsibility to prevent a similar tragedy and a growing sense of danger due to waning peace awareness, they were encouraged to share their experiences. The findings show that sharing tragic historical memories is a reciprocal process between the narrator and listener, with narrators allowing their memories to be interpreted and contextualized by others. This reveals that the environment and attitudes of listeners impact the feasibility and nature of the victims’ testimonies