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Character Judgments, Criminal Responsibility, and the Role of Excuses
No full textThis essay examines the issue of criminal liability from the viewpoint of the character theory of responsibility, with particular attention being paid to the role of excuse-based defences. Two different versions of the character theory are examined and compared: the traditional character theory and the utilitarian motivational theory of responsibility. Following a brief overview of the distinction between justification and excuse in common law jurisprudence, the two versions of the character theory are discussed and their implications are highlighted. The essay concludes that the traditional character theory, with its emphasis on moral blameworthiness, offers a better basis for understanding the nature of criminal responsibility in relation to offences which also constitute moral wrongs. The utilitarian motivational theory, on the other hand, may be given priority when considering the question of responsibility in relation to offences in which the element of moral blame is absent, minimal or questionable
アメリカにおける制定法解釈と解釈原則（1）
No full textThis paper examines "canons of construction" in American jurisprudence. Canons of construction are presumptions that judges have traditionally used in interpreting the language of statutes and contracts. The reason why this paper focuses on canons of construction is related to the following recent developments in the United States. First, the U.S. Supreme Court is gradually becoming more and more oriented toward textualism, and one of the interpretive materials that textualism emphasizes is canons of construction. Second, in accordance with the abovementioned trend of the U.S. Supreme Court, legal hermeneutics since the 2000s has shown a tendency to gradually focus on the theory of canons of construction. Third, in response to the above trends in practice and research, a trend toward lectures on canons of construction has been noted in first-year law school education. Fourth, the study of canons of construction is also recognized as significant in the basic study of American administrative law. This paper will organize and examine the second research trend among the above perspectives.
Canons of construction have not received much attention in Japanese public law scholarship. However, canons of construction potentially play an important function in public law interpretation. On the other hand, the theoretical issues of canons of construction are not always well organized. This paper attempts to organize the state of debate in American law and to sketch a basic theory of canons of construction. In the process, it will also show, as a corollary, the strong influence of the faithful-agent model in statutory interpretation methodology.
This paper first reviews what canons of construction are, dividing them into linguistic canons and substantive canons, and presents an empirical analysis of canons of construction (1). Next, after reviewing the basic theories of statutory interpretation methodology (2), the theoretical justification of the canons of construction is examined by dividing them into linguistic canons (3) and substantive canons (4), and some arrangement and discussion are made to conclude the paper (5)
キャリア探索を促す大学キャリア教育に関する研究 : 自己制御の視点から進路選択自己効力感の機能に着目して
No full text広島大学大学院社会科学研究科マネジメント専攻
令和５年度博士論文要旨
学会員の論文要旨のみ掲
新型コロナウイルス感染症流行における従業員の顧客志向の度合いが創造性に及ぼす影響 : 中国のテレワーカーを研究対象に
No full text広島大学大学院社会科学研究科マネジメント専攻
広島大学大学院人間社会科学研究科人文社会科学専攻マネジメントプログラム
令和５年度修士論文要旨＜学会員の論文要旨のみ掲載
“门”与“路” : 鲁迅译文《罗生门》与创作《过客》中的权力与意志
No full textBased on Nietzsches philosophy of power and will, this article takes gate and road as external manifestations of power and will, and analyzes the process of power change and will dilemma in Lu Xuns translation of Rashomon and creation of The Passer-By,. Firstly, it analyzes the psychological changes of the masterless servant in Rashomon. Secondly, it explores whether the out-of-the-gate power level can be achieved by the passer in The Passer-By,. Then, setting aside the names of the passer, the old man, and the little girl, it discusses their essential relationships
アメリカ合衆国私立学校およびカナダ公立学校視察報告 : ディスレクシアへの対応やAT活用を中心に
No full text本稿では、日本でも課題となっているディスレクシアを始めとするニューロダイバーシティのある学習者への対応についての示唆を得るべく、アメリカ合衆国およびカナダにおける学校等での取組をテーマに行った視察の概要を報告する。小学校から大学まで、また公立も私立も含む様々な学校を合計10校訪問し、それぞれの取組内容、特にディスレクシアへの対応、アシスティブ・テクノロジー（AT）の活用状況につき確認した。いずれの学校もAT の活用は当然のこととしていたが、日本のようにタブレット端末が全児童生徒に無料で配布されるような取組は無く、家庭からの持込み、または家庭が費用負担をして学校で揃えて買うなどの対応であった。また、AT の使用許可のみならず、様々な方法で個別のニーズに合った変更と調整がなされていた。加えて、学習者が自身の特性を理解し、強みを活かす方法、苦手さをサポートする方法を考え、まとめ、周囲に伝えるセルフ・アドボカシーのスキルを身につけるためのプログラムも用意されていた。訪問したディスレクシア専門家が制作したスクリーニング・アプリについても紹介する。The lead author undertook a study tour to the USA and Canada to learn about their support setting for dyslexic and other neurodiverse students, and about how the schools make use of AT (Assistive Technology) to help such students. She visited 10 schools and colleges, with a mixture of primary to tertiary and private to government education settings. All those schools and colleges used AT as a normal practice, but no schools or governments distributed tablets to all students at no cost as in the case in Japan. They used tablets or laptops brought from home or the standard devices bought by the families on entry to school. Apart from AT, the schools also provided various other ways to support students’ individual needs. For example, they had programs to facilitate or train students’ self-awareness, strength-based working styles, weakness compensations, and self-advocacy skills. This paper will also describe a dyslexia screener app developed by dyslexia specialists who were met during the tour
授業のユニバーサルデザイン化に関する教職志望大学生の知識 : 通常の学級の担当教員を志す学部生を対象として
No full text通常の学級の担当教員を志望する大学生を対象として、授業のユニバーサルデザイン（授業UD）化の工夫に関するアンケート調査を行った。回答者の半数以上が「知っている」と回答した工夫の多くは、「授業での『学び』の階層モデル」と照らすと、第一階層の「参加（活動する）」及び第二階層の「理解（わかる）」にアクセスするものであった。第三階層の「習得する（身につける）」や第四階層の「活用（使う）」にアクセスする工夫については、「知らない」という回答の方が多かった。また、回答者の多くが授業UD 化に関する学習の機会を大学の講義の中で得ていたことから、今後も教職課程のカリキュラムの中でその内容を積極的に取り扱っていくことの有用性が示された。それ以外にも少数ではあるが、ボランティアやアルバイト、教育実習等、小・中学校や高校での授業をとおして体験的な学習の機会を得ている者もいた。授業UD化の学習に関しては、講義をとおして得た理論的知識と教育現場で得た実践的知識を往還させる機会を確保していくことが肝要になると考えられた。A questionnaire survey on instructional techniques of universal design for class lessons was conducted among university students who wish to become regular classroom teachers. More than half of the respondents answered that they knew that the techniques corresponded to “participation (activity)” as the lowest level and to “understanding (comprehension)” as the second level in the context of the “hierarchical model of learning in the classroom”. Many of the respondents answered that they did not know about instructional techniques which corresponded to “learning (mastering)” as the third level and to “utilization (using)” as the fourth level in the hierarchical model. The fact that many of the respondents had opportunities to learn about instructional techniques for universal design of class lessons in university lectures indicated the usefulness of including the lectures in the teaching curriculum. In addition, a small number of respondents had experiential learning opportunities through classes at schools, volunteer work, part-time jobs, and teaching practice. In terms of learning about universal design for class lessons, it is important to ensure that students have opportunities to exchange theoretical knowledge gained through lectures with practical knowledge gained in the field of education.本稿は、日本特殊教育学会第61回大会において発表した内容に加筆・修正を加えたものである