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国内におけるオートエスノグラフィーの研究動向
No full textThe purpose of this study is to review research trends in autoethnography by focusing on domestic autoethnography papers, which have been rapidly increasing in recent years, and to organize them in terms of why autoethnography was used. We believe that exploring the background of why autoethnography was used will clarify what can be achieved through its use. In this study, we conducted a close reading of articles extracted from CiNii Research using the term “autoethnography” and selected 39 for analysis. After examining the articles from the perspective of why they used autoethnography, we identified four characteristics: (1) opposition to concepts and norms circulating in society, (2) “visualization” of “invisible” existence, (3) recovery of meaning through reflection on one’s own practices and experiences, and (4) emphasis on the nature of the participants
Seismic time-dependent resilience assessment of aging highway bridges incorporating the effect of retrofitting
No full textBridges are one of the most critical components of transportation networks, which are highly vulnerable due to exposure to natural hazards. In addition, multiple degradation mechanisms can considerably affect the functionality of highway bridges during their service life. Therefore, accumulated damage could also arise continuously because of seismic loading and structural deterioration, which consequently can change system resilience over its life-cycle. This study presents a probabilistic methodology to systematically evaluate and develop the time-dependent seismic resilience curves for Reinforced Concrete (RC) bridges under chloride attacks. In this regard, different jacketing materials with varying thicknesses are chosen for retrofitting purposes. In each case, the time-dependent seismic fragility curves (four damage states) for calculating the time-dependent seismic resilience curves are established through Probabilistic Seismic Demand Models (PSDMs) by performing Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA). Finally, the time-dependent seismic resilience curves are evaluated based on the time-dependent seismic fragility curves using the restoration function for all the retrofitting strategies by considering the effect of structural deterioration over time. The results indicate that aging, earthquake intensities, and retrofitting strategies undeniably affect the time-variant seismic resilience of bridges, which is helpful for the long-term safety and reliability of bridges
On the effect of background seismicity in physics-based earthquake simulations
No full textPhysics-based simulations have been extensively employed to generate synthetic earthquake catalogs over the past decade. In this kind of simulation, primary known faults are typically modeled, while smaller and intermediate faults are often neglected. As a result, the location of earthquakes in the simulation is confined to the modeled faults. Furthermore, due to the elimination of off-fault seismicity, a complete match of the frequency-magnitude distribution of the synthetic catalog with observed data is not achieved. This paper presents an approach to include off-fault seismicity (or background seismicity) within the simulation. First, background earthquakes are separated from the primary faults’ earthquakes, and a fault section is assigned to each event. By employing a scaling relationship, the dimensions of these fault sections are determined according to the magnitude of the corresponding event. The fault section’s slip rates are estimated based on the observed frequency-magnitude distribution. Combining the background fault model with the primary fault model results in a comprehensive model that accounts for all stress interactions between fault elements within the simulator in actual locations. As a result, a broader range of frequency-magnitude distribution in the synthetic catalog can be matched to the observations. A case study using one of the available simulators, Virtual Quake, on a sample area is presented. The results demonstrate that eliminating off-fault seismicity could lead to an underestimated assessment of the earthquake probabilities for the whole region and a biased estimation of earthquake rates in individual faults
Booming internet use during pandemic on Indonesian students’ faith: threat and opportunity for sustainable religious education and religious inherency formation
No full textFocusing on Indonesia’s case, this research discusses how booming internet use impacts students’ faith, functioning as both threat and opportunity concerning students’ religious inherency and sustainable religious education (RE). This qualitative study analyses six public junior high schools and 48 interviewed participants. To reveal various religions’ views, the participants belong to six recognised religions in Indonesia: Islam, Christianity (Protestant), Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. According to thematic analysis, the findings show that teachers and students face challenges in the early shift to online RE, such as technical problems and learning ineffectiveness. These challenges impede student understanding, study preparation and learning motivation, resulting in decreased social skills, lack of communication, declining faith, and weak religious inherency. However, the internet fostered RE continuity during the pandemic, especially contributing to the time efficiency of RE. Therefore, this research formulates the concept of tri-centred religious education, which integrates the roles of family, school, and society to create the students’ self-control. Religious values and social norms should be connected to strengthen students’ religious inherency
Subjective grade of apprehension during the pivot-shift test reflects patient-reported outcomes more than conventional pivot-shift test grade after ACL reconstruction
No full textPurpose
To investigate whether the pivot-shift test reflects patient-reported outcomes 1 year after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction based on a multicentre prospective cohort study.
Methods
This study included patients who underwent primary ACL reconstruction using the hamstring tendons. The pivot-shift test grades were determined according to the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) form as 0, 1+, 2+ or 3+. In addition, patients' subjective apprehension during the pivot-shift test were classified as 0 (no-apprehension), 1+ (mild-apprehension), 2+ (moderate-apprehension) or 3+ (severe-apprehension). In this study, a positive pivot-shift test was defined as grade 1+ or higher.
Results
A total of 837 patients were enroled in this study. One year postoperatively, there was no significant difference in the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), IKDC score, Lysholm knee scale and Tegner activity scale between the positive (118 patients) and negative (719 patients) groups of the conventional IKDC grading of the pivot-shift test. However, when divided into two groups based on the apprehension grading of the pivot-shift test after surgery, the postoperative scores were significantly lower in the apprehension-positive group (114 patients) than those in the apprehension-negative group (723 patients) on the Tegner activity scale and KOOS Symptom, Sports/Rec and Quality of Life subscales.
Conclusions
Patients' subjective apprehension during the pivot-shift test after ACL reconstruction was significantly associated with the postoperative Tegner activity scale and three subscales of the KOOS. However, there was no association between the conventional IKDC grading of the pivot-shift test and any patient-reported outcomes postoperatively
Declining trend in the estimated annual rupture rate of unruptured cerebral aneurysms in Japan: a nationwide study
No full textThe incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAHs) in Japan has recently decreased. However, trends in the annual rates of unruptured cerebral aneurysms (UCAs) are unclear because calculations based on follow-up periods are limited to patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms. We aimed to clarify current trends in the estimated annual rupture rates of UCAs in Japan and to identify the most relevant contributing factors. We analyzed data from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and records of the Japan Neurosurgical Society. The estimated annual rupture rates of UCAs between 2003 and 2018 were calculated according to age-adjusted mortality rates of SAH and number of treated ruptured cerebral aneurysms (RCAs). We estimated trends in annual rupture rates using sensitivity analysis and assessed associations between estimated annual rupture rates and the prevalences of hypertension and current smoking. The estimated annual rupture rate of UCAs significantly decreased from 1.44 to 0.87% and from 0.92 to 0.76%, respectively, in terms of age-adjusted mortality rates of SAH and number of treated RCAs (p < 0.001). The range of changes in estimated annual rupture rates of UCAs was − 1.13%‒0.83%, representing a declining UCA trend of 88%. The estimated annual rupture rates of UCAs declined by 0.02–0.10% and 0.01–0.05% with every percent decrease in hypertension and current smoking prevalence, respectively. The estimated annual rupture rate of UCAs has recently decreased in Japan, possibly due to a decrease in the prevalence of hypertension rather than smoking
算数文章題場面における演算関係の統合的スキーマ : 二重三角図とその授業実践
No full text本稿では，算数文章題に対する統合的スキーマである二重三角図の授業利用について報告する．比例場面を扱う二重三角図は，二つの存在量に対して対となる二つの関係量，包含除，等分除，値が小さくなる掛け算，値が大きくなる割り算，を互いに関連・制約する必然のものとして可視化できる．この二重三角図を用いた授業を５年生の３月の授業で実施したところ（１クラス２３名，２時限），（１）児童の８９％が対となる関係量を含んだ二重三角図を問題文に対して正しく書けた，（２）児童の７９％が二重三角図によって可視化される６つの演算関係に対応する６つの式を立式できた，（３）関係量保存性課題のスコアが事前事後で有意に向上し，効果量は大であった，といった結果が得られた．This paper reports on the use of double triangle diagrams in the classroom, which have been proposed as an integrated schema for arithmetic word problems. The double triangle diagram, which deals with proportional situations, can visualize two paired relational quantities, inclusive division, equal division, multiplication to reduce the value, and division to increase the value, as necessarily related and constrained to each other. When we conducted a class using this double triangle diagram in a 5th grade class in March (23 students, 2 lessons), (1) 89% of the students were able to correctly draw a double-triangle diagram including the paired relational quantities to the problem text, (2) 79% of the students were able to write 6 expressions including in the problem, and (3) significant improvement was observed in the pre- and post-tests using the problems of conservation of relational quantities, and the effect size was large
休業手当の額の算定方法についての試論
No full textThis paper focuses on the calculation method for Allowance for Absence from Work (Art. 26 Labor Standards Act). According to the administrative interpretation, the amount of Allowance for Absence from Work is 60% of the average wage multiplied by the number of scheduled working days during the period of absence. However, this calculation method causes the problem that the actual amount is very small (40-50% or less of the monthly wage). In this paper, I argue that the calculation method, which multiplies 60% of the average wage by the total number of calendar days of absence (total number of days theory), is more valid. The main grounds for this argument are as follows:
The drafters of the LSA intended that Article 26 of the LSA would guarantee 60% of the monthly wage. It can only be fulfilled by the theory. The Supreme Court has similarly assumed that 60% of regular salaries are guaranteed. Also, it is consistent with the purpose of the average wage system
Awareness and Experiences of Text-Generative AI among Undergraduates in General English Courses
No full textThe primary objective of this study was to explore students’ awareness and experiences of text-generative AI tools, half a year after the release of ChatGPT, with a particular focus on how these tools are perceived and utilized in different contexts. We sought to understand the extent to which these tools are recognized and used by students, and how their usage varies between academic and non-academic settings. Our investigation revealed that while there is a high level of awareness of these tools, particularly ChatGPT, their actual usage remains limited. We found that these tools are most commonly used for non-academic private purposes, suggesting that they are primarily seen as sources of entertainment and information gathering rather than tools for academic learning and research. Some students acknowledged the effectiveness of these tools in language learning, indicating a potential usefulness in educational contexts. Nevertheless, their integration into language education is still in its early stages, and there are significant challenges in their practical usage. This study underscores the need for further research and development in this area, particularly in developing effective ways to use AI tools in education and enhancing learning and teaching methods. It is our hope that this research will contribute to the ongoing dialogue about the role of AI in education and help shape future strategies for its implementation.本研究の主な目的は，テキスト生成AI ツールに対する学生の認識と経験を調査することであり，ChatGPT 公開から半年の時点で，これらのツールが異なる文脈でどのように認識され，活用されているかに焦点を当てた。特に，その使用方法が学術的な場面とそうでない場面とでどのように異なるのかを理解しようとした。調査の結果，これらのツール，特にChatGPT の認知度は高いものの，実際の利用は限定的であることが明らかになった。これらのツールは，学業以外の私的な目的で使用されることが最も多く，学術的な学習や研究のためのツールというよりは，主に娯楽や情報収集のソースと認識されていることが示唆された。言語学習におけるこれらのツールの有効性を認めている学生もおり，教育の文脈における潜在的な有用性を示しているが，その一方で，言語教育への統合はまだ黎明の段階にあり，その実用化にはまだいくつもの大きな課題がある。本稿が強調するのは，この分野における更なる研究開発の必要性，特に教育におけるAI ツールの効果的な利用方法の開発，学習法や指導法の改善や工夫の必要性である。本研究が，教育におけるAI の役割に関する継続的な対話に貢献し，その導入に向けた将来の戦略を形成する一助となれば幸いである