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Exploring Social Studies Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Inclusive Teaching in Diverse Environments: The Methods of Teaching Cross-curricular Skills in Global Citizenship Education in Japan and South Korea
No full textIn this study, we explore the challenges social studies teachers in Japan and South Korea encounter while addressing sensitive and difficult topics essential for fostering inclusive education. As the educational landscape continues to diversify, these educators often find it challenging to incorporate themes such as human rights, multiculturalism, and global citizenship into their curriculum, especially with a traditional emphasis on competency-based citizenship. Utilizing data from the 2018 Teaching and Learning International Survey, we investigate the influence of Teaching in Diverse Environments (TEDE) on Social Studies Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Inclusion (TAI), the mediating role of Global Citizenship Education (GCE) in this relationship, and the potential moderating effect of Teaching Cross-Curricular Skills (TCS) within the educational contexts of Japan and Korea. A significant finding from our research is TEDE’s role in diminishing stereotypes and enhancing diversity awareness among teachers and students alike. We highlight the significance of diverse classroom experiences, engagement in GCE, and the integration of TCS as crucial elements enabling teachers to effectively tackle challenging topics in social studies. Notably, the influence of TAI on GCE, and the significance of TCS, were observed exclusively in Japan, underscoring the need to focus on classroom dynamics and teacher professional development, rather than solely on the cultural, historical, or macro-educational system context
人工知能（AI）の証拠能力に関する一考察（1） : 専門証拠の許容性の観点から
No full textIn recent years, there has been a lively debate about artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of criminal law. This paper examines the admissibility of AI as evidence (AI evidence) in criminal trials, with a particular focus on standards for expert evidence. With the increasing use of AI in legal systems, concerns about the transparency and reliability of AI-generated evidence have become central. The paper highlights that one of the main challenges is the 'black box' nature of machine learning, where the decision-making process of AI is often opaque, making it difficult for judges and juries to assess its reliability. This paper argues for strict expert admissibility standards for AI evidence, as it requires careful examination of the underlying algorithms and data. However, the black box problem complicates the applicability of the standards to AI evidence. Therefore, this paper explores 'Explainable AI' (XAI) and attempts to integrate it into the standards to address this issue
Differences in postoperative prognosis between early-stage lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
No full textBackground
Although prognosis and treatments differ between small-cell- and nonsmall-cell carcinoma, comparisons of the histological types of NSCLC are uncommon. Thus, we investigated the oncological factors associated with the prognosis of early-stage adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
Methods
We retrospectively compared the clinicopathological backgrounds and postoperative outcomes of patients diagnosed with pathological stage I–IIA adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma primary lung cancer completely resected at our department from January 2007 to December 2017. Multivariable Cox regression analysis for overall survival and recurrence-free survival was performed.
Results
The median follow-up duration was 55.2 months. The cohort consisted of 532 adenocarcinoma and 96 squamous cell carcinoma patients. A significant difference in survival was observed between the two groups, with a 5-year overall survival rate of 90% (95% confidence interval 86–92%) for adenocarcinoma and 77% (95% CI 66–85%) for squamous cell carcinoma (P < 0.01) patients. Squamous cell carcinoma patients had worse outcomes compared to adenocarcinoma patients in stage IA disease, but there were no significant differences between the two groups in stage IB or IIA disease. In multivariate analysis, invasion diameter was associated with overall survival in adenocarcinoma (hazard ratio 1.76, 95% confidence interval 1.36–2.28), but there was no such association in squamous cell carcinoma (hazard ratio 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.45–1.14).
Conclusions
The importance of tumor invasion diameter in postoperative outcomes was different between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Thus, it is important to consider that nonsmall-cell carcinoma may have different prognoses depending on the histological type, even for the same stage
Existence of density inhomogeneity of liquid Te associated with liquid–liquid phase transition
No full textWe performed small-angle x-ray scattering measurements of liquid Te using a synchrotron radiation facility and observed maximum scattering intensity near 620 K in the supercooled region (melting temperature 723 K). This indicates that density inhomogeneity exists in liquid Te, and the fact that this temperature coincides with the temperature at which the specific heat, sound velocity, and thermal expansion coefficient reach their maxima means that this density inhomogeneity is the cause of these thermodynamic anomalies. The thermodynamic anomalies in liquid Te had already been shown in the 1980s to be comprehensively explained by the inhomogeneity associated with the continuous liquid–liquid phase transition (LLT), but direct experimental evidence for the existence of the inhomogeneity had not been obtained. The present results, together with those already obtained for mixture systems (Te–Se, Te–Ge), indicate the existence of inhomogeneity associated with LLT in liquid Te systems, and strongly support the model. Recently, similar maximum scattering intensity has also been observed in supercooled liquid water, which exhibits thermodynamic anomalies similar to those of Te, indicating the universality of the inhomogeneous model or LLT scenario to explain the thermodynamics of such 'anomalous liquids'. Further development of the LLT scenario is expected in near future
Ciliary length variations impact cilia-mediated signaling and biological responses
No full textPrimary cilia are thin hair-like organelles that protrude from the surface of most mammalian cells. They act as specialized cell antennas that can vary widely in response to specific stimuli. However, the effect of changes in cilia length on cellular signaling and behavior remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the elongated primary cilia induced by different chemical agents, lithium chloride (LiCl), cobalt chloride (CoCl2) and rotenone, using human retinal pigmented epithelial 1 (hRPE1) cells expressing ciliary G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) receptor 1 (MCHR1). MCH induces cilia shortening mainly via MCHR1-mediated Akt phosphorylation. Therefore, we verified the proper functioning of the MCH-MCHR1 axis in elongated cilia. Although MCH shortened cilia that were elongated by LiCl and rotenone, it did not shorten CoCl2-induced elongated cilia, which exhibited lesser Akt phosphorylation. Furthermore, serum readdition was found to delay cilia shortening in CoCl2-induced elongated cilia. In contrast, rotenone-induced elongated cilia rapidly shortened via a chopping mechanism at the tip of the cilia. Conclusively, we found that each chemical exerted different effects on ciliary GPCR signaling and serum-mediated ciliary structure dynamics in cells with elongated cilia. These results provide a basis for understanding the functional consequences of changes in ciliary length
Effect of annealing treatment on nanostructure and electrical conductivity of flame-made Ir-IrO2/TiO2 particles
No full textIridium-loaded titanium oxide (Ir − IrO2/TiO2) particles with unique structures have a potential to become an outstanding highly conductive material for various applications. In this paper, we investigated the effectiveness of annealing treatment of flame-made Ir − IrO2/TiO2 particles to enhance its electrical conductivity. Before annealing treatment, the Ir − IrO2 species was amorphous even though the Ir − IrO2 species uniformly covered the TiO2 surface. After annealing treatment at temperature of 750 °C, the phase of IrO2 changed from amorphous to crystalline phase, and the degree of crystallinity of IrO2 increased. The electrical conductivity of the Ir − IrO2/TiO2 particles increased from 1.05 S.cm−1 to 1.85 S.cm−1 with increasing annealing temperature from before annealing to 750 °C, which demonstrates the improvement of the crystallinity of Ir − IrO2/TiO2 particles after annealing treatments.This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP22K20482, JP23K13590 (T.H), JP23KF0054, and JP23H01745 (T.O). This work was supported by JST, the establishment of university fellowships toward the creation of science technology innovation, Grant Number JPMJFS2129 (H.T.T.N). This work was partly supported by the Center for Functional Nano Oxides at Hiroshima University, the International Network on Polyoxometalate Science, the JSPS Core-to-Core Program, the Information Center of Particle Technology, Japan, and the Hosokawa Powder Technology Foundation
実践の差異を産み出す「当事者としての教師」に関する考察 : 同一目標・同一計画で行った文学教育実践の比較
No full textThe purpose of this study is to compare the practices of "Teachers as Participants" who were conducted with the same goal and plan, and to clarify the factors of "eventfulness" produced by "Teachers as Participants" and its educational significance. In the individual narratives of the "teacher as a participant," we can see the coexistence of multiple selves within the self, without integration. The extracted children's responses also expressed their internal plurality and conflicts. This study clarified the causes of the different practices by comparing practices conducted with the same goals and the same plan using the elementary school Japanese language literature material "Onita no boshi". As a result, it was clarified that it is effective to stimulate the learners by exposing them to the "eventfulness" of the "teacher as a party" and to connect the passage to the access to the "multiple selves" of the learners. On the other hand, in this practice, not only did the "teacher as party" influence the literature classroom, but it also suggests that the "teacher as party" himself may have his own inner self shaken by the literary work