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大学生がもつ陸上競技授業の学習観に関する研究 : 過去の運動・スポーツ経験に着目して
No full textThe purpose of this study was to clarify the actual learning perspective of university students in track and field classes from the perspective of past athletic and sports experience. The results of the analysis showed that those who had experience in individual sports during high school had a significantly higher "perception of the appeal of sports" than those who had experience in team sports. However, no significant differences were found in "perception of the appeal of sports" between junior high school, university, and previous sports experience. No differences were found in the learning perspective of track and field classes for other subscale factors, sports experience from junior high school to university, or experience with track and field. It became clear that differences in high school athletic and sports experience may lead to differences in the perception of the enjoyment of exercise in track and field classes and the enjoyment of competing for victory and defeat among the subjects of this study. The results show that past athletic and sports experience is unlikely to affect learning perspectives on track and field. Although this study was focused on the learning perspective of track and field alone, we believe it is necessary to verify whether differences in learning perspectives arising from previous exercise and sports experience are unique to track and field
プロジェクト型学習としてのオペラ制作の課題設定に関する研究 : 複数の実践による学生アンケート結果から
No full textThe purpose of this study is to clarify how learners' attitudes, learning, and trial-and-error change when unusual tasks are added to a university student's opera production. The research method was to analyze the learners' descriptions after the opera performance. The target opera performances were (1) a regular opera performance, (2) an outdoor opera performance, (3) a double-cast opera performance, and (4) an opera performance in collaboration with another group. The following results were obtained by comparing (1) regular opera performances and other performances. (2) In the outdoor opera performance, the learners were anxious about performing in a different venue than usual, but there was not much trial-and-error. (3) In the double-cast opera performance, the learners made some trial-and-error attempts to improve their performance and acting skills. The double-cast performances did not have much impact on the students. (4) In opera performances with other groups, learners were influenced by the other groups, but did not make much trial-and-error. In opera productions, it is effective to give learners special challenges, but it is more important for the instructor to encourage them afterwards
Identification of atmospheric ozone generated from seismic activity during the occurrence of multiple earthquakes across Japan in 2022
No full textGround-level atmospheric ozone (tropospheric ozone) is a well-known indicator of photochemical air pollution. Atmospheric ozone may also be an indicator of earthquake generation. Ground-level observations of atmospheric ozone at multiple sites were conducted in this study at the time of multiple earthquake occurrences in Japan in 2022. As the result of this study, ozone peaks of unknown origin were detected during the occurrence of multiple earthquakes across Japan in 2022. The level of these ozone peaks began to increase from a few days to a few hours before each earthquake, reaching a maximum concentration coincident with the time of earthquake generation. ‘Unknown ozone’ were detected at near earthquake epicentres, except in the case of deep earthquakes. The ‘unknown ozone’ were also associated with earthquake seismic intensities, which were monitored at seismograph stations in various Japanese cities, towns, and villages. A laboratory experiment by Baragiola et al. (2011) indicated that ppm levels of ozone can be generated in air by the crushing and grinding of terrestrial crustal rocks, generated by exo-electrons emitted by high electric fields, resulting from charge separation during rock fracture. Baragiola et al. (2011) proposed a hypothesis whereby atmospheric ozone could be generated via rock fracturing during the occurrence of earthquakes. This hypothesis could explain the ozone peaks correlating with multiple Japanese earthquakes observed in this study. The significance of atmospheric ozone generated by seismic activity is discussed in terms of it being a possible indicator of earthquake generation and prediction
Histidine-containing dipeptide deficiency links to hyperactivity and depression-like behaviors in old female mice
No full textCarnosine, anserine, and homocarnosine are histidine-containing dipeptides (HCDs) abundant in the skeletal muscle and nervous system in mammals. To date, studies have extensively demonstrated effects of carnosine and anserine, the predominant muscular HCDs, on muscular functions and exercise performance. However, homocarnosine, the predominant brain HCD, is underexplored. Moreover, roles of homocarnosine and its related HCDs in the brain and behaviors remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated potential roles of endogenous brain homocarnosine and its related HCDs in behaviors by using carnosine synthase-1-deficient (Carns1−/−) mice. We found that old Carns1−/− mice (female 12 months old) exhibited hyperactivity- and depression-like behaviors with higher plasma corticosterone levels on light-dark transition and forced swimming tests, but had no defects in spontaneous locomotor activity, repetitive behavior, olfactory functions, and learning and memory abilities, as compared with their age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. We confirmed that homocarnosine and its related HCDs were deficient across brain areas of Carns1−/− mice. Homocarnosine deficiency exhibited small effects on its constituent γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, in which GABA levels in hypothalamus and olfactory bulb were higher in Carns1−/− mice than in WT mice. In WT mice, homocarnosine and GABA were highly present in hypothalamus, thalamus, and olfactory bulb, and their brain levels did not decrease in old mice when compared with younger mice (3 months old). Our present findings provide new insights into roles of homocarnosine and its related HCDs in behaviors and neurological disorders.This work was supported by Grant-in-Aid for Early Career Scientists (No. 21K14804 to T. K.) from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT, Tokyo) and the 2021 Danone Institute of Japan Foundation (DIJF) Research Grant (Tokyo, Japan) (to T.K.)
Synthesis of liquid crystalline compounds containing thiol groups at both ends as reactive substituents and their immobilization on a gold substrate
No full textIn this study, we synthesized four bifunctional compounds containing two alkoxy groups, at which reactive thiol groups were introduced. Among these compounds, a compound with four and five methylene units in each alkyl chain did not exhibit a liquid crystalline phase. The other three compounds exhibit one or two liquid crystalline phases, and the number of liquid crystalline phases depends on the number of methylene units in their alkyl chains. These liquid crystalline compounds were oriented in one direction using a rubbed alignment film, and the oriented compounds were transferred onto a gold substrate. Using these gold substrates as working electrodes, cyclic voltammetry (CV) was performed with potassium ferricyanide as the redox probe. As the deposition time increased, the current intensities of a pair of redox waves gradually decreased. This trend suggests that with longer deposition times, a larger amount of the liquid crystalline compound was transferred to the gold substrate surface. These findings shed light on the relationship among the structures of bifunctional compounds, their liquid crystalline behavior, and their alignment properties on gold substrates, thereby offering valuable insights for potential applications in nanotechnology and materials science
Structure Transformation of Methylammonium Polyoxomolybdates via In-Solution Acidification and Solid-State Heating from Methylammonium Monomolybdate and Application as Negative Staining Reagents for Coronavirus Observation
No full textWe prepared polyoxomolybdates with methylammonium countercations from methylammonium monomolybdate, (CH3NH3)2[MoO4], through two dehydrative condensation methods, acidifying in the aqueous solution and solid-state heating. Discrete (CH3NH3)10[Mo36O112(OH)2(H2O)14], polymeric ((CH3NH3)8[Mo36O112(H2O)14])n, and polymeric ((CH3NH3)4[γ-Mo8O26])n were selectively isolated via pH control of the aqueous (CH3NH3)2[MoO4] solution. The H2SO4-acidified solution of pH < 1 produced “sulfonated α-MoO3”, polymeric ((CH3NH3)2[(MoO3)3(SO4)])n. The solid-state heating of (CH3NH3)2[MoO4] in air released methylamine and water to produce several methylammonium polyoxomolybdates in the sequence of discrete (CH3NH3)8[Mo7O24–MoO4], discrete (CH3NH3)6[Mo7O24], discrete (CH3NH3)8[Mo10O34], and polymeric ((CH3NH3)4[γ-Mo8O26])n, before their transformation into molybdenum oxides such as hexagonal-MoO3 and α-MoO3. Notably, some of their polyoxomolybdate structures were different from polyoxomolybdates produced from ammonium molybdates, such as (NH4)2[MoO4] or (NH4)6[Mo7O24], indicating that countercation affected the polyoxomolybdate structure. Moreover, among the tested polyoxomolybdates, (CH3NH3)6[Mo7O24] was the best negative staining reagent for the observation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus using transmission electron microscopy.JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) (JP19H00843); Grant-in-Aid for Transformative Research Area (A) Supra-ceramics (JP22H05144); JST A-STEP (Grant Number JPMJTM20RF); Research Grant for COVID-19 from AMED under Grant Number JP21fk0108550, Mitsubishi Chemical Co., International Network on Polyoxometalate Science at Hiroshima University, and JSPS Core-to-Core program; the Osimo Scholarship, Program for Developing and Supporting the Next Generation of Innovative Researchers at Hiroshima University
Effects of the Molecular Structure of Malodor Substances and Their Masking on 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Molecular Layers
No full textCertain odors have been shown not only to cause health problems and stress but also to affect skin barrier function. Therefore, it is important to understand olfactory masking to develop effective fragrances to mask malodors. However, olfaction and olfactory masking mechanisms are not yet fully understood. To understand the mechanism of the masking effect that has been studied, the responses of several target substance (TS) molecules–1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) mixed molecular layers to odorant (OD) molecules were examined as a simple experimental model of epithelial cellular membranes injured by TS molecules. Here, we examined trans-2-nonenal, 1-nonanal, trans-2-decenal, and 1-decanal as TS molecules to clarify the effects of double bonds and hydrocarbon chain lengths on the phospholipid molecular layer. In addition, benzaldehyde and cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde were utilized as OD molecules to clarify the masking effect of the aromatic ring. Surface pressure (Π)–area (A) isotherms were measured to clarify the adsorption or desorption of TS and OD molecules on the DOPC molecular layer. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was performed to clarify the interactions among DOPC, TS, and OD molecules. We found that TS molecules with and without double bonds had different effects on the DOPC molecular layer and that molecules with shorter chain lengths had greater effects on the DOPC molecular layer. Furthermore, OD molecules with aromatic rings counteracted the effects of the TS molecules. On the basis of this research, not only a detailed mechanism by which odor molecules affect lipid membranes without mediating olfactory receptors is elucidated but also more effective OD molecules with masking effects are proposed.This study was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) (Grants JP20H02712 and JP21H00996), the Iketani Science and Technology Foundation (0351181-A), the Cooperative Research Program of “Network Joint Research Center for Materials and Devices” (20231004) to Satoshi Nakata, and the JSPS Bilateral Joint Research Project between Japan and Hungary (JPJSBP120213801). This study was supported by a Sasakawa Scientific Research Grant from the Japan Science Society Award (2023-6004) and the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) for the establishment of university fellowships toward the creation of science technology innovation (JPMJFS2129) to Mai Yotsumoto
ドイツ不当利得法における使用利益返還論の現状と課題（3） : 飛行機事件判決（BGHZ55,128）以降の差額説・類型論を中心に
No full text1. In der heutigen Zeit stellen sich zunehmend Fragen im Zusammenhang mit Gebrauchsvorteilen. Gleichwohl ist dieses Problem in Japan noch nicht hinreichend erforscht worden. Im Gegensatz hierzu gibt es in Deutschland viele Arbeiten zu diesem Thema.
2. Die Untersuchung der Entwicklung von Rechtsprechung und Lehre in Deutschland führt zu folgenden Thesen für das japanische Recht:
Die Herausgabepflicht von Gebrauchsvorteilen wird durch die Lehre vom Zuweisungsgehalt bestimmt, da die Saldotheorie einen folgenschweren Fehler aufweist. Deshalb ist der Gegenstand der Rückgabepflicht in erster Linie die "Gebrauchsmöglichkeit". Die Gebrauchsmöglichkeit ist objektiv zu ermitteln. In zweiter Linie kann sich der Bereicherungsschuldner bei Wegfall des primär erlangten Gebrauchsvorteils auf seine Entreicherung berufen
Exploring Directions for Improving General English Writing Courses through the TOEIC® Writing Test
No full textIn this paper, we evaluate the efficacy of liberal arts English courses using the TOEIC® Writing Tests IP. The paper analyzes the outcomes of the TOEIC® Writing Test IP in 2022, contrasting these with the data from 2018 and 2019. The results in 2022, while having average scores close to those of 2019, exhibited less variability, indicating that instruction adapted necessary to a post-pandemic world has been achieved. This study is important in evaluating the current status and future challenges of writing instruction within these courses. The study lends support to the notion that proficiency tests can be valuable tools in liberal arts English courses, facilitating objective assessment and strategic enhancements in instructional methodologies, and thereby maintaining or enhancing students’ English proficiency. For example, in our situation, our analysis has led us to consider the needs of students with the highest levels of English, and whether there may be better ways of organizing courses to help such students improve their writing proficiency.本稿では，TOEIC® Writing Tests IP を用いて，リベラルアーツ英語コースの有効性を精査した。2022年におけるTOEIC® Writing Tests IP の結果を，2018年および2019年のデータと対比させながら丹念に描き出している。特に，2022年はCOVID-19の予防措置のため，Writing テストのみが実施された。2022年の結果は，2019年の結果に近い平均点ながら，変動が抑制されており，パンデミック後の指導に必要な適応の達成を示している。本研究は，これらのコースにおけるライティング指導の現状と今後の課題を評価する上で基礎となるものである。本研究は，習熟度テストがリベラルアーツの英語コースにおいて実に価値あるツールとして機能し，客観的な評価と指導方法の戦略的な強化を促進し，それによって学生の英語習熟度を維持または向上させる可能性があるという考え方を支持するものである。たとえば，私たちは分析から，最もレベルが高い学生たちのニーズを検討し，彼らがライティング能力を向上させるのに役立つ，よりよいコース編成についての検討の必要性を見出すことができた
通常の学級に在籍する書字困難のある児童のタブレットを活用したノートテイキングトレーニングの実践
No full text書字困難のある児童生徒の授業中の板書や活動の記録、問題演習のためのノートテイキングに対する合理的配慮事例としてICT 機器を含むAT（Assistive Technology）の活用が多く紹介されている。しかし、１単位時間の授業内で必要な情報を、教員の想定している作業時間内に児童生徒がAT を活用して記録する具体的な過程やトレーニングについての詳しい報告は少ない。そこで、公立小学校６年生が中学校進学後にタブレットPC を活用したノートテイキングを実現するため取り組んだ2.5 ヶ月間のスキルトレーニングについて報告する。対象児童は、計５回のスキルトレーニングを通して、自立したノートテイキングを実施できるスキルを身につけることができたが、本実践は当該児童の１事例に関する報告であり、引き続き書字困難のある子供のスキルトレーニングの効果について検討を進める必要がある。There are many case reports on the use of Assistive Technology for note-taking support for children with writing difficulties. The purpose of note-taking is to record information from the blackboard, activities, and exercises during class. Most reports only introduce the way to use Assistive Technology. The issue is that there are few reports on specific training methods for note-taking with Assistive Technology in class.
The purpose of this study is report on training using Assistive Technology note-taking for a child with writing difficulties over a 2.5 month period. During the 5 training sessions, the child not only learned how to use Assistive Technology, but also how to use it for specific purposes