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Intraocular Lymphoma: A Review
No full textIntraocular lymphoma (IOL) is a rare form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that primarily presents in two distinct types. The first type, known as primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL), is mainly recognized as a subtype of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Recent classifications have emphasized the primary ocular sites affected, with vitreoretinal lymphoma emerging as the most common variant linked to PCNSL. Despite its rarity, the incidence of PIOL is rising among both immunocompromised and immunocompetent populations. Most cases of PIOL are identified as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, although rare T-cell variants have also been reported. Secondary intraocular lymphoma (SIOL) originates from metastatic spread of non-CNS lymphomas to the ocular structures, including the retina, uvea, vitreous body, Bruch’s membrane, and optic nerve. Diagnosis of IOL is challenging for ophthalmologists and pathologists, as it can easily mimic other ocular conditions. Advancements in laboratory diagnostics, such as immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, and the evaluation of interleukin ratios (specifically IL-10:IL-6 > 1), along with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification for clonality, have enhanced diagnostic accuracy. Multimodal imaging approaches and molecular analyses can serve as valuable indicators of visual prognosis, recurrence rates, and the likelihood of progression to central nervous system involvement. Given that misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis can result in serious treatment delays and potentially life-threatening outcomes for patients with IOL, this review seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the clinical manifestations of IOL and the diagnostic methods employed
Quantitative Analysis of 18F-FDG PET/CT in Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and Variable Body Mass Index
No full textIntroduction: 18F-FDG PET/CT is a non-invasive modality of imaging for the staging and pretreatment assessment in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). SUVmax is a quantitative tool which is commonly used for semiquantitative analysis. SULmax is another useful parameter in semiquantitative analysis of the fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)- avid lesions with possible difference in the estimated values when used for different body mass index (BMI) levels. Obesity is a worldwide challenge with associated comorbidities and heightened risks of multiple types of cancers, one of which is lymphoma. Special considerations were suggested to enhance the accuracy of the quantitative evaluation of metabolically active lesions in 18F-FDG PET/CT scans of obese individuals.
Methods: In a random selection of 30 patients, we recorded and analyzed the estimated SUVmax and SULmax values in non-lesion areas at FDG PET/CT studies performed for patients having DLBCL and categorized at different BMI groups who met the inclusion criteria after exclusion of any other factors that might affect the metabolic activity of the patient hence the FDG readings.
Results: SUVmax and SULmax values were found to be relatively higher in obese patients when compared to patients who had normal body weight and overweight individuals. However, changes of SUVmax and SULmax were comparable in different BMI groups, with constant levels of increase in both values in higher BMI groups.
Discussion: Multiple studies have questioned the accuracy of SUVmax in higher BMI groups and suggested the use of SULmax, especially on follow-up studies for the same patient. Further efforts were needed to determine the significance of both with the increase of BMI and the possibility of altered diagnosis and staging efficiency. In our study, we found that both SUVmax and SULmax showed increased values in higher BMI groups. However, both were increased with the same ratio.
Conclusion: Both SUVmax and SULmax are reliable semiquantitative tools and can be used in 18F-FDG PET/CT analysis in lymphoma patients with different BMI categorizations as both are increasing with a constant ratio with the increased values seen in patient with higher body weight
Ecosystem Degradation of Peat Forests in the Kampar Peninsula (RIAU): Impacts of Socioeconomic Activities and Restoration Strategies
No full textThe peat swamp forest of the Kampar Peninsula in Riau, Indonesia, is one of Southeast Asia’s most critical tropical peatland ecosystems, playing a vital role in carbon storage, hydrological regulation, and biodiversity conservation. However, in the past two decades, this area has undergone severe degradation due to socio-economic activities, particularly land conversion for oil palm and acacia plantations, canal drainage development, and frequent peat fires. This study aims to identify the impacts of these activities on the peatland ecosystem and evaluate the effectiveness of current restoration strategies. A mixed-methods approach was used, including field observations, satellite imagery analysis, in-depth interviews, community surveys, and focus group discussions (FGDs). Findings indicate that peatland degradation has led to significant ecological damage, such as forest cover loss, increased carbon emissions, and disrupted water regulation functions. Additionally, socio-economic impacts include declining household incomes, land tenure conflicts, and greater vulnerability to smoke-related disasters. Restoration efforts, such as rewetting and revegetation, have yet to achieve optimal results due to technical limitations, weak institutional coordination, and insufficient community involvement. The study recommends a holistic, community-based restoration approach supported by integrated policy frameworks to ensure sustainable peatland management in the region
Animal Quarantine Policy Analysis with Environmental Law Study
No full textEnvironmental management in Indonesia is an important part of the legal system that aims to protect biodiversity and ecosystems. This study highlights animal quarantine policies as part of the conservation of biological natural resources based on Law No. 5 of 1990 concerning Conservation of Biological Natural Resources and their Ecosystems and Law No. 32 of 2009 concerning Protection and Management of the Environment. In the context of globalization and economic integration, the quarantine system is required to be more adaptive and oriented towards comprehensive protection of national biological potential from external threats such as diseases and pests. Quarantine policies must also integrate a socio-cultural approach, considering the strong ties between local culture and environmental sustainability. The symbolic interactionism approach is used in this study to reveal the symbolic meaning of law as a response to social phenomena. It was found that existing quarantine regulations do not fully reflect ecological justice, because they still focus solely on technical aspects. Therefore, a policy reconstruction is needed that is more sensitive to socio-cultural conditions and the principles of ecological justice
Environmental Justice in the Era of Climate Change: Legal Protection for Vulnerable Communtities in Indonesia
No full textClimate change has significantly impacted vulnerable communities in Indonesia, including indigenous peoples, coastal communities, and those living in disaster-prone areas. Although Indonesia has adopted several environmental and human rights legal instruments, legal protection for these vulnerable groups remains inadequate. This paper aims to analyze the existing legal framework, assess its effectiveness in providing protection, and identify regulatory gaps that contribute to legal inequality. The method used is normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches. The research findings show that existing regulations are sectoral and have not fully integrated into the principles of environmental justice and human rights. More inclusive, participatory and responsive legal reforms are needed to address climate-related challenges. The study recommends the development of a rights-based national climate policy that ensures no community is left behind
Improving the Public's Legal Knowledge of Waste Management in Order to Prevent Flooding
No full textThe increasing frequency of floods in urban and coastal areas, such as Semarang, is not only caused by natural factors but also by weak environmental management, particularly in the aspect of household waste management. This study aims to measure the effectiveness of legal and environmental health education in enhancing public awareness of waste management as part of preventive efforts against flood risks. It employs a descriptive approach using qualitative-quantitative methods through community service activities in Ngaliyan Village, Semarang City. The instruments used include observation, interviews, and pretest–posttest questionnaires administered to 50 respondents. The results of the study show an increase in the level of public knowledge from 70% to 80% after receiving education on the 3R principles (reduce, reuse, recycle), legal norms in Law No. 18 of 2008 concerning Waste Management, and legal consequences as stipulated in Articles 98 and 99 of Law No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management (UUPPLH). Legal education has proven effective in promoting awareness that waste management is a collective legal obligation, not merely a household habit. However, behavioral change still faces structural obstacles such as limited facilities and weak administrative law enforcement. This study recommends the integration of education, strengthening of local institutions, provision of infrastructure, and spatial planning policies as part of flood risk mitigation and climate change adaptation
Legal Certainty for Customary Land Claimed to be Private Land
No full textIn general, land allocation as in Article 33 Paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, “The land and water and the natural resources contained therein are controlled by the State and used for the greatest prosperity of the people”. A person who obtains land rights clearly has inherent rights and its status has been guaranteed by the state. Land is a basic right of Indonesian citizens, regulated and guaranteed by law in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to analyze the occurrence of customary land claims to become privately owned land and legal certainty regarding the status of customary land. This study uses a normative legal research method that departs from the problem of the void of norms. This study uses a statutory approach (statue approach) and a case approach. The results of this study are that customary land claims occur because customary land is controlled by individuals having a hereditary nature. This causes individual control rights to strengthen, while collective rights will weaken. Legal certainty regarding the status of customary land which is claimed as private land is obtained through the courts, as a form of obtaining protection for land ownership rights
Status and Urgency of Customary Law in Ensuring Environmental Sustainability
No full textCustomary law in Indonesia is an integral part of the national legal system that develops dynamically in accordance with changes in society and the times. The type of research used is Normative Juridical (Legal Research). As the living law, customary law remains relevant because it is rooted in local values that reflect the nation’s personality, such as mutual cooperation and deliberation. Recognition of customary law communities in the 1945 Constitution and various other regulations shows the state’s commitment to maintaining the existence and traditional rights of indigenous communities. In terms of conflict resolution, customary law offers a way to resolve conflicts, such as Adat Badamai in the Banjar community. Climate change has a significant impact on various sectors in South Kalimantan, including water security, food, energy, biodiversity, and public health. The sustainability of customary law in the Indonesian legal system depends on its ability to adapt to modern legal principles without losing its essence of justice
Legal Protection for Journalists During Armed Conflicts According to the Provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention: An Applied Study of the 2023 Israeli Aggression on the Gaza Strip
No full textThis article examines the legal framework for the protection of journalists during armed conflict in light of the rules of international humanitarian law, particularly the Geneva Conventions and their additional protocols. It highlights the grave risks faced by journalists in conflict zones which may include direct targeting despite their status as civilians who must be respected and protected. The 2023 attack on the Gaza Strip witnessed unprecedented violations against journalists, with more than 219 journalists killed and dozens of media organizations directly targeted and destroyed. These acts constitute a flagrant violation of international humanitarian law and warrant consideration for their classification as war crimes and possibly even crimes against humanity, if proven to be intentional and systematic. This article presents the legal frameworks governing the protection of journalists, particularly in the Gaza Strip and the Palestinian territories during the 2023 assault on the Gaza Strip. It reviews the legal accountability mechanisms available to halt Israeli violations against journalists during the war and to prosecute those responsible for these violations, including through the International Criminal Court. Furthermore, it explores the principle of universal jurisdiction, which allows states to prosecute Israeli officials for these violations if they are arrested. In addition, there are international commissions of inquiry, along with human rights and media organizations, that document these violations and disseminate them through local, regional, and international media outlets, thus calling for those responsible to be held accountable. This article emphasizes that continued impunity poses a threat to the principle of protecting journalists and encourages the recurrence of violations. It calls for serious international action to ensure the protection of journalists, as they are the first line of defense for the truth during armed conflicts, especially Palestinian journalists who convey the truth and expose the crimes of the Israeli army during the assault on the Gaza Strip
Legal Protection for Children as Perpetrators of Sexual Violence
No full textChildren as perpetrators of sexual violence crimes presents a complex dilemma in the Indonesian criminal justice system. On the one hand, there is a need to provide justice for victims and enforce the law, but on the other hand, the state is obliged to provide special protection for children involved in the law based on the Child Criminal Justice System Law (UU SPPA). Children in conflict with the law, whether due to coercion, ignorance, or environmental factors, require a different approach from adult perpetrators. This research is normative legal research using a statutory and conceptual approach. Data collection was carried out through a literature study of primary legal materials such as laws and regulations, secondary legal materials in the form of books and scientific journals, and tertiary legal materials. The results of the study show that the legal system in Indonesia has adopted the principle of the best interest of the child through diversion and restorative justice mechanisms. Legal protection is provided at every stage of the trial, from investigation to post-decision guidance, with a focus on rehabilitation rather than retribution. Child perpetrators can be subject to action, not criminal sanctions in prison, which are adjusted to their age and level of guilt. However, its implementation still faces challenges such as social stigma, limited capacity of foster institutions, and harmonization between the rights of children as perpetrators and the rights of victims