ACDI - Anuario Colombiano de Derecho Internacional
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La opinión consultiva del Tribunal Internacional del Derecho del Mar: Aspectos relativos a la determinación del vínculo efectivo entre los Estados y las personas jurídicas a las que patrocinan para llevar a cabo actividades en la Zona
No full textNotwithstanding the existence of a conventional instrument in the matter, the law of the sea in general and with regard to the exploitation of minerals in the so-called Area, is still in a phase of implementation and precise definition of the rights and obligations of the States. One example that has become apparent is with respect to the obligations of States that sponsor individuals to lead the exploration and exploitation of the Area. This issue was submitted in 2010, by the International Seabed Authority to the InternationalTribunal for the Law of the Sea so it could be clarified. The advisory opinion of the Tribunal advanced conclusions particularly relevant for the determination of a nationality link between the legal persons and the States that sponsor them. This matter, which plays an essential role for achieving an effective protection of the marine environment within the sponsorship mechanisms for exploration and exploitation of the resources of the Area, also has some relevant consequences for the activities in reserved areas.No obstante la existencia de un instrumento convencional en la materia, el derecho del mar en general, y lo relativo a la explotación de minerales en la Zona, se encuentra aún en una fase de puesta en práctica y de definición fina de los derechos y obligaciones de los Estados. Uno de los ejemplos que se ha hecho patente es lo relativo a las obligaciones de aquellos Estados que patrocinan a particulares a fin de llevar actividades de exploración y explotación de los recursos de la Zona. Esta cuestión fue remitida en 2010 por la Autoridad Internacional de Fondos Marinos al Tribunal Internacional de Derecho del Mar a fin de que este la dilucidara. La Opinión Consultiva que emitió el Tribunal presenta conclusiones de particular relevancia en materia de la determinación de un vínculo efectivo entre las personas jurídicas y los Estados que las patrocinan. Esta cuestión, que juega un papel determinante a fin de lograr una eficaz protección del medio marino en el marco del mecanismo de patrocinio para la exploración y explotación de los recursos en la Zona, conlleva importantes consecuencias para las actividades en áreas reservadas
Traducción de la Sentencia de la Corte Internacional de Justicia sobre el diferendo relativo a la aplicación del Acuerdo Provisional del 13 de septiembre de 1995 (Ex - República Yugoslava de Macedonia c. Grecia) Decisión sobre el fondo
No full textSe presenta a continuación una traducción no oficial al idioma español del texto de la sentencia proferida por la Corte Internacional de Justicia el 5 de diciembre de 2011, relativa al fondo del Diferendo relativo a la aplicación del Acuerdo Provisional del 13 de septiembre de 1995 (ex - República Yugoslava de Macedonia c. Grecia)
El diferendo territorial y marítimo entre Nicaragua y Colombia. Traducción del Fallo de la Corte Internacional de Justicia en el “Diferendo Territorial y Marítimo” (Nicaragua c. Colombia). Decisión sobre el fondo
No full textSe presenta a continuación una traducción no oficial al idioma españoldel texto de la Sentencia proferida por la Corte Internacional de Justicia el 19de Noviembre de 2012, del caso Controversia Territorial y Marítima (Nicaragua c.Colombia). El texto original de la Sentencia puede ser consultado en la páginaWeb de la Corte, en la siguiente dirección: http://www.icj-cij.orgLa presente traducción es exclusivamente para fines de divulgacióny no tiene carácter oficial
Analyse de la compétence juridictionnelle à partir de la première décision de la Cour Africaine des Droits de l’Homme et des Peuples : l’affaire Hissène Habré
No full textThe efficiency of the fight against impunity and the effective protection of the human rights remain determined to the conception of the judicial jurisdiction and his exercise. Based on the study of the case against Hissène Habré, as matter of international relevancy in criminal law and human rights, the present article analyzes the functioning of the judicial competition in the experiences of the judicial system of Senegal and of the African Court on Human and People’s Rights; as well as the main features of the system, after identifying a common denominator, according to which the state sovereignty and the political interests would have the first place for the victims’ rights and justice. The reflections on the judicial jurisdiction and the principle of universal jurisdiction go beyond the juridical frame established by the 1984 convention against torture, with this approach some commentaries are effected in order to facilitate the action of justice in conditions of equality and efficiency in a precise regional context.La eficacia de la lucha contra la impunidad y la efectiva protección de los derechos humanos permanecen condicionadas en gran medida a la concepción de la competencia judicial y su ejercicio. A partir del estudio del caso Hissène Habré, como asunto de relevancia internacional en materia penal y de derechos humanos, el presente artículo analiza el funcionamiento de la competencia judicial en las experiencias de la justicia senegalesa y en especial de la Corte Africana de derechos Humanos y de los Pueblos, así como las caracteristicas del sistema regional de proteccion, luego de identificar un denominador común según el cual la soberanía estatal y los intereses políticos primarían sobre los derechos de las víctimas y la justicia. Las reflexiones sobre la competencia judicial y el principio de competencia universal van más allá del marco jurídico establecido por la convención contra la tortura de 1984 y con ese enfoque son efectuadas ciertas consideraciones que facilitarían la acción de la justicia en condiciones de igualdad y efectividad en un preciso contexto regional
La Corte Internacional de Justicia y la intervención de terceros en cuestiones marítimas: A propósito de la decisión en las solicitudes de intervención de Costa Rica y Honduras en la Controversia territorial y marítima (Nicaragua vs. Colombia)
No full textArticle 62 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice establishes that, should a State consider that it has an interest of legal nature which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may be permitted to intervene, being for the Court to decide upon the request. The Court’s latest decisions regarding third-party intervention indicated that the arisen discussions, in the jurisprudence and doctrine, concerning the construction and application of this topic seemed to have disappeared. Nonetheless, the Court’s recent decisions on Costa Rica’s and Honduras’ requests for permission to intervene in the Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Colombia seems to have revive said discussions. This article presents a general introduction to intervention, explaining the application the Court has given to it, as well as analyzes each of the requirements a State must met in cases brought before the Court for its settlement. As a conclusion, a commentary and analysis to the Court’s most recent decisions on requests for permission to intervene is presented.El artículo 62 del Estatuto de la Corte Internacional de Justicia establece que todo Estado que considere tener un interés de orden jurídico que pueda ser afectado por la decisión de un litigio podrá solicitar intervenir, siendo la Corte quien decida respecto de dicha solicitud. Los últimos desarrollos jurisprudenciales de la Corte en materia de intervención mostraban cómo las discusiones surgidas, a escala jurisprudencial y doctrinal, alrededor de la interpretación y aplicación de la intervención parecían haber desaparecido. Sin embargo, las recientes decisiones de la Corte respecto de las solicitudes de intervención de Costa Rica y Honduras en la Controversia Territorial y Marítima entre Nicaragua y Colombia han revivido de nuevo la controversia. Este artículo presenta una introducción general a la institución de la intervención, explicando la aplicación que la Corte ha dado a la misma y analiza cada uno de los requisitos que deben cumplirse para intervenir en asuntos sometidos a la Corte para su solución. Como conclusión, se realiza un comentario y análisis de las decisiones de la Corte en las más recientes solicitudes de intervención.
Medidas interinas de protección en arbitraje CIADI
No full textDuring a request of provisional measures to the arbitral tribunal it is possible to be in a situation of emergency that could justify an immediate need of protection. In this context, parties in certain ICSID cases have opted to include a complementary request for an interim measure of protection. The purpose of such request is to obtain from the arbitral tribunal, while the decision on provisional measures is pending, a recommendation ordering to the other party to preserve the statu quo and to avoid to take any steps that could aggravate the dispute.When the ICSID arbitral tribunals have been confronted with such requests, they have not found special provisions in the ICSID Convention or in the ICSID Arbitration Rules, which permit them to grant interim measures of protection.Other international tribunals have been confronted with similar requests and they have concluded that the authority to grant interim measures of protection is implicit to the authority to grant provisional measures, and it is grounded on the general principles of international law that serve to justify the capacity to grant provisional measures.The practice of those international tribunals constitutes an important precedent for ICSID tribunals, notably as we are aware that under article 42 of the ICSID Convention, ICSID tribunals have to render their decisions in accordance with the general principles of international law.Durante la solicitud de medidas provisionales, es posible encontrarse en circunstancias apremiantes susceptibles de justificar la exigencia de una protección inmediata del tribunal mientras este decide la solicitud de medidas provisionales. En este contexto, algunos demandantes en casos ante el CIADI han incluido, de forma complementaria, una petición para que se emita una medida interina de protección en el marco de sus solicitudes de medidas provisionales. Tal petición está destinada a obtener del tribunal arbitral una recomendación que prohíba a la contraparte alterar el statu quo y agravar la controversia, mientras tiene lugar la sustanciación y decisión de la medida provisional de fondo.Los Tribunales Arbitrales CIADI, al estar frente a tal tipo de solicitudes, se han encontrado con la dificultad de no encontrar ningún tipo de previsión en la Convención CIADI o en las Reglas de Arbitraje CIADI, que contemple expresamente la facultad para dictar medidas interinas de protección.Ante similar dificultad se han enfrentado otros tribunales internacionales, los cuales han concluido que la facultad de dictar medidas interinas de protección se encuentra implícita en la facultad de dictar medidas provisionales y se basa en los principios generales del derecho internacional que fundamentan la facultad para dictar medidas provisionales. La práctica adoptada por estos tribunales internacionales ante la solicitud de medidas interinas de protección, es de gran utilidad para los tribunales arbitrales CIADI, toda vez que estos tribunales deben decidir conforme a los principios generales del derecho, tal y como lo dispone el artículo 42 de la Convención
De l’applicabilité du droit international des droits de l’homme dans l’ordre juridique interne
No full textNowadays, individuals are allowed to rely on and invoke the international human rights Law derived from international Conventions, provided that such international Law becomes a part of the national positive Law. The international treaties on protection of fundamental human rights integrate into the national legal order, either by the way of domestic supplemental laws or regulations (Dualist system), or merely by their ratification and their publication in the official Gazette (Monist system).In the absence of international rules to determine unified criteria to be referred to with respect to direct applicability, it is actually difficult to identify the treaties on protection of human rights that are applicable directly in the domestic legal order, in particular in the States that have adopted Monism in their legal order. Relevantly, the legal doctrine and the case law have adopted two criteria to identify which clauses of an international Convention are self-executing. The first criterion is related to the persons that are subjected to the international statute -the subjective criterion- and the second criterion refers to the level of normativity of the latter statute -the objective criterion-. Even so, the task is still difficult, as it was recently testified in the Hissène Habré Case by the tough controversy on the so-called self-executingness of the United Nations Convention against torture.De nos jours, les particuliers peuvent se prévaloir, devant les autorités judiciaires nationales, du droit international des droits de l’homme d’origine conventionnelle, à condition qu’il soit admis que celui-ci est partie intégrante du droit positif national. Les conventions internationales de sauvegarde des droits fondamentaux imprègnent l’ordre juridique interne soit par le biais de compléments internes d’ordre législatif ou réglementaire (logique dualiste), soit du seul fait de leur ratification suivie de leur publication officielle (logique moniste). En l’absence d’une réglementation internationale uniforme des critères de l’applicabilité directe, la difficulté d’identifier les traités de protection des droits de l’homme directement applicables dans l’ordre interne demeure réelle, notamment dans les Etats qui adhèrent à la conception moniste de l’ordre juridique. De façon décisive, la doctrine et la jurisprudence ont consacré deux critères d’identification des clauses conventionnelles autoexécutoires (self-executing), à savoir le critère subjectif du destinataire de la norme internationale et le critère objectif du degré de normativité juridique de celle-ci. La difficulté de la tâche n’en est pas pour autant annihilée comme en atteste, dans le cadre de l’affaire Hissène Habré, la vive controverse sur le caractère prétendument self-executing de la Convention contre la torture.
Push button parliament–why India needs a non-partisan, recorded vote system
No full textDecisions of national importance are made by Parliamentary voting. Yet Indian Members of Parliament (MPs) vote with a remarkable lack of freedom and accountability. The introduction of the Tenth Schedule in the Constitution has crippled free expression, since it provides that MPs voting against ‘any direction’ of their Party are liable to disqualification from the legislature. In addition, except for Constitutional amendments, Indian Parliamentary Procedure Rules do not require votes of MPs to be recorded unless the Speaker’s decision is contested in the House. The result is that voting in the House has become mechanical, controlled by Party politics and devoid of responsibility. This paper comments on a general theory of democratic accountability through the lens of Parliamentary voting. It suggests that the voting system adopted in the Parliament is an effective indicator to measure the level of accountability of its Members. In the context of India, this paper argues that the level of accountability will increase to a desirable extent only when there is adoption of a recorded system for every important House vote. Upon examination of India’s record thus far (through the sample of the 14th Lok Sabha) it becomes evident that the level of divisions (recorded votes) is substantially lower than other countries. This leads the paper to probe, as to why that might be the case. Part II of the paper answers that question by examining the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution.The paper scrutinizes the disproportionate influence of the Party in decision making in the Parliament. Apart from dealing with the inherent problem of the Tenth Schedule, this paper suggests two procedural changes to make parliamentary expression more meaningful. Firstly, the recording of all important votes within the Parliament and secondly, registering Party whips with the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs so that the voter knows the clear stand of every Parliamentary continuum. The focus of the paper is thus to bring back the attention of the legislators to their central function, which is deliberation on and the passage of legislation.Decisions of national importance are made by Parliamentary voting. Yet Indian Members of Parliament (MPs) vote with a remarkable lack of freedom and accountability. The introduction of the Tenth Schedule in the Constitution has crippled free expression, since it provides that MPs voting against ‘any direction’ of their Party are liable to disqualification from the legislature In addition, except for Constitutional amendments, Indian Parliamentary Procedure Rules do not require votes of MPs to be recorded unless the Speaker’s decision is contested in the House. The result is that voting in the House has become mechanical, controlled by Party politics and devoid of responsibility. This paper comments on a general theory of democratic accountability through the lens of Parliamentary voting. It suggests that the voting system adopted in the Parliament is an effective indicator to measure the level of accountability of its Members. In the context of India, this paper argues that the level of accountability will increase to a desirable extent only when there is adoption of a recorded system for every important House vote. Upon examination of India’s record thus far (through the sample of the 14th Lok Sabha) it becomes evident that the level of divisions (recorded votes) is substantially lower than other countries. This leads the paper to probe, as to why that might be the case. Part II of the paper answers that question by examining the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution. The paper scrutinizes the disproportionate influence of the Party in decision making in the Parliament. Apart from dealing with the inherent problem of the Tenth Schedule, this paper suggests two procedural changes to make parliamentary expression more meaningful. Firstly, the recording of all important votes within the Parliament and secondly, registering Party whips with the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs so that the voter knows the clear stand of every Parliamentary continuum. The focus of the paper is thus to bring back the attention of the legislators to their central function, which is deliberation on and the passage of legislation
