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Dire le conflit pour le prévenir. La coutume d'Aardenburg et la condition impossible
No full textInternational audienceAlternately understood as a testimony to the barbarity of times past, or a simple joke, Article 9 of the Aardenburg custom has given rise to many comments, before Lea Otis-Court proposed to see it not as a text on marital power, but as a provision placing marital violence outside the scope of public justice. This article returns to this question by proposing to analyze this customary provision both in substance and in form, which allows us to question the role of the impossible condition in legal statements.Tour à tour compris comme un témoignage sur la barbarie des temps passés, ou simple plaisanterie, l'article 9 de la coutume d'Aardenburg a donné lieu à bien des commentaires, avant que Leha Otis-Court ne propose d'y voir principalement non pas un texte sur la puissance maritale, mais comme posant la question de la soumission de la violence maritale à la justice publique. Cet article revient sur cette question en proposant d'analyser cette disposition coutumière à la fois sur le fond et la forme, ce qui permet de s'interroger sur le rôle de la condition impossible dans les énoncés juridiques
Note de synthèse de la thèse doctorale « Repenser la justice transitionnelle à partir du cas colombien : le vivant comme victime des conflits armés »
No full textInternational audienceThis article is a summary of a doctoral thesis, Rethinking Transitional Justice from the Colombian Case: The Living as a Victim of Armed Conflicts, defended on Junuary 24, 2024 at Limoges’ University. Its objective is to highlight the main aspects to doctoral research on recognizing non-human living entities as victims of armed conflicts, using the Colombian cas as a study example.Cet article est présenté en forme de note de synthèse d’une thèse doctorale Repenser la justice transitionnelle à partir du cas colombien : le vivant comme victime des conflits armés, soutenue le 24 janvier 2024 à l’Université de Limoges. Il a pour objectif de présenter les principaux aspects des recherches doctorales sur la reconnaissance du vivant non-humain comme victime des conflits armés en prenant l’exemple colombien comme étude de cas
Robocasting-assisted emulsion templating for porous ceramics based on halloysite and halloysite/alumina
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Suppression of long-range weberite-type ordering in high temperature processed Gd<sub>3+x</sub>Nb<sub>1-x</sub>O<sub>7-x</sub> (x = 0 and 0.25) synthesised by co-precipitation and direct crystallization of the melt
No full textInternational audienceThe synthesis of cubic derivatives of rare-earth pyrochlores such as Gd3NbO7 is of interest for the development of new optical ceramics with high transparency (low birefringence) in visible to mid-IR wavelengths and high refractive index. At ambient temperature, Gd3NbO7 adopts an orthorhombic weberite-type structure with long range ordering of Nb and Gd on a fluorite-type sublattice. Here, we explore ways of suppressing this long-range ordering to achieve a cubic phase, by (i) using co-precipitation and direct crystallization of the undercooled melt as nonequilibrium synthesis routes, and (ii) tuning the gadolinium content to disrupt the local cation ordering directly, according to the formula Gd3+xNb1-xO7-x. PXRD analysis confirmed the orthorhombic weberite-type structure of Gd3NbO7 (x = 0) prepared by co-precipitation, but the long-range weberite-type ordering was absent in Gd3.25Nb0.75O6.75 (x = 0.25) even after a high temperature heat-treatment. Strikingly, weberite-type superstructure peaks were absent from both compositions prepared by melt-quenching, with both indexed to cubic defect-fluorite structures. The melt-quenched Gd-rich (x = 0.25) fully-crystallised beads had a transparent appearance. The local environment of the RE3+ ion was probed by spectroscopic characterizations including second harmonic generation measurements which confirmed at the microscale the centric symmetry and the associated disordered RE environment obtained at high temperatures. These results open new pathways to visible and IR-transparent optical ceramics based on Gd3+xNb1-xO7-x
Control and characterization of Raman coherence induced by quantum noise in gas-filled hollow core fibers
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Optimization methods for integrated and programmable photonics in next-generation classical and quantum smart communication and signal processing systems
No full textInternational audienceThe development of integrated and programmable photonic devices has significantly affected modern communications and signal processing in both the classical and quantum domains. However, achieving the required performance for new smart applications presents challenges in terms of design, fabrication, and control over multiple parameters. Optimization methods that leverage metaheuristic algorithms, machine learning, and artificial neural networks offer efficient solutions for the complex design of photonic devices, enabling new and desired functionalities. This comprehensive review explores the use of these methods to enhance the fabrication of innovative devices for smart photonic applications in next-generation communication and signal processing. We begin by introducing the mathematical frameworks of these optimization methods. We then investigate how they enable customization, optimization, and new device functionalities. Ultimately, we present our conclusions and discuss future prospects, emphasizing the potential of optimization methods in promoting revolutionary advancements in photonics
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK, AND CONTROL OF BLOOD PRESSURE AND LDL-CHOLESTEROL: A SUBANALYSIS OF THE SNAPSHOT STUDY IN EUROPE
No full textInternational audienceObjective:This pre-specified subgroup analysis aims to assess differences in cardiovascular (CV) risk, blood pressure (BP) and LDL-C control between genders in hypertensive patients.Design and method:SNAPSHOT is a cross-sectional, epidemiological, multicentre study conducted in 9443 patients with hypertension from six European countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Romania, Serbia, and Spain). Investigators estimated BP and LDL-C control, and CV risk according to their clinical practice. Estimated CV risk categories were compared to the calculated CV risk based on SCORE2&2-OP.Results:5281 women and 3996 men were analyzed. Women tended to be older than men (66.9±10.0 years vs. 64.3±11.0 years), while men were more likely to be smokers (21.5% vs. 13.9%) and overweight/obese (BMI 29.6±7.3 kg/m2 vs. 29.2±6.5 kg/m2), p<0.001 for all. Two or more risk factors (age>65years, BMI>30 kg/m2, smoking) were reported in 30.4% of women and in 29.3% of men (in addition to the male gender risk factor). Presence of dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes were higher in men than women (82.7% vs. 81.1%, p<0.05 and 36.4% vs. 30.8%, p<0.001).Mean SBD/DBP were higher in men than women (139.9±17.0/83.3±11.2 mmHg vs. 138.8±17.4/81.5±10.4 mmHg, p<0.001). According to guidelines, BP was controlled in more women than men (26.7% vs. 21.6%, p<0.001). Mean LDL-C was higher in women than men (123.8±45.9 mg/dL vs. 114.3±46.0 mg/dL, p<0.001). According to guidelines, LDL-C was controlled in less women than men (6.0% vs. 9.9%, p<0.001).Estimated CV risk categories, compared to calculated CV risk, were: very high (18.1% women, 30.1% men vs. 84.7%, 88.4%); high (31.3%, 33.8% vs. 13.5%, 11.1%); and low-to-moderate (50.6%, 36.0% vs. 1.8%, 0.5%).Compared to guidelines, CV risk was more frequently underestimated by investigators in women (76.5%) than in men (65.7%), whereas it was accurately categorized less frequently in women (22.1%) than in men (32.7%) (both p<0.001, Figure).figure1Conclusions:This subanalysis showed that investigators underestimated CV risk more often in women than in men. Women had lower LDL-C control, but better BP control compared to men. When developing and implementing interventions to improve BP control in the European population, we believe gender differences must be considered to improve effectiveness
New 2024 European Society of Cardiology guidelines on peripheral arterial and aortic diseases: Will they change our clinical practice in France?
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Supercontinuum generation in high-index doped silica photonic integrated circuits under diverse pumping settings
No full textInternational audienceRecent advances in supercontinuum light generation have been remarkable, particularly in the context of highly nonlinear photonic integrated waveguides. In this study, we thoroughly investigate supercontinuum (SC) generation in high-index doped silica glass integrated waveguides, exploring various femtosecond pumping wavelengths and input polarization states. We demonstrate broadband SC generation spanning from 700 nm to 2400 nm when pumping within the anomalous dispersion regime at 1200 nm, 1300 nm, and 1550 nm. In contrast, pumping within the normal dispersion regime at 1000 nm results in narrower SC spectra, primarily due to coherent nonlinear effects such as self-phase modulation and optical wave breaking, and also dispersive wave generation in the anomalous dispersion regime. We further examine the impact of both TE and TM polarization modes on SC generation, shedding light on the polarization-dependent characteristics of the broadening process. Additionally, we report the observation of two new Raman peaks at 48.8 THz and 75.1 THz in high-index glass using a confocal Raman micro-spectrometer. Incorporating these two peaks in the Raman gain modeling, we achieved good agreement between numerical simulations based on the modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation and experimental results. Finally, we present relative intensity noise measurements of the supercontinuum generated at 1550 nm using the real-time dispersive Fourier transform technique
Modulation instability control via evolutionarily optimized optical seeding
No full textInternational audienceControlling nonlinear pulse propagation in optical fibers is paramount for applications spanning spectroscopy and optical communication networks. However, the inherent complexity of laser pulse evolution in matter, shaped by the interplay of nonlinearity and dispersion, poses significant challenges in experimental situations. Modulation instability, a fundamental process in nonlinear fiber optics, illustrates such experimental issues due to its noise-driven nature, leading to unpredictable dynamics and thus requiring advanced control strategies. Here, we investigate noise-driven modulation instability during nonlinear fiber propagation, underlining the potential of coherent optical seeding and machine learning to jointly control incoherent spectral broadening dynamics. By introducing weak coherent seeds into an initial laser pulse, we demonstrate the ability to tailor noise-driven MI properties through fine adjustments of the seed parameters driven by evolutionary algorithms. In particular, real-time spectral characterization is achieved via time-stretch dispersive Fourier transform, enabling optimized control of spectral intensity correlations. Our experimental results highlight the effectiveness of combining coherent optical seeding with optimization techniques such as genetic algorithms, to tailor incoherent spectral fluctuations arising from the competition between coherent and incoherent nonlinear frequency conversion processes. Specifically, we show that the proposed approach can be leveraged on-demand, to shape specific correlation features in the output spectrum. The implications of our research extend beyond the sheer process of modulation instability, offering promising applications in advanced optical information processing. By demonstrating simple yet robust and flexible management strategies, this work paves the way for next-generation nonlinear photonic technologies, exploiting incoherent processes in practical optical fiber architectures