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La critique de la doctrine de l'État chrétien chez Ernst-Wolgang Böckenförde
No full textInternational audienceFervent catholique mais aussi grand défenseur de l'État, le juriste allemand Ernst-Wolgang Böckenförde a développé une importante réflexion sur les rapports entre politique et religion à l'heure de leur réarticulation dans le contexte moderne de la sécularisation. Conscient de l'extrême fragilité de l'État sécularisé, il appelle l'Église à se réconcilier avec son ancien adversaire. En retour, la religion doit se voir reconna\ⁱtre dans son rôle de la régulation de la liberté et de structuration de la société
GeARF5/GeIAA33‐GeSWEET14 module balances the secondary metabolic biosynthesis to increase the yield and quality in Gastrodia elata
No full textInternational audienceABSTRACT Gastrodia elata is an important edible and medicinal plant, and its yield is a significant factor limiting the industry's development. The number of branches produced by vegetative propagation corms (VPCs) is a limiting factor for the yield of G. elata . Hormonal signals, along with sucrose and starch biosynthesis, are key factors potentially influencing VPC formation. However, the mechanisms underlying VPC formation in G. elata remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified a member of the SWEET family, GeSWEET14, through single‐stem/multi‐stem (SS/MS) transcriptome screening. GeSWEET14 has the potential to increase both VPC formation and the yield of G. elata by promoting sucrose and starch biosynthesis while simultaneously reducing gastrodin biosynthesis. Further results demonstrated that the auxin increases the VPC formation by activating GeARF5‐GeSWEET14 expression. In contrast, the auxin signaling inhibitor GeIAA33 was found to be upregulated in the OE‐GeSWEET14 transgenic lines. GeIAA33 interacts with GeARF5 both in vivo and in vitro , attenuating its transcriptional activation of GeSWEET14 and thus establishing a feedback regulatory mechanism. Moreover, GeARF5 promotes the accumulation of sucrose and starch by binding to the promoters of GeISA3 and GeglgB1 . Additionally, GeARF5 enhances gastrodin biosynthesis by binding to the promoters of GePAL1 and GeGT3‐1 . Collectively, these findings elucidate the role of the GeARF5/GeIAA33‐GeSWEET14 module in VPC formation and secondary metabolite accumulation, providing a foundation for the genetic improvement of G. elata germplasm resources
Repenser l’inclusivité de la co-création : voies vers une participation élargie
No full textInternational audienceDe plus en plus d’organisations publiques mettent en oeuvre des démarches participatives telles que la co-création pour renforcer le lien avec la population et concevoir des politiques publiques adaptées à ses besoins. Cependant, certains publics restent systématiquement absents de ces processus. Dans un premier temps, cet article propose quatre dimensions analytiques pour caractériser la co-création de politiques publiques et évaluer son ampleur d’une démarche à l’autre. Il examine ensuite la notion de non-participation et en analyse les déterminants. Enfin, cinq approches identifiées dans la littérature sont présentées comme susceptibles d’accroître l’inclusivité des démarches : l’« aller-vers », les incitations, les dispositifs numériques, la mobilisation d’ambassadeurs et le développement de compétences. S’adressant tant aux chercheurs qu’aux praticiens, l’article fournit ainsi des pistes concrètes pour mobiliser les publics habituellement « invisibles » et repenser l’inclusivité de la co-création
Sesquiterpene diversity and TPS-a gene characterization in the pelargonium genus
No full textInternational audienceSesquiterpenes are key molecules nurturing the complex and subtle base notes of pelargonium fragrances. Yet, their contribution to the essential oil olfactory profile and their biosynthesis are far from being well understood. We therefore explored sesquiterpene composition in 10 pelargonium accessions and revealed that, although lowly accumulated, their wide diversity participates to the biochemical uniqueness of each fragrance. We further investigated sesquiterpene biosynthesis thanks to a multiomic approach, integrating transcriptomic together with metabolomic data. A phylogenetic analysis of pelargonium TPS-a subfamily first revealed a total of 21 groups of orthology and denoted a strong transcriptional regulation of related enzymes. Seven sesquiterpene synthases were then wisely selected for functional characterization, both in vitro and in planta. Among them, two 6,9-guaidiene synthases were characterized for the first time in plants. Finally, we explored the role of amino acids located in the active site of sesquiterpene synthases in the enzymatic mechanism using site-directed mutagenesis. Altogether, this work highlights the great potential of the multiomic approach to predict TPS functions, but also exposes its limitations, inherent to terpene synthase's plasticity.</div
Mark Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ; Wes Anderson, Moonrise Kingdom
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Spreading properties of the Fisher--KPP equation when the intrinsic growth rate is maximal in a moving patch of bounded size
No full textInternational audienceThis paper is concerned with spreading properties of space-time heterogeneous Fisher–KPP equations in one space dimension. We focus on the case of everywhere favorable environment with three different zones, a left half-line with slow or intermediate growth, a central patch with fast growth and a right half-line with slow or intermediate growth. The central patch moves at various speeds. The behavior of the front changes drastically depending on the speed of the central patch. Among other things, intriguing phenomena such as nonlocal pulling and locking may occur, which would make the behavior of the front further complicated. The problem we discuss here is closely related to questions in biomathematical modelling. By considering several special cases, we illustrate the remarkable diversity of possible behaviors. In particular, when the central patch has constant size and constant speed, we provide a complete set of explicit formulas for the spreading speed
Optimal sub-Gaussian variance proxy for truncated Gaussian and exponential random variables
No full textInternational audienceThis paper establishes the optimal sub-Gaussian variance proxy for truncated Gaussian and truncated exponential random variables. The proofs are based initially on reducing each distribution to their standardized versions. Geometrically, for the normal distribution, our argument consists of fitting a parabola to another parabola-looking function, which emerges from its moment generating function. For the exponential case, we show that the optimal variance proxy is the unique solution to a pair of equations and then provide this solution explicitly. Moreover, we demonstrate that truncated Gaussian variables exhibit strict sub-Gaussian behavior if and only if they are symmetric, meaning their truncation is symmetric with respect to the mean. Conversely, truncated exponential variables are shown to never exhibit strict sub-Gaussianity
Depth-Resolved Analysis of Dimensional Stability (DS) in Poly(urethane-isocyanurate) Rigid Foams under Humid and Thermal Stress
No full textInternational audienceThis study examines the dimensional stability (DS) of polyisocyanurate rigid (PIR) foams under high relative humidity (RH = 90%) and elevated temperature (T = 70 °C), representative of the extreme conditions that may be encountered in roofing applications. Lateral expansion is observed in the plane perpendicular to the rise direction, which is strongly depth-dependent (Z-axis) and decreases from 5.3% for the surface layer (0−5 mm) to around 1.2% for the inner layers (Z ≥ 15 mm). This phenomenon is mainly attributed to the lower isocyanurate content near the surface and is amplified by the higher partial pressure of isopentane (+9%) near the surface. In contrast, contraction occurs in the rise direction (also called the thickness direction or TD) and remains nearly constant at −1% for Z ≥ 15 mm. This anisotropic behavior is attributed to the elongated cell morphology in the TD, inevitably leading to a decrease in mechanical strength in the plane perpendicular to the rise direction. Moisture content, quantified using Karl Fischer titration, is estimated at around 2.2 wt % (under humid conditions) and appears to play a dual effect, both plasticizing the polymer matrix and increasing internal gas pressure. Postcuring at T = 140 °C significantly increased crosslinking and improved DS, reducing foam expansion in the machine direction (MD) and cross-machine direction (CMD) from ΔL/L0 ≈ 5% to about 2% for the surface layer (0−5 mm). All these findings point toward the dominant role of moisture level, isocyanurate content, and cell shape factor of the final products on the long-term dimensional stability of PIR foams in humid, thermally stressed environments
Le développement des réseaux de chauffage urbains et la valorisation de chaleur fatale en France
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When is an owl not an owl? An analysis of Attic tetradrachms circulating in the southern Levant in the late fifth and fourth centuries BCE
No full textInternational audienceThis article, dedicated to the memory of the late Prof. John H. Kroll, focuses on late fifth century BCE Athenian-style tetradrachms found in the southern Levant, to shed new light on whether they are genuine Athenian issues or local imitations. To address this important yet vexed historical question, we analysed the Pb isotope compositions of 22 coins from ten controlled archaeological excavations in Israel and compared them against the ~ 7,000 galena samples in the Lyon Pb isotope database. Nineteen of the coins are of the "three-quarter profile eye" variety conventionally dated mid to late fifth century BCE. We found that they match Attic or Athenian-controlled silver sources, suggesting they are authentic Athenian issues and not imitations as some of them were originally categorised. We argue that these coins likely entered the Western Asian money supply during Athens' massive naval campaigns in the eastern Aegean in the third and final phase of the Peloponnesian War, and that the series should be refined to end with the city's defeat and loss of silver sources in 404 BCE. The fact that three of the coins are plated supports the contention that they were part of the series minted when Athens was under extreme financial duress. The remaining two coins are of the pi-style series struck in the early 340 s BCE, as proposed by John H. Kroll (personal communication and cf. also Flament, 2023). The Pb isotope data indicate that our examples were not struck from Athenian silver casting doubt on the current theory that they were restruck Attic coins. These overall findings call for a reassessment of monetary sources, coin circulation, and local minting in the fourth century BCE in the southern Levant. This study also highlights the need for independent archaeological dating beyond reliance upon numismatic typology.</div