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Estimating groundwater inputs from Sankarabarani River Basin, South India to the Bay of Bengal evaluated by Radium (226Ra) and nutrient fluxes
Get PDFSankarabarani river basin gains significance due to presence of major industrial, agricultural, urban development and tourist related activities has influenced the water quality in the estuarine environment. Investigations about river water quality has been attempted but not more studies focus about the evaluation of groundwater discharge a significant process that connects groundwater and the coastal seawater have been attempted. For the present study, radium (226Ra) a naturally occurring isotope was measured at three locations and used as effective tracers for estimating the groundwater discharge along with nutrient inputs to the Bay. Groundwater samples representing north east monsoon (December, 2017) has been collected during tidal variation in three locations (Location A- away from the coast towards inland, Location B-intermediate between Location A and the coast and Location C-at the estuary). 226Ra mass balance calculated groundwater fluxes irrespective of tidal variations were 2.27×108 m3/d, 2.19×108 m3/d and 5.22×107m3/d for A, B and C locations respectively. The nutrients like Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), Dissolved inorganic Phosphate (DIP) and Dissolved Silica (DSi) were found to be influencing the coastal groundwater by contributing fluxes to the sea of about 679.33 T mol/day. The study suggests increasing radium and nutrient fluxes to the Bay altering the coastal ecosystems would result in surplus algal blooms creating hypoxia
Effect of Sintering Temperature on Metal-Insulator Phase Transition in La1-xCaxMnO3 Perovskites
Get PDFLanthanum calcium based perovskites are found to be advantageous for the possible applications in magnetic sensors/reading heads, cathodes in solid oxide fuel cells, and frequency switching devices. In the present investigation La0.3Ca0.7MnO3 perovskites were synthesised through solid state reaction and sintered at four different temperatures such as 900, 1000, 1100 and 1200˚ C. X-ray powder diffraction pattern confirms that the prepared La0.3Ca0.7MnO3 perovskites have orthorhombic structure with Pnma space group. Ultrasonic in-situ measurements have been carried out on the La0.3Ca0.7MnO3 perovskites over wide range of temperature and elastic constants such as bulk modulus of the prepared La0.3Ca0.7MnO3 perovskites was obtained as function of temperature. The temperature-dependent bulk modulus has shown an interesting anomaly at the metal-insulator phase transition. The metal insulator transition temperature derived from temperature-dependent bulk modulus increases from temperature 352˚ C to 367˚ C with the increase of sintering temperature from 900 to 1200˚ C
Configuration and Digital Simulation of STATCOM utilizing 48-Pulse VSC for Reactive Power Reparation and Potential Reliability
Get PDFThis paper analyzes the configuration of Static Synchronous Compensator-STATCOM utilizing 48 pulse voltage source converter for reactive force reparation and voltage adjustment in force framework transmission and dispersion systems alongside the advanced development of the STATCOM utilizing 48 pulse VSC, expecting framework subjected to unsettling disturbances of real and reactive power. The 48 Pulse voltage source converter is composed with the guide of four 3-level voltage source converters exchanging at the major recurrence to create a sinusoidal yield voltage with decreased symphonies substance. The outline and computerized recreation of STATCOM has been executed in the MATLAB/Simulink stage. It is strongly evident that the outcome of reactive power reparation and voltage stabilization have been substantially improved by the proposed STATCOM configuration with 48 pulse VSC
Study on Performance of modern Solar Dryer
Get PDFThis paper presents the state of various kinds of solar dryers that are widely used today and about drying process that has been perform during drying of various food products and percentage containing moisture in different food products. The indirect, direct and mixed mode dryers that have shown potential in drying agricultural products in the tropical and subtropical countries are discussed. A side from identifying the active and passive mode solar dryers, we also highlight the environmental influence on solar energy (harnessing) that plays a vital role in the solar drying sector and says that the indirect solar dryer is more suitable than other dryers and recirculation of air in an indirect dryer can reduce the drying time of food product in comparison to normal indirect solar dryers. The dryer having recirculation of air have more efficiency than other dryers
Process Analysis and Selection for The Production of P-Cumidine
Get PDFP-cumidine is very important intermediate for many chemical and agrochemical industries. The product, Para cumidine is versatile chemical intermediate that has applications in dyes, pharmaceuticals, and herbicides. The major use of para cumidine as an intermediate in the manufacturing of isoproterenol which is a selective herbicide belonging to the family of substituted ureas and acts principally after root absorption, either pre-emergence or post-emergence. There are many different processes from which p-cumidine can be manufactured. But industrially used process is nitration of cumene followed by hydrogenation. The processes for manufacturing of p-cumidine are alkylation of aniline, nitration of cumene followed by hydrogenation, nitration of cumene followed by reduction using caustic lye and Sulphur. But industrially used process is nitration of cumene followed by hydrogenation
The Extraction of Mint Oil from Mint Leaves: A Study
Get PDFEssential oils are a diverse group of natural products. Oils are the important source of aromatic and flavoring chemicals in food, industrial, and pharmaceutical products. Essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds derived from the different parts of the plants. Various extraction methods are used in the manufacture and extraction of essential oils from the plant materials. Essential oils are produced using several techniques like water distillation, steam distillation, hydro diffusion, maceration, solvent-free microwave extraction, solar distillation and CO2 supercritical fluid extraction, etc. These extraction and expression methods are used to remove the oils from the dried/fresh plants (or) machines to squeeze the oil out of the plants. Out of all the extraction methods, supercritical carbon dioxide method is more efficient. The present report is an attempt to list out the various methods of extraction of essential oil from the different parts of the mint leaves and their merits and demerits. The world production and consumption of essential oils and perfumes are increasing very fast. Production technology is an essential element to improve the overall yield and quality of essential oil. The traditional technologies pertaining to essential oil processing are of great significance and are still being used in many parts of the globe. Water distillation, water and steam distillation, steam distillation, are the most traditional and commonly used methods
Drainage Morphometric Analysis of the Nagavathi Watershed of Dharmapuri District, Tamil Nadu, India Using SRTM Data and GIS
Get PDFGIS and Remote sensing have proved to be a resourceful tool in the explanation of drainage pattern for water resources management and its planning. The identification of morphometric characteristics based on a Geographic Information System (GIS) was carried out in the Nagavathi watershed, Dharmapuri District. The quantitative drainage morphometric parameters was carried out for the Nagavathi watershed by estimating their (a) Linear aspects like Stream number, Stream order, Stream length, Mean stream length, Stream length ratio, Bifurcation ratio, (b) Aerial aspects like Drainage density, Stream frequency, Texture Ratio, Elongation ratio, Form factor, Circularity index, Length of overflow, Constant of Channel maintenance, Drainage texture, Compactness coefficient and (c) Relief aspects like Basin relief, Relief ratio, Ruggedness number, Gradient ratio, Melton ruggedness ratio, Slope, relative relief, Shape Factor and Leminscate. The drainage area of Nagavithi watershed is 482 sq. Km. the main drainage patterns is dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage. The Nagavathi watershed was classified as a fifth order drainage watershed, whereas micro watershed was classified as an eight in the watershed. Stream order of the watershed was predominantly controlled by structural and lithological controls of various drainage patterns and their stream orientations were identified to evaluate the direction and controlling factors in drainage network. The drainage density in the area has been found to be low which indicates that the area possesses highly permeable soils and low relief. The bifurcation ratio varies from 0.8 to 43.1.
The elongation ratio of Microwatersheds varies from 0.13 to 0.43, indicates Microwatersheds fall under elongated pattern. This study would help the local people to utilize the resources for planning rainwater harvesting and watershed management
Performance Evaluation of Fuzzy based Congestion Control for TCP/IP Networks
Get PDFIt by and large acknowledged that the trouble of system congestion control stays a basic issue and a high need, particularly given the developing size, request, and speed (transfer speed) of the inexorably coordinated administrations systems. In spite of the examination endeavors spreading over several decades and accordingly the sizable measure of different plans proposed, there are no generally worthy control arrangements. Current arrangements in existing systems are progressively getting insufficient, and it's commonly acknowledged that these arrangements can only with significant effort extent even with different proposed "fixes". In this paper, a Fuzzy based congestion control is talked about to manage the congestion control issue. The exhibition of the controlled framework is assessed by means of reenactment
Fold pattern analysis around Kanjamalai Salem district Tamilnadu
Get PDFKanjamalai one of the fascinating location in Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT) for studying Archaean geology and structures as the entire hill is made up of variety of rock types like two pyroxene granulite, amphibolites, quartzo - feldsapthic gneisses, banded iron formation, and intrusive rocks like dunite, peridotite and pegmatite and beautifully carved structures. The entire hill resembles a canoe shape with doubly plunging fold structure with E-W elongation. The entire hillock seems to sit pretty on mylonitised hornblende biotite gneisses which also have a common N70-95 degree trend and sub vertical dip with NE plunge which is in contradiction to centrally plunging lineations of the hill. The SW part of Kanjamalai near Chinasrirangapadi was displaying beautiful fold structures, with interference pattern out of which six domains were selected for detailed study and analysis. The multiple generation folded structure will have a clue in reconstructing the deformation history of this Kanjamalai. The observed f1, f2 and f3 folds show significant Type III interference pattern as that of Ramsay and 01 and 03 type folds of Bernhard Grasemann. Wavelength –amplitude analysis was made to generalize and regroup the observed folds in to high amplitude, high wavelength or open folds, low wavelength and Mesoscopic folds. And visual harmonic analysis was made to analyse the symmetry of the folds and analyze the geometry, symmetry and harmony and genesis of the fold in terms of relative timing of the events
The Role of Women: In Indian Agriculture Sector
Get PDFIndia is developing country. The main occupation is agriculture, because 70 per cent of the population is involved in this occupation. This paper examines the ways in which greater integration through agriculture impact women. This paper finds that agriculture creates many jobs for women in agriculture sector. Jobs that bring many household resources under women control leads to greater earnings in the family. Although, women are more than ever finally employed, differences in wages earned by women and men persist in India. Due to these reasons and women’s lower education level compel the women have a greater tendency to remain in subsistence agriculture. The impact of liberalization and globalization on women is important not only because they represent almost half of the total population, but also because they face constraints, which make them less beneficial from the liberalization. Once different impacts are ascertained well designed policy responses may aid women in taking advantage of greater openness to agriculture