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Olive production in the 21st century will be threatened by water stress and declining solar activity
No full textInternational audienceThe production of olive oil, a cornerstone of Mediterranean diet, faces important threats from recurring droughts and the anticipated decline in cyclical solar activity. These escalating challenges cast uncertainty on the long-term sustainability of olive-growing regions. Here we draw on 8000 years of olive pollen data - closely related to flowering, fertilization and fruit production - to identify the key long-term determinants influencing olive yields. Our findings indicate that pollen production, and therefore yields, are primarily driven by photosynthesis, which is influenced not only by temperature and CO2 levels, but also by precipitation during olive phenological stages and changes in the radiation balance, rather than by variations in solar energy alone. Changes in photosynthetic activity emerge as a critical determinant of the future of the Mediterranean olive oil economy and have major implications for food security in the region
Ce pesticide contesté explose en Lorraine et Franche-Comté : pourquoi le prosulfocarbe préoccupe
No full textarticle sur interviewNational audienc
Prevalence of Vision Loss in South and Central Asia in 2020: Magnitude and Temporal Trends
No full textInternational audiencePurpose: To estimate the prevalence of vision loss for 2020 in South and Central Asia and analyze trends since 1990. Methods: In a systematic literature review, we estimated the prevalence of blindness, visual impairment (VI) and presbyopia-related VI in 1990,2000,2010, and 2020. Results: The study included 103 population-based studies. In South/Central Asia combined, age-standardized prevalence of blindness, moderate-to-severe VI (MSVI), moderate VI, severe VI, mild VI and presbyopia-related VI for all ages was 0.65% (95% uncertainty interval (UI):0.56/0.74), 5.06 (4.55/5.59), 4.40 (3.91/4.94), 0.65 (0.57/0.74), 3.21 (2.89/3.56), and 8.77 (6.37/11.48), respectively, with higher values for women than men. From 2000 to 2020, changes in age-standardized prevalence in South Asia were -36.85 (-36.94/-36.76), -7.01 (-7.13/-6.90), -5.86 (-5.99/-5.73), -13.96 (-14.09/-13.82), -9.55 (-9.66/-9.44), and -8.62 (-8.93/-8.31), respectively for men, and -38.50 (-38.59/-38.40), -10.12 (-10.22/-10.01), -9.23(-9.36/-9.10), -14.86 (-14.99/-14.73), -9.44 (-9.56/-9.33), and -7.78 (-8.09/-7.48), respectively for women. From 2000/2020, the changes in age-standardized prevalence figures in Central Asia were -21.44 (-21.58/-21.30), -2.75 (-2.87/-2.64), -2.17 (-2.30/-2.04), -7.12 (-7.26/-6.99), -5.36 (-5.48/-5.25), and -3.67(-4.02/-3.32), respectively for men, and -21.13 (-21.27/-20.99), -2.70 (-2.81/-2.58), -2.18 (-2.30/-2.05), -6.93 (-7.07/-6.80), -5.03 (-5.14/-4.91), and -2.65 (-3.00/-2.30), respectively, for women. In 2020, 11.94 million (9.98-14.07) and 0.30 million (0.24-0.36) individuals were blind, and 96.22 million (84.12-110.27) and 2.95 million (2.52-3.43) had MSVI in South Asia and Central Asia, respectively. Conclusions: Despite a higher decrease between 2000 and 2020, the age-standardized prevalence of blindness and MSVI were higher in South Asia than in Central Asia in 2020. The number of people affected increased due to population growth and improved longevity
Mises en oeuvre de démarches agroécologiques dans des régions viticoles françaises
No full textLe secteur agroalimentaire fait l’objet d’une segmentation croissante du marché avec la multiplication de démarches dites de qualité, publique ou privée, qui engagent les filières dans la construction de pratiques de production, de transformation ou de distribution différenciées. Nous connaissons peu de choses sur la manière dont ces démarches inscrivent leurs pratiques dans l’agroécologie, et en particulier pour les filières ayant une mention valorisante autre que l’agriculture biologique. De 2022 à 2023, la Direction Scientifique Agriculture INRAE a engagé un chantier exploratoire, avec 11 groupes filières INRAE, pour analyser comment se construisent des démarches de filières différenciées sur le marché et leur engagement en faveur de l’agroécologie.International audienceThis article presents the work of the “Vine and vine products” industry group. We have studied thedevelopment of agroecology and how the various agroecological certifications and labels can be promoted in four French wine-growing regions (Bordeaux, Burgundy, Champagne and Provence). The method consisted in first interviewing the directors of the technical departments of the interprofessions in the regions, then analyzing four case studies (one in each region). The aim was to understand how agroecology had been interpreted and implemented by the interprofessions, and which certifications or labels were being promoted. The case studies were used to understand how the agroecological transition approach had emerged, and how it had been implemented in these wine companies. Possible obstacles were also identified.Cet article analyse le développement de différentes certifications et mentions valorisantes dans quatre régions viticoles françaises (Bordelais, Bourgogne, Champagne et Provence) relativement aux principes de l'agroécologie. Cette analyse s'est appuyée sur des entretiens conduits auprès de directeurs des services techniques des interprofessions des régions et l'étude de cas (un par région). L'objectif était de comprendre comment l'agroécologie fait sens pour les interprofessions et est mise en oeuvre par des acteurs du territoire, notamment au travers de certifications ou labels. Cette analyse donne des clés de compréhension sur le processus de transition agroécologique dans le secteur vitivinicole. Des obstacles éventuels ont également été identifiés
A meta-analysis reveals earthworms as mutualists rather than predators of soil microorganisms
No full textInternational audienceMicroorganisms constitute the largest biomass on Earth after plants, and earthworms are one of the main components of animal biomass. Both are critical drivers of soil functions and ecosystem services. Studies report either positive or negative effects of earthworms on soil microbial communities, leading to contrasting views on whether microorganisms serve as prey or mutualists for earthworms. This meta-analysis aimed to settle this debate, and examines how biotic and abiotic factors affect earthworm impacts on microbial abundance and diversity. Based on a selective search retaining only genuinely quantitative approaches, we kept 169 observations, showing that, on average, earthworms increased bacterial abundance by 16.5 % and fungal abundance by 31.4 %. Bacterial species richness rose by 8.5 % in the presence of earthworms, but fungal richness was not significantly affected. Epigeic and anecic earthworms had more notable effects than endogeics. Plant presence in experimental designs strongly amplified earthworms’ effects on bacterial (+30 %) and fungal (+97 %) abundances. The largest earthworm-induced effects were observed in carbon- and nitrogen-rich soils and at low pH, while the addition of organic matter reduced these effects. Comparing microbial abundance in earthworm casts to control units without earthworms revealed effect sizes two- to three-fold greater (for bacteria and fungi, respectively) than when using the soil surrounding earthworm casts as a control. Our meta-analysis demonstrates that, despite ingesting some microorganisms, earthworms have a net positive effect on their abundance, positioning them as mutualists rather than predators of bacteria and fungi
Antibiotics at life’s end: key role in treating end-of-life pneumonia?
No full textInternational audienc
The fifth equation of the NLS Hierarchy and its rogue waves
No full textQuasi rational solutions to the fifth equation of the NLS hierarchy are constructed. We give explicit expressions of these solutions for the first orders depending on multi-parameters. We study the patterns of these solutions in the (x, t) plane according to the different values of the parameters
In vitro anti-inflammatory Potential of Hydrosols and Essential Oils from fresh female cones of Five Juniperus spp. collected in Greece
No full textPeut-on soigner en mangeant mieux ? Quelle éthique de l'alimentation ?
No full textPublication d'un article relatif à l'interview des scientifiques dans la newsletter du Centre INRAE Bourgogne Franche-Comté n° 20 - Février 2025Niyazi Acar, directeur de recherche au CSGA et Catherine Creuzot-Garcher, professeur Ophtalmologue au CHU, tous les deux membres de l’équipe œil et nutrition, sont intervenus dans l’émission « Où va la vie ? La bioéthique en podcast » de RCF
