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Reduced breeding success in nest boxes for great tits (Parus major) and Eurasian blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) in highly urbanised areas: an ecological trap?
No full textInternational audienceNest boxes are widely installed in urban environments, yet the influence of their immediate habitat - particularly within cities - on bird reproductive success remains largely understudied. We investigated the reproductive outcomes associated with artificial nest box use by two secondary cavity-nesting species, the great tit (Parus major) and the blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), from 2019 to 2021 along an urbanisation gradient within the city of Dijon, France. We examined the impact of urbanisation on nest box occupancy, clutch size, hatching success, fledging success, and fledgling mass. Although pairs of great tits and blue tits did not avoid highly urbanised areas for nesting and laid larger clutches - indicating a higher initial breeding investment - their overall reproductive success was markedly lower in these sites. Indeed, both species experienced lower fledging success, and great tits additionally showed reduced fledgling mass in highly urbanised areas. Our findings suggest that nest boxes placed in these highly urbanised areas may function as ecological traps driven by maladaptive behaviours of breeding pairs and limited resource availability. These results highlight the need to carefully evaluate nest box placement for hole-nesting birds in urban landscapes, with broader implications for conservation efforts aimed at protecting sensitive species vulnerable to ecological traps
Dans le cadre de l’exposition « Sols, la vie sous nos pieds », projection du film Erin Brockovich, suivie d’une rencontre avec Daniel Wipf
No full textNational audienc
Chanting for belonging: A contrastive content analysis of German and French football chants
No full textInternational audienceEver since the awkward ‘ghost games’ during the global Covid-19 pandemic (Weigelin, 2021, pp. 221–229), die-hard football supporters as well as less engaged followers or flâneurs (Giulianotti, 2002, pp. 30-40) have realised that ‘football without spectators is just a sport’ (Biermann, 2020). One of the most prominent examples is the UEFA European Champions League final 2020 in Lisbon between Bayern Munich and PSG Paris, which – only five years later – seems unreal: Instead of fans chanting on the stands, ear-battering cheering after the decisive goal, every single word from the coach and players was echoed throughout the stadium (Philipp, 2020). Even futile attempts to create a decent and customary-orientated sport event atmosphere by means of cardboard cut-outs on the stadium seats, or by simulating fans on a TV screen, were rather unfitting attempts to substitute a genuine stadium experience from real fans and the visible and audible atmosphere they create (Rachini, 2020). However, football is more than just a physical activity. Rather, it is a ‘fait social total’ that helps to decipher contemporary societies (Ramonet, 1998) and even social, political, and/or economic crises (see Alpan et al., 2023). This also becomes ‘audible’ within the stadium when football clubs are forced to condemn all sorts of discriminatory football supporter chants, especially racist and xenophobic (Schuetze et al., 2024), homophobic (L'Équipe, 2024), or sexist (Hespers, 2025) chants. However, supporters also chant for good reason. For example, German football fans have been organising an annual public ‘Christmas carol singalong’ throughout Germany since 2003, in which around 28,000 people took part last year in Berlin alone (Schlorke, 2024). Based on previous studies (Berron et al., 2024, pp. 273-291; Berron & Koch, pp. 103-116; 2024; Koch & Berron, 2021, pp. 149–160), we now seek to broaden our research scope and conduct a contrastive content analysis of German and French football chants. In particular, we wonder to what extent football supporter chants – first and foremost their words/concepts, used language varieties, and melodies, form and strengthen distinctive collective identities
Arbitrage commercial: Interne et International
No full textNational audienceLa survenance d’un différend n’implique pas nécessairement que celui-ci soit tranché par la justice étatique. Les parties peuvent d’un commun accord décider de confier leur différend à une justice privée, arbitrale. Bien que d’origine privé, le tribunal arbitral doit cependant suivre un parcours procédural précis afin de parvenir au rendu d’une sentence valide. Cet ouvrage ambitionne de présenter de manière systématique, claire et accessible le Droit de l’arbitrage interne et international
Fédérer des travaux transversaux sur les effets des pesticides sur toutes les dimensions de la santé (humaine, animale, végétale, environnementale)
No full textLes produits phytopharmaceutiques utilisés en agriculture contiennent des molécules spécifiquement conçues pour être toxiques pour des organismes cibles. Cependant, leur utilisation peut également entraîner des effets non intentionnels, présentant des risques potentiels pour les écosystèmes et les organismes non cibles, y compris les êtres humains. Les travaux de recherche menés ont permis d’approfondir la compréhension des liens entre l’exposition à ces substances et les effets observés dans l’environnement. En particulier, les études ont mis en évidence comment des niveaux d’exposition, même faibles, peuvent engendrer des effets chroniques sur des organismes non cibles et perturber les écosystèmes. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance de quantifier et de caractériser ces expositions pour mieux évaluer leurs impacts potentiels sur la santé humaine et l’environnement. Les présentations seront suivies d’échanges et de discussions, afin de réfléchir ensemble aux conséquences de ces travaux et d’explorer des perspectives pour construire une agriculture qui soit respectueuse de la santé humaine et de l’intégrité des écosystèmes.National audienceAs part of the “Ecophyto II+ plan”, now known as the “Ecophyto 2030 strategy”, research projects havebeen funded to increase knowledge of exposure to plant protection products (PPPs) and their impact onhealth and the environment. These studies have led to the development of methodologies for monitoringpesticides and taking better account of risks. We offer a synthesis of the results of these projects and adiscussion of key issues - risk assessment, regulation, collective responsibility - to inform public policyand encourage sustainable agricultural practices. Perspectives include the assessment of chemicalinteractions with climate change. An interdisciplinary approach and collaboration between researchers,health professionals, farmers, agro-industry and public authorities are essential to reduce the risksassociated with pesticide use.Dans le cadre du « plan Ecophyto II+ », devenu « Stratégie Ecophyto 2030 », des projets de recherche ont été financés pour approfondir les connaissances sur l'exposition aux produits phytopharmaceutiques (PPP) et leurs impacts sur la santé et l'environnement. Ces études ont conduit au développement de méthodologies pour le suivi des pesticides et une meilleure prise en compte des risques. Nous proposons une synthèse des résultats de ces projets et une discussion sur des points clés, l'évaluation des risques, réglementation, responsabilité collective, afin d'éclairer les politiques publiques et d'encourager des pratiques agricoles durables. Les perspectives incluent l'évaluation des interactions chimiques avec le changement climatique. Une approche interdisciplinaire et une collaboration entre chercheurs, professionnels de santé, agriculteurs, agro-industrie et autorités publiques sont essentielles pour réduire les risques liés aux usages des pesticides
Agriculture, aquaculture and fishing: impact of food standards on biodiversity. Summary of the scientific report of the study
No full textThe 2021 French Climate and Resilience Act introduced an Eco-labelling display on food products to inform consumers of the environmental cost of their purchases. The construction of this eco-labelling scheme has given rise to significant methodological work with stakeholders. An interim assessment highlighted the difficulty of capturing all the dimensions of biodiversity. With this in mind, the Ministries of Ecological Transition and Agriculture and Food, along with ADEME, called on INRAE and Ifremer in 2022 to better document this biodiversity component, focusing on production practices. In order to inform public policy more widely, the public authorities have chosen to rely on voluntary standards that require the certification of practices. The development of these voluntary standards are also at the heart of many debates on the relationship between sustainable production and consumption. The study, entitled «BiodivLabel», was carried out by a multidisciplinary committee of scientific experts from public research and higher education organizations
Disentangling consumer perceptions regarding plant-based food processing and formulation: Insights from a French study
No full textThis article is part of a Special issue entitled: ‘EuroSense 2024’ published in Food Quality and Preference.International audienceThe use of ready-to-eat plant-based products has considerably increased over the last decade. Consumers tend to consider these products as ultra-processed. However, do they understand that this concept comprises two dimensions: processing and formulation? This study aimed to address this question. A survey was created based on images of 25 food products, which were characterized by their ingredients, processing level and conditions, and formulation complexity. A total of 400 French non-vegetarian consumers were recruited online. The questionnaire was divided into two parts: (i) participants were asked to rate seven characteristics according to their importance level for ultra-processed, processed, and unprocessed products; (ii) 25 images were presented, and participants rated their perceived processing and formulation levels of each product. The participants were divided into two subgroups: for the first group, the product name was presented together with the picture, while for the second group, the product picture and name were presented together with the list of ingredients. The results highlighted significant differences between the three processing levels. Participants considered ultra-processed products to be completely different from unprocessed products. Processed products were perceived similarly to ultra-processed products, although significant differences were found between these two processing levels. High positive correlations were observed between the processing and formulation levels of the products shown in the images. Differences in ratings between subgroups were observed for some products
Surprising minimisation of CO2 emissions from a sandy loam soil over a rye growing period achieved by liming (CaCO3)
No full textInternational audienceLiming is a common agricultural practice used to enhance soil productivity by correcting soil acidity and this change of soil chemical properties is often considered a potential strategy to mitigate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soils. However, its overall impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) dynamics remains uncertain due to the dual influence of liming product on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions: direct release from calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and potential changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. Existing studies, based on limited field data, report contrasting effects of liming on both inorganic and organic CO2 emissions, raising concerns about whether reductions in N2O emissions are counterbalanced by increased CO2 fluxes.This study investigated the impact of liming on soil GHG emissions by monitoring in situ N2O and CO2 fluxes following the application of two liming products: synthetic CaCO3 (SC) and marine CaCO3₃ (MC), in an acidic soil cultivated with winter rye. Using the static chamber method, we measured soil gas fluxes throughout the growing season alongside key variables, including soil pH, mineral nitrogen concentrations, moisture, and temperature. Biomass yield and SOC (stocks and composition) were also assessed at harvest.Liming application increased soil pH from 5.7 to around 7.0 and enhanced kernel yield from 320 to over 400 g m-2. Notably, both liming treatments reduced soil CO2 emissions by about 40%, contrary to IPCC predictions of increased CO2 from lime-derived carbon. While N2O emissions rose slightly, they remained very low during the study period and did not impact the overall GHG budget of the crop. SOC stocks showed no significant change at harvest, though dissolved organic and inorganic carbon concentrations increased.Our results suggest that current IPCC guidelines for estimating CO2 emissions from liming may require revision, as liming could offer dual benefits for soil pH management and CO2 emission mitigation under certain conditions. This session will be an excellent opportunity to discuss the hypothesis regarding pH influence on the CO2 and N2O emissions balance, to discuss underlying mechanisms of observed mitigation and explore potential pathways for optimising liming practices to enhance climate-smart soil management
Ambipolar Behavior of Hematite Surface Induced by Water Adsorption Revealed under Environmental Conditions
No full textInternational audienceIn this work, we determine the electronic structure and charge carrier dynamics of α-F2O3 (0001) ultrathin film deposited on Pt(111) as a function of water pressure by combined near ambient pressure-time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-TR-PES) measurements and DFT calculations. Under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) α-F2O3 exhibits the expected typical n-type semiconductor behavior with a surface photovoltage (SPV) shift of 31 meV. Surprisingly, when exposed to water a completely different comportment appears. At a partial pressure of water of P Hd2O = 0.02 hPa, a much smaller SPV (7 meV) appears that is shifted in the opposite direction, which is thus characteristic of a p-type semiconductor. Finally, at P Hd2O > 0.1 hPa, SPV is canceled, which is consistent with a layer of metallic nature. DFT calculations explain these experimental findings well as originating from a modification of the surface structure and electronic properties of the layer consecutive to water adsorption. It is shown that the Fermi level position in the band gap of hematite depends on the quantity of adsorbed water, giving rise to the ambipolar behavior of the surface, which is able to transport both negative and positive charges when exposed to the appropriate water pressure
Beyond their nutritional value, school meal programs support agricultural and food transition toward sustainability by creating multi-sectoral values in France
No full textThis article is part of the Research Topic "Sustainable Food Procurement for Healthy Diets in Public and Private Canteens".International audienceThe COVID pandemic has highlighted the essential role of school meal programs, not only for education but also for children’s nutrition. In France, school meals are shaped by ambitious policies to ensure their safety and nutritional quality, while promoting sustainable eating practices and awareness of environmental and agricultural challenges. In this article, we used the case study of France to discuss the multi-sectoral value of these programs. The economic value of school meals in France amounts to €8.2 billion annually, of which 2.8 billion are dedicated to food purchases. Since 2022, the EGAlim and Climate and Resilience laws require canteens to offer one vegetarian meal per week and to source at least 50% of sustainable products with positive environmental or social impacts (e.g., certified products, organic farming, and short supply chains). These laws represent a potential support of €1.4 billion for more sustainable agriculture. School canteens also offer a unique opportunity for food education, allowing children to discover new types of food, notably with vegetarian menus. They can contribute to preventing childhood obesity by reducing exposure to ultra-processed foods. Additionally, they play an important role in social inclusion by providing subsidized meals for disadvantaged children. However, disparities in access to canteens persist due to the cost of meals, dietary restrictions or the presence of a parent at home. In conclusion, school meal programs in France generate significant multi-sectoral value in the areas of education, nutrition, agriculture, and social inclusion and support the transition to more sustainable food systems for future generations