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CH10 -Advances in the reduction of herbicide use in Conservation Agriculture systems
No full textInternational audienceConservation agriculture (CA) appears as a promising agricultural pathway to achieve multiperformance but is currently questioned due to its reliance on herbicides for weed management, especially glyphosate.One limit in the development of CA-based agroecological cropping system less reliant on herbicide use is the strict definition of CA based on technical means (i.e. the three principles) rather than targeted objectives. In this chapter, we mobilize research carried out on experimental stations (e.g. CA-SYS platform) and farmer networks (e.g. French DEPHY-farm network) to synthesize knowledge on how pesticide-free no-till agriculture could be achieved. We provide insights on the multiperformance of pesticide-free and nature-based CA systems compared to reference CA systems. Designing cover crops to ensure growth in a context of unpredictable weather conditions and facilitate mechanical termination, and ensuring crop establishment in absence of tillage and herbicides represent major research avenues for the development of pesticide-free CA systems.</p
Relationship between seed predation and activity-density of carabid beetles in farmland: A meta-regression
No full textData accessibility statement: The data and code used to generate the figures presented in this study are freely available on Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14884485.International audienceHighlights: • For each carabid sampled per trap per day, the odds of seed survival decrease by 2.3 %. • Methodological differences explain variation in carabid seed removal among studies. • Achievable carabid densities could lead to effective seed control. • Augmentation and conservation of carabids are essential for effective weed control. Abstract: Carabid beetles are able to regulate weeds through seed predation. Our understanding of the role of carabids in arable crop systems is obscured by high variation across studies in weed seed removal and carabid abundance. Here we conduct an overarching synthesis of the relationship between seed removal and carabid activity-density. Using a database comprising 4919 data records from 25 published studies, we identify the average relationship between seed removal and carabid activity-density. With a mean carabid activity density of 3.11 beetles trap−1 day−1 and a mean seed exposure duration of 5.95 days, the probability of seed removal on sentinel seed devices was 35 %. We found that higher abundances are required to achieve more substantive seed removal rates, e.g., 17.04 beetles trap−1 day−1 for a removal probability of 80 % after one week of exposure. Such densities are rarely observed in the field, suggesting that carabid populations need to be promoted e.g., by more sustainable farming practices in order to provide higher weed seed predation rates
Un nouveau dépôt du Bonze final à Affligem (province du Brabant flamand, Belgique)
No full textInternational audienceLa découverte de 2016 à 2022 d'objets en bronze lors de prospections dans un champ indique l'existence d'un dépôt. Daté de la fin de l'âge du Bronze, il s'agit de l'un des rares dépôt de l'ouest de la Belgique. Sa composition est atypique. La présence d'une hache à douille, d'au moins une lame d'épée et d'appliques hémisphériques à bélières font penser à l'équipement et la parure d'un seul individu. L'étude typo-chronologique révèle que une forte composante atlantique dans la forme des objets, à l'exception des fragments de lame d'épée, typiquement continentaux
An Ambiphilic Phosphide with Three Different Coordination Modes to Group 7–10 Metals
No full textInternational audiencePhosphide anions PX 2 -with electron-withdrawing substituents display ambiphilic properties. The use of P(V) thiophosphorane substituents enables the coordination of the resulting bis(thiophosphoranyl)phosphide anion (BTPP = L) to a variety of transition metals from groups 7 to 10. A series of homoleptic and heteroleptic complexes was synthesized and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that, depending on the metal, L may adopt three coordination modes (κ 3 -(S, P, S); κ 2 -(S, S); κ 2 -(S, P)) supporting three distinct geometries (octahedral; tetrahedral; square planar). Complex L 2 Co displays Single Molecule Magnet (SMM) properties, and complex LRh(COD) (COD = 1,5cyclooctadiene) catalyzes the hydrosilylation of terminal alkynes
Characterization of P-divisibility in two-level open quantum systems
No full textWe study different characterizations of P-divisibility in two-level open quantum systems whose dynamics are governed by a time-local master equation with time-dependent relaxation rates. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the P-divisibility of the dynamical map are given in terms of inequalities on such relaxation rates. The equivalence between several P-divisibility characterizations existing in the literature is explicitly proven. The connection to the Breuer-Laine-Piilo measure of non-Markovianity is also established. As an application of such characterizations, we study the open dynamics of a qubit interacting with a bosonic mode. More precisely, we characterize the properties of the local map on the qubit generated by its interaction with the bosonic mode, playing the role of an extremely reduced bath. Interesting observations are made, opening perspectives for a deeper physical understanding of CP-divisibility, P-divisibility, and BLP measure
<i>Ribes nigrum</i> leaf extract downregulates pro-inflammatory gene expression and regulates redox balance in microglial cells
No full textInternational audienceBackground This study focuses on the investigation of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of alcohol extracts from Ribes nigrum leaves on murine BV-2 microglial Wt and Acyl-CoA oxidase 1 deficient (Acox1 -/-) cell line models, useful for the investigation of some neurodegenerative disorders. MethodsThe extract chemical composition was analyzed via LC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. Various assays, including DPPH, MTT, and H 2 DCFDA, were used to assess the extract's antioxidant capacity, cell viability, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Immunoblotting and RT-qPCR techniques were employed to measure protein expression and gene transcription in treated cells. Statistical analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism, with significance determined at p < 0.05. ResultsInvestigations showed the presence of phenolic compounds in this extract, among which flavan-3-ols, flavonols, furanocoumarins, hydroxycinnamates were major components, which are known for their biological activity in various test systems. The MTT test revealed a concentration of 0.125 mg/mL of R. nigrum extract as the highest non-toxic. The investigated extract showed high antioxidant activity in chemical-based tests. The antioxidant potential of the R. nigrum leaf extract was furtherly explored using the BV-2 microglial cell line models. Moreover, the extract was found to alter the activity of the main antioxidant enzyme, catalase and fatty acid oxidation enzyme, Acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1) as well as the expression of appropriate genes in Wt and Acox1 -/-BV-2 microglial cells such as Cat, iNos, Il-1β, Tnf-α, and Abcd1. In Wt cells, after the 24-hour treatment with R. nigrum leaf extract, ACOX1 activity was downregulated, meanwhile the catalase activity remains unchanged. Further treatment led to the downregulation of catalase and the upregulation of ACOX1 activity. However, in Acox1 -/-cells, which represent a model of oxidative stress, an increase in catalase activity was observed only after 48 h of treatment. It was also observed the reduced ROS and NO formation in cells, showing the pronounced antioxidant capacity of R. nigrum extract in the investigated cell-models. ConclusionOur study demonstrated the protective effects of R. nigrum leaf extracts on BV-2 microglial cells by reducing oxidative and nitrosative stress, decreasing pro-inflammatory gene expression, and normalizing peroxisomal</div
Ce que « Biodeutsch » (ou « biologiquement allemand »), élu mot le plus détestable de l’année, dit du climat politique allemand
No full textInternational audienceEn Allemagne, chaque année, un jury de linguistes désigne le mot le plus détestable de l’année. 2024 a consacré « biodeutsch », terme à l’origine satirique employé pour désigner les « Allemands de souche ». Qualifiée de dénuée d’humanité, cette expression soulève un débat controversé. Un préfixe renvoyant à des catégories biologiques peut-il alimenter une forme de racisme, voire de germanophobie ? Cet article propose un regard linguistique sur cette construction particulière, en explorant son rôle – le cadre sémantique et le discours – dans le débat public, à l'intersection des questions d'identité et de discriminations, particulièrement sensibles et d'actualité en Allemagne
Diagnostic performance of spectral CT in detecting bone marrow edema for vertebral fracture: A multi-reader study
No full textInternational audienceTo evaluate the spectral scanner (Aquilion One PRISM Edition, Canon Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Japan) diagnostic performance to identify bone marrow edema (BME) in vertebrae of patients managed for suspected vertebral compression fracture in the emergency department of Dijon University Hospital