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Unlocking the Potential of Generative AI through Neuro-Symbolic Architectures -Benefits and Limitations
No full textInternational audienceNeuro-symbolic artificial intelligence (NSAI) represents a transformative approach in artificial intelligence (AI) by combining deep learning's ability to handle large-scale and unstructured data with the structured reasoning of symbolic methods. By leveraging their complementary strengths, NSAI enhances generalization, reasoning, and scalability while addressing key challenges such as transparency and data efficiency. This paper systematically studies diverse NSAI architectures, highlighting their unique approaches to integrating neural and symbolic components. It examines the alignment of contemporary AI techniques such as retrieval-augmented generation, graph neural networks, reinforcement learning, and multiagent systems with NSAI paradigms. This study then evaluates these architectures against comprehensive set of criteria, including generalization, reasoning capabilities, transferability, and interpretability, therefore providing a comparative analysis of their respective strengths and limitations. Notably, the Neuro → Symbolic ← Neuro model consistently outperforms its counterparts across all evaluation metrics. This result aligns with state-of-the-art research that highlight the efficacy of such architectures in harnessing advanced technologies like multi-agent systems
Compliance with ESAIC guidelines for fibrinogen concentrate prescription in cardiac surgery: a multicentre French cohort study
No full textInternational audienceBackground Fibrinogen concentrate may reduce allogeneic blood product transfusion in cardiac surgery patients with bleeding associated with acquired hypofibrinogenemia. The European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (ESAIC) has issued guidelines, but compliance to these guidelines has not been studied yet.Methods This multicentre observational cohort study was aimed at evaluating the compliance of fibrinogen prescription with ESAIC. Adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in 13 French cardiac surgery centres were recruited from March 2017 to April 2018. Compliance with ESAIC guidelines was considered whenever patients received fibrinogen in case of hypofibrinogenemia and clinically relevant bleeding, or when patients did not receive fibrinogen concentrate if there was no hypofibrinogenemia and/or no clinically relevant bleeding. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients who complied those guidelines. Secondary endpoints were to assess the consequences of non-compliance on in-hospital deaths and hospital length-of-stay. ResultsAmong 2,649 adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, 374 (14.1%) received fibrinogen concentrate. Rates of prescription among centres varied from < 1.0% to 31.2% (p < 0.001). Compliance with guidelines was observed in 2,291 (86.5%) patients, driven by a high number of patients without prescription (N = 2,158; 94.5%). In non-compliance patients (N = 358; 13.5%), fibrinogen over-prescription (N = 241) exceeded under-prescription (N = 117). In multivariate analyses, non-compliance with the guidelines was not significantly associated with in-hospital deaths or hospital stay.Conclusions Fibrinogen concentrate prescription varied significantly among centres but compliance with the ESAIC guidelines was high (86.5%). Non-compliance (13.5%)-mostly due to over-prescription-was not associated with adverse outcomes
A Comprehensive Review of Multiband Electromagnetic Metasurface Structures for Absorption and Wave Manipulation Applications
No full textInternational audienceMultiband metasurfaces have attracted significant attention as compact and multi-functionalplatforms for electromagnetic (EM) absorption and wave manipulation. This paper reviews recent advancesin multiband absorbers, frequency selective surfaces (FSS), and polarization converters, emphasizingtheir operating principles, structural configurations, and performance trade-offs. Particular attention isgiven to the dimensional and resonator aspects of metasurfaces, highlighting how unit-cell geometry,periodicity, and resonant structures directly influence 1) absorption efficiency, angular stability, andoperating frequency in absorbers, and 2) spectral selectivity, bandwidth control, and miniaturization inFSS, and 3) conversion efficiency, bandwidth, and polarization purity in polarization converters. Theseinterdependent parameters provide key guidelines for designing compact yet high-performance metasurfacesacross different functionalities. Multiband absorbers exploit impedance matching and multi-resonantunit-cell to achieve near-unity absorption across multiple frequency bands, with applications in stealth,electromagnetic interference (EMI) suppression, and RF energy harvesting. FSS structures integrate nestedor hybrid resonators within subwavelength cells to deliver high selectivity, angular stability, and miniaturizedfiltering for communication and radar systems. Polarization converters extend metasurface functionality byenabling linear-to-linear and linear-to-circular transformations within ultra-thin platforms, addressing thegrowing demand for polarization-agile devices in modern wireless and sensing applications. By identifyinglimitations and opportunities, this review underscores the role of multiband metasurfaces as enablingtechnologies for next-generation EM systems
Effets de la pulvérisation localisée d'herbicides sur la gestion des adventices
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Caractérisation structurale et fonctionnelle des Fructose-1,6-Bis phosphatases chloroplastiques de Klebsormidium nitens, des protéines potentiellement régulées par le monoxyde d’azote.
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Effects of water deficit and sulfur deficiency on the morphology and functioning of the nodulated root system of pea plants
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Video Game Accessibility in the Elementary School Classroom
No full textInternational audienceThis communication is the direct continuation of the one I gave at Fun For All 2023. For my PhD, I have created video game prototypes based on fairy tales that have been tested in French elementary school classrooms with children aged 6 to 11. The French educational system has been trying to promote the use of games and digital media in classes (Eduscol, 2023). In this presentation, I will explain how to best create an experiment or activity with children in an elementary school setting, which needs to take into account the needs of the children, as well as those of the teacher, and from a professional perspective, the curriculum. Before the experiment took place, we were afraid of teachers and schools being reticent at the idea of using video games in class, because of the public discourse against video game violence (Anderson et al., 2007; Lacko et al., 2024) and more generally about children’s use of screens (Laidlaw et al., 2020; Orlando, 2020). To further document their needs and issues, I created a survey that was distributed among French teachers that gathered 280 replies, of which I will show part of the results. I will then briefly introduce the two video games created for my PhD and the accessibility features that were implemented in both to fit the needs of elementary school children, which were especially designed to improve readability, using suggestions made by Inclusion Europe (2021) and recommendations and design techniques found in other games for children (Fisher, 2015). But the real goal of this presentation will be to discuss how to properly set-up a classroom to optimize the working conditions of the children, which takes into consideration not only the games, but the children as individuals, the teachers’ in-class objectives and the equipment of the school, which vary from one to another.Testing sessions have been organized in two steps. First, over half a day, I discussed fairy tales and video games with children before having them play my final prototypes. The pedagogical objective was to have children discover a new story, and thus acquire cultural knowledge, while at the same time practicing reading through a game. I first measured right after the first session how well they could retell the story, if it was fun and if they had encountered any issues. The second step was to test how well they remembered the story after two or three weeks had elapsed through a writing assessment, which would allow me to establish if the readability and accessibility measures designed in the game and in-class were successful. The results were positive, and the majority of students have shown to remember the story to differing degrees. Drawing from these testing sessions I have organized with several classes and more than 120 elementary school students, I will offer guidelines, that can be applied to similar endeavors related to video game accessibility and education in schools and other organizations that work with children
Institutionnalisation des données, institutionnalisation par les données. Les états deBourgogne, Bretagne et Languedoc et leurs papiers (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècle)
No full textInternational audienceLes archives révèlent pleinement l'activité parlementaire et administrative des états généraux de Bourgogne, Bretagne et Languedoc sous les rois Bourbons. Le gonflement de la masse documentaire provoquée par des interactions constantes et nombreuses entre les états, le roi, les autres institutions provinciales, les communautés et les habitants eux-mêmes s'est traduite par l'émergence et l'affirmation d'une politique des papiers provinciaux, probablement l'une des toutes premières après celle des finances. Le souci des archives témoigne de leur modernisation et signale leur désir d'incarner une forme d'autorité territoriale dans leur ressort. MOTS-CLÉSArchives, index, tables,</div
Romanità esemplare. Modelli e valori di Roma antica. Lecce: Pensa MultiMedia
No full textInternational audienceThe book focuses on the theme of exemplarity in order to investigate its meaning in Roman society through three case studies: the Sabine king Numa, Cato the Censor, and Livia, the first Augusta in the history of Rome. By analysing the profiles provided over the centuries by various types of ancient evidence, it highlights how the reworking of the memory of their biographical events evolved through institutional and cultural dynamics peculiar to the Roman civic framework, including the tendency to recognise in the personalities and deeds of influential figures of the past the expression of qualities and values to be assumed as collective heritage and identity. In this context, the analysis aims to verify how, in the late Republican, Imperial Age and Late Antiquity, historians, writers and other interpreters promoted the image of the three figures, making them exemplary subjects in relation to specific behaviours and qualities such as ‘iustitia’ and ‘religio’, ‘severitas’ and ‘pudicitia’. Their use as models to draw upon in different circumstances and with different objectives provided inspiration and stimulation to scholars and connoisseurs of ancient Rome who later, between the late Middle Ages and the Modern Age, returning to interpret their conduct and consolidating their reputation by making them representatives of an ‘exemplary Romanness’ that still deserves to be known today.Ce volume se focalise sur le thème de l'exemplarité, afin d'en questionner la signification dans la société romaine à travers trois cas d'étude : le roi Numa, Caton l'Ancien et Livia, la première Augusta de l'histoire romaine. Par l'analyse de sources différentes qui portent sur ces trois personnages, il met en évidence la manière dont la reconstruction et la relecture de leur biographie ont été influencées par des dynamiques institutionnelles et culturelle propres au cadre civique romain. Ce travail souligne notamment la tendance des Romains à reconnaître dans la personnalité et dans l'activité de protagonistes éminents du passé l'expression de qualités et valeurs qui deviennent partie du patrimoine collectif et identitaire. Dans ce cadre interprétatif, l'analyse vise à vérifier les modalités avec lesquelles les historiens et les lettrés ont valorisé l'image de ces trois figures à la fin de la République, à l'époque impériale et dans l'Antiquité tardive, pour en faire des modèles exemplaires par rapport à des comportements et des qualités précises comme la iustitia, la religio, la seueritas et la pudicitia. Leur réception en tant que modèles qui peuvent être utilisés à des moments et avec des objectifs toujours différents a offert des pistes et des sollicitations à des érudits, des philosophes et des passionnées d'horizon divers de l'histoire romaine. Entre le Moyen Âge tardif et l'époque moderne, ceux-ci ont à nouveau interprété la vie de ces trois personnages et ont ainsi contribué à pérenniser la réputation de ceux-ci, qui sont ainsi devenus les représentants d'une romanité exemplaire qui mérite d'être connue et valorisée encore aujourd'hui.Il volume si focalizza sul tema dell'esemplarità allo scopo di indagarne il significato nella società romana attraverso tre casi di studio: il re sabino Numa, Catone il Censore, Livia, la prima Augusta della storia dell'Urbe. Analizzando i profili restituiti nel corso dei secoli da testimonianze antiche di tipo differente, evidenzia come la rielaborazione della memoria delle loro vicende biografiche sia maturata attraverso dinamiche istituzionali e culturali peculiari del quadro civico romano, fra le quali si segnala l'attitudine a riconoscere nella personalità e nell'operato di autorevoli protagonisti del passato l'espressione di qualità e valori da assumere come patrimonio collettivo e identitario. In questa cornice, l'analisi intende verificare con quali modalità in età tardorepubblicana, imperiale e tardoantica, storici, letterati e altri interpreti abbiano promosso l'immagine delle tre figure facendone dei soggetti esemplari in rapporto a comportamenti e qualità peculiari come la 'iustitia' e la 'religio', la 'severitas', la 'pudicitia'. La loro acquisizione in veste di modelli cui attingere in circostanze e con obiettivi di volta in volta differenti, ha offerto spunti e sollecitazioni a dotti, teorici del pensiero e cultori a vario titolo della storia romana che più tardi, fra tardo medioevo ed età moderna, tornando ad interpretarne la condotta ne consolidarono la reputazione contribuendo a fare di loro i rappresentanti di una romanità esemplare che ancor'oggi merita di essere conosciuta e valorizzata