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MEE et e-JIREF : Parcours et enjeux de deux revues scientifiques francophones
No full textInternational audienc
Dynamics of thermophilic starters in PDO Comté cheese: Insights from viability qPCR
No full textInternational audienceIn Comté cheese production, Streptococcus thermophilus and thermophilic lactobacilli (Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus helveticus) drive acidification and early fermentation. This study investigated their dynamics during ripening in cheeses from two factories, over two production periods, using culture-based counts, qPCR, and PMAxx-based viability-qPCR (v-qPCR). Two starter types were compared: a natural whey starter (NWS) and a defined S. thermophilus strain starter (control). Thermophilic starters persisted throughout ripening, but their dynamics varied with cell type (culturable, total, viable), species, and starter type. Culturable counts declined by 3-6 log units during ripening. S. thermophilus maintained high total and viable levels (≈7-8 log gu/g of cheese), with minimal discrepancies between qPCR and v-qPCR results in control cheeses, indicating a predominantly viable population. In contrast, L. delbrueckii and L. helveticus showed marked viability losses, with discrepancies of up to 3 log units between total and viable counts by the end of ripening, suggesting a higher increase in nonviable lactobacilli compared to S. thermophilus. Starter type significantly influenced S. thermophilus culturability and viability, with the control strain maintaining higher levels over time, suggesting the importance of strain composition in the starter. No effect was observed on lactobacilli culturability. It was only observed for total and viable L. helveticus, depending on the period. v-qPCR effectively quantified viable thermophilic starters and revealed that culture-based methods underestimated viable populations. The persistence of thermophilic starters in multiple physiological states, influenced by the starter type, questions their potential functional role in flavor and texture development during cheese maturation
Rapid viral detection in milk using near infrared spectroscopy combined with Swiss knife partial least squares (SKPLS) 3-way multiblock
No full textInternational audienceHuman norovirus is the leading cause of foodborne illnesses, necessitating rapid, reliable, and cost-effective quantification methods. Near InfraRed Spectroscopy (NIRS) offers real-time analysis with minimal sample preparation. Two independent experiments, conducted 8 months apart in quadruplicate, produced 360 semi-skimmed milk measurement spiked with nine MS2 bacteriophage concentrations, a surrogate of human norovirus. Virus concentrations were modeled by 3-way partial least squares (PLS) regression correlating NIRS spectra with plaque-forming unit (PFU) measurements. A group-aware 5-fold cross-validation was applied to 72 sample groups using spectral pretreatments. The best performance was achieved with the extended multiplicative scatter correction (EMSC) and first derivative, yielding an R2 of 0.77 and 0.80 for validation. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was estimated at 4.9 × 103 PFU/mL, close to literature values for virus quantification in complex matrices. These results highlight the feasibility of NIRS as a rapid, non-destructive, and reagent-free approach for viral quantification in food systems
Le Religieux, gardien des institutions et des libertés
No full textInternational audienceAn exploration of the clerical, political and legal doctrines of all faiths (Christian, Jewish, Muslim, etc.), from a transdisciplinary, comparative and historical perspective, answering the question : do democracy and freedoms need a religious guarantee?Une exploration des doctrines cléricales, politiques et juridiques de toutes confessions (chrétiennes, judaïque, musulmane…), dans une perspective transdisciplinaire, comparée et historique répondant à la question : la démocratie et les libertés ont-elles besoin d’une garantie religieuse
Hybrid Visual Servoing for Robotic Assistance in ENT Microsurgery: A Case Study on Middle Ear Access
No full textInternational audienceThis paper introduces a robotic assistance system for minimally invasive middle ear surgery, focusing on precise access to the tympanic membrane. The system combines a 7degree-of-freedom robotic arm with a hybrid visual servoing framework that integrates position-based and image-based control strategies. Dual visual feedback from a color camera and an endoscope enables robust 6-DoF pose estimation and sub-millimetric tool guidance. A model-based tracker and blob detection ensure accurate alignment and targeting, while a Quadratic Programming controller enforces safety constraints such as maintaining the field of view. The approach is validated through simulations and real-world experiments, demonstrating high accuracy, robustness to anatomical variability, and suitability for clinical integration. This work advances robotic microsurgery by providing a closed-loop, constraint-aware control architecture tailored for otologic procedures
Modelling pest control and vector-borne disease spread to explore landscape and agricultural management strategies: the SimBAL agent-based model
No full text1. As the urgency to transition to sustainable agricultural systems grows, tools are required to support stakeholders, including farmers and advisors, in designing agricultural landscapes that strengthen ecosystem services. Landscape management is key to support natural pest control, allowing to reduce pesticide use. But the contextspecific nature of trophic interactions induces that, in practice, it is hardly feasible to test different changes in landscapes that are conducive to pest control and that guarantee it sufficiently to dispense with pesticide use. An alternative is to explore in silico the large-scale deployment of management options to help stakeholders, including policy makers, make choices and gain confidence in landscape management and selecting priorities. 2. We developed a spatially explicit modelling tool which has a general scope, and which is currently developed for the case of aphid dynamics in agricultural landscapes according to spatio-temporal host plant availability and natural enemy predation. The epidemiological consequences on the transmission of beet yellowing virus are considered. The availability of host plants for the aphid depends on farming practices (crop diversity, sowing and spraying dates, implementation of semi-natural features). The aim here is to limit this availability at population level and, in particular, to break the space-time continuities leading to massive colonisation of sugar beet. This logic is reversed for predation by natural enemies, with the aim of fostering resources and shelter continuity to promote their abundance and aphid control potential within the landscape. 3. An analysis of the model behavior, a sensitivity analysis and a calibration of the model were carried out. Sim-BAL outputs are consistent with current knowledge on aphid and infection dynamics. The model is able to represent inter-annual variability in sugar beet infection rates in the fields, and to discriminate landscapes that are suppressive towards aphids. 4. SimBAL was developed with the aim of exploring and comparing landscape scenarios to foster natural pest control, rather than being a precise predictive tool. The model can be used to test landscape scenarios based on the expressed priorities of stakeholders, and therefore favors transparency in decision-making. It is a solid tool for collective action in the management of territorial issues
Préventif, curatif et durabilité : repenser l'équilibre global en agriculture
No full textAccompagner l’évolution des systèmes agricoles vers une moindre dépendance aux produits phytopharmaceutiques en se concentrant sur les méthodes préventives et sur les évaluations élargies des pratiques de protection des cultures et en les appréciant à travers leur durabilité. Dans ce numéro, nous abordons la conception d’outils et de stratégies de prévention, le développement de méthodes de lutte non chimique contre différents ravageurs et pathogènes, ainsi que l’évaluation, la définition d’indicateurs, la diffusion et la structuration de pratiques, depuis l’échelle de la parcelle jusqu’à celle des territoires et des filières. Ces projets ont été financés dans le cadre des appels à projets Ecophyto Recherche & Innovation lancés en 2019 : - Les approches globales pour limiter l’utilisation des produits phytopharmaceutiques - Durabilité des systèmes de productions agricoles alternatifs évitant ou limitant l’utilisation des produits phytopharmaceutiques"National audienc
Les pratiques contractuelles du commerce international des céréales confrontées au droit de l'arbitrage
No full textInternational audience(Paris, 19 nov. 2024, no 23/14281, LS Agri c/ Sabor ; Paris, 17 déc. 2024, no 23/16162, SCEA de la Briqueterie c/ Ternoveo
À niveau égal, appréciation égale ? Comment les appréciations scolaires varient en fonction du sexe des élèves
No full textNotes IPP n°121Les appréciations figurant dans les bulletins scolaires trimestriels permettent aux enseignants de formuler un retour individualisé sur la progression de chaque élève. Mais sont-elles toujours une stricte évaluation du travail et de l’attitude des élèves ? L’étude statistique des bulletins scolaires remis à plus de 600 000 lycéens de terminale scientifique au cours de la période 2013-2017 révèle au contraire des différences dans les appréciations selon le genre de l’élève. Ces différences proviennent essentiellement du vocabulaire utilisé par les enseignants pour qualifier le comportement des filles et des garçons. Cependant, dans les matières scientifiques, et en particulier les matières débouchant sur des filières où les hommes sont surreprésentés, elles s’expliquent également par l’emploi de termes distincts pour qualifier les compétences de filles et de garçons de même niveau scolaire. D’une part, le vocabulaire genré associé au comportement traduit des appréciations relatives à l’immaturité perçue des garçons et visant à encourager les filles pour leurs efforts et leur sérieux. D’autre part, le vocabulaire genré associé aux compétences traduit des appréciations relatives aux lacunes des filles d’un côté, et aux aptitudes des garçons de l’autre. L’influence des enseignants employant plus intensément un vocabulaire genré tend à être limitée à court terme, tant en ce qui concerne la performance au baccalauréat que les choix d’orientation post-bac des élève
Measurement and assignment of E-symmetry states in the 6010-6110 cm−1 and 8940-9150 cm−1 ranges of methane using optical frequency comb double-resonance spectroscopy
No full textInternational audienceWe use sub-Doppler optical-optical double-resonance (OODR) spectroscopy with a 3.3 µm single-frequency pump and a cavity-enhanced 1.65 µm comb probe to measure 33 ladder-type (3v3 ← v3) and 8 V-type (2v3) transitions in the 5880-6090 cm-1 range of methane, reaching states with rovibrational E symmetry in the region of the P6 and P4 polyads, respectively. We assign the ladder-type transitions using new Hamiltonian predictions and the ExoMol line list, and the V-type transitions using the new Hamiltonian, ExoMol, HITRAN2020, and the WKLMC line lists. While 7 of the states in the 3v3 range have been previously observed either in earlier OODR work (without cavity enhancement) with 1.5 MHz accuracy or in FTIR measurements of cold bands with 150 MHz resolution, the states reported here have uncertainties down to 150 kHz (5 × 10-6 cm-1). The E-symmetry states exhibit first-order Stark splitting, which will be reported in our future work