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La protection internationale des déplacés internes victimes de conflits armés ou autres situations de violences
No full textThe protection of victims of internal displacement during conflicts or situations of violence is a critical concern of our society and sparks significant debates within the international community. The discussions focus on enhancing durable solutions following the end of the displacement, as well as establishing a specific protective framework tailored to address the needs of internally displaced persons (IDPs). This protective framework entails first the adoption of specific and binding norms, and second the creation of specific mandates tasked with monitoring and implementation duties. This study concentrates on the creation of this protective framework for the protection of IDPs. We undertook a comprehensive and cross-sectional analysis of the existing framework for the protection of IDPs, questioning its effectiveness and proposing potential improvements. Through this study, we observed that the protection of IDPs is hindered by entrenched principles of international law, such as state sovereignty and the principle of non-interference. The importance of these principles and the states' determination to preserve them led to the adoption of a set of guiding principles on internal displacement, framed in a non-binding instrument and supported by a non-specific institutional mandate, resulting in a lack of effective protection. To enhance the international protection of IDPs, we argued that the crystallization of existing international norms represents a first essential step toward achieving this goal. This objective led us to consider the creation of an international treaty for the protection of IDPs, with a detailed study of the African regional system, which, since 2009, has adopted the only binding instrument for IDP protection. This analysis examines the historical context of this instrument's adoption, its content, and its impact on IDPs across Africa, with the aim of exploring the potential for applying this approach at an international level. Alongside the possible strengthening of international norms through an international treaty, we also considered other approaches, such as crystallizing the 1998 Guiding Principles as customary international law.La question de la protection des victimes de déplacements internes au cours des conflits armés ou autres situations de violences est un sujet prégnant de notre société qui suscite d’importants débats au sein de la communauté internationale. Sont notamment discutés les hypothèses ayant trait à l’amélioration des solutions durables mise en œuvre à la fin des déplacements, mais également celles ayant trait à l’établissement d’un cadre de protection spécifiquement taillé pour une prise en charge des déplacés internes, avec d’abord l’adoption de normes spécifiques et contraignantes, et ensuite la création d’un cadre institutionnel pour leur mise en œuvre. C’est sur ce second aspect de la protection de ces personnes vulnérables que porte la présente étude. Nous avons voulu mener une étude transversale et profonde du cadre existant pour la protection des déplacés internes tout en nous questionnant sur son effectivité et en émettant des hypothèses d’amélioration pour ce dernier. À la faveur de cette étude, nous sommes rendu compte que la protection des déplacés internes se heurtait à des principes bien ancrés en droit international, tels que la souveraineté étatique ou encore le principe de non-ingérence, dont l’importance et la détermination de sauvegarde par les États, ont conduit à l’adoption d’un ensemble de principes directeurs relatifs au déplacement interne, regroupés dans un instrument non contraignant, impliquant un mandat institutionnel non spécifique et conduisant par voie de conséquence à une protection manquant d’effectivité. Pour parvenir à l’amélioration de la protection internationale des déplacés internes, nous avons choisi de considérer que la cristallisation des normes internationales existantes représentait le premier pas vers la réussite de cet objectif. La recherche de ce dernier nous a poussés à considérer d’abord l’hypothèse de la création d’un traité international de protection des déplacés internes, en étudiant en détail le système régional africain au sein duquel est adopté depuis 2009 le seul instrument contraignant de protection des déplacés internes. Le but de considérer le contexte historique d’adoption de cet instrument, son contenu et son impact sur les déplacés internes du continent africain, afin d’envisager la transposition de ce procédé au niveau international. En marge du durcissement, des normes internationales de protection des déplacés internes par la voie du traité international, d’autres hypothèses ont également été envisagées, notamment la cristallisation des principes directeurs de 1998 par la voie de la coutume internationale
Understanding the depositional dynamics of an open-air lithic assemblage from recent Middle Palaeolithic (Route de Brial, Montbartier, France) : an initial experimental approach.
No full textInternational audienceExperimental archaeology is an essential comparative approach for studying technical systems, not only from a technological and economic point of view but also for interpreting the spatial distribution of archaeological remains. It is indeed a relevant approach both for contributing to the reconstruction of post-depositional processes by helping to assess the integrity of the assemblages and for the dynamic reconstruction of in situ technical activities and the understanding of artefact distribution. The open-air site of Route de Brial (Tarn-et-Garonne, France), attributed to MIS 4–3, was excavated on over six hectares using significant mechanical and human resources. It yielded 27,000 lithic artefacts, grouped into several concentrations, composed of quartz and quartzite. Refitting and surface alteration analyses indicate that the spatial distribution of the artefacts is well-preserved after deposition. This evidence suggests that hominins were the primary agents structuring this organization, rather than edaphic processes. Spatial variations in the morphology and internal organization of the concentrations could therefore reflect the direct consequences of technical choices and knapping gestures. An experimental reference collection was created to compare with archaeological observations. Two knapping methods frequently observed in the assemblage were tested: unipolar freehand and unipolar on anvil. These were applied to quartz pebbles of similar petrographic type and volume to those found on the site. The experiments were conducted under controlled conditions: the same sedimentary environment as the site, a single knapper, constant seated posture, and a fixed position. Each knapping method was repeated three times. After each session, the resulting debitage concentrations were photographed for 3D modelling, and all products were spatially recorded. This protocol makes it possible to characterize spatial variability according to the knapping techniques employed. Though this study already represents a valuable interpretative milestone, it could benefit from the integration of new experimental parameters (production goals, technical operations, knapper’s position, individual variability, vegetation, etc.). Combined with other archaeological taphonomic methods applied to the Route de Brial site, this study contributes to a better understanding of the conditions of preservation of the archaeological assemblage
Peoples of Abu Saiba (Bahrain): human, cultural and social identities in Tylos through funerary practices
No full textInternational audienc
The Rise of the Radical Right in France (1972-2024)
No full textThis paper offers a historical and analytical account of the development of the French radical right from the founding of the National Front (Front national, FN) in 1972 to the contemporary positioning of the National Rally (Rassemblement national, RN) under Marine Le Pen. It argues that the RN's rise cannot be reduced to a sudden populist surge, but must be understood as the product of long-term political realignments, strategic rebranding, and shifting socio-economic conditions.The paper first traces the FN's origins in the post-1968 far-right milieu, showing how Jean-Marie Le Pen transformed a marginal neo-fascist-inspired group into an independent, family-run political enterprise. The initial electoral stagnation of the 1970s gave way to breakthroughs in the early 1980s, facilitated by two key factors: the Socialist Party's abrupt adoption of austerity in 1982-83, which alienated sections of the working class, and the FN's mobilisation of anti-immigration sentiment linked to the legacies of the Algerian War and the restructuring of the French labour market.Over the following decades, the FN capitalised on the erosion of the traditional right and left, positioning itself as the primary conduit for socio-economic discontent while refining its discourse to circumvent anti-racist legislation. The paper highlights that this "de-demonisation" began well before Marine Le Pen's leadership, although she accelerated and consolidated the process after 2011 by moderating the party's rhetoric on race, religion, and social mores, while embracing welfare chauvinism and economic nationalism.A central argument of the paper is that the RN's ideological evolution has been highly adaptive. The party moved sharply leftwards on economic issues after the 2008 crisis in order to differentiate itself from the neoliberal right, only to realign with economic orthodoxy in 2024-25 once it had secured dominance on the right. Simultaneously, its positions on gender and sexuality have softened, integrating selective feminist and pro-LGBT rhetoric into a nativist framework aimed at stigmatising Muslim populations.The paper concludes that the RN has become less radical in form and increasingly similar to the traditional right, yet its behaviour in power remains uncertain. Its future trajectory will depend largely on whether cultural conflicts or socio-economic concerns structure political competition in France
Global inequalities in ownership-based carbon footprints over 2010-2022
No full textWho owns the firms that produce global greenhouse gas emissions? We provide the first global estimates of ownership-based greenhouse gas emissions across and within 197 jurisdictions from 2010-2022. We link production-based emissions to owners using data on wealth distributions, portfolio compositions by wealth level, public capital stocks, and foreign investment positions, among other sources. We find that a large share of ownership-based emissions is tied to a small number of asset owners. Because top wealth groups hold portfolios that are, on average, more carbon-intensive, inequality in ownership-based emissions exceeds inequality in wealth. Our results suggest that net foreign ownership emissions could play a growing role in shaping emission responsibility between countries and regions. For example, Western Europe stands out as a region where production-based emissions decline over the 2010-2022 period, but foreign ownership-based emissions do not. Although recent policies have begun to reflect concerns raised by consumption-based accounting (such as quotas on the carbon content of imports) the emissions associated with ownership of foreign production remain largely unaccounted for
Efectos de las políticas migratorias restrictivas en Francia.: Trayectorias, desigualdades e experiencias de la espera
No full textInternational audienc
Le projet CH@RC@N. Actualités de la recherche: Compte rendu de la journée d’études CBMA du 22 septembre 2025
No full textThe CBMA workshop dedicated to the CH@RC@N project aimed primarily to assess the integration of newly digitized corpora within the Corpus Burgundiae Medii Aevi (CBMA) program, as well as the methodological and scientific directions opened up by their exploitation. The event provided an opportunity to revisit the historiographical context surrounding the production and use of the editions by Canivez (Statuta Capitulorum generalium ordinis Cisterciensis) and Charvin (Statuts, chapitres généraux et visites de l’ordre de Cluny). It also showcased the technical and editorial choices made during their digitization and electronic dissemination. Finally, it opened discussions on the preliminary results and research prospects offered by the use of these new corpora, in connection with the broader context of editing medieval Burgundian documents and the research conducted through the CBMA.La journée d’études CBMA consacrée au projet CH@RC@N avait pour objectif principal de faire le point sur l’intégration de nouveaux corpus numérisés au sein du programme Corpus Burgundiae Medii Aevi (CBMA) , ainsi que sur les orientations méthodologiques et scientifiques ouvertes par leur exploitation. La rencontre a permis de revenir sur le contexte historiographique de la production et de l’utilisation des éditions de Canivez (Statuta Capitulorum generalium ordinis Cisterciensis) et de Charvin (Statuts, chapitres généraux et visites de l’ordre de Cluny), de présenter les choix techniques et éditoriaux opérés dans le cadre de leur numérisation et de leur diffusion électronique, enfin, d'ouvrir la discussion sur les résultats préliminaires et les perspectives de recherche offertes par l’exploitation de ces nouveaux corpus, en lien avec l’actualité plus large de l’édition des documents bourguignons médiévaux et des recherches menées à partir du CBMA
