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Organic geochemical investigations of an MIS 5 fire in the Palaeolithic deposits of Ormesson (Seine-et-Marne, France): Anthropic or natural?
No full textInternational audienceDespite the central role of fire in Pleistocene and Palaeolithic lifeways, the relationship among hominins, fire, and their environment remains unclear. Ancient combustion residues hold a wealth of molecular data that may help to resolve some of these questions, yet standardised guidelines for reconstructing past fire traces are notably lacking. In this study, we examine extensive combustion residues overlying Middle Palaeolithic deposits from the open-air site of Ormesson (France). To determine whether the combustion residues are of natural or human origin, multiproxy approaches including anthracology, lipid biomarker, and benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) analyses are applied. These techniques are used to characterise organic matter and pyrogenic carbon compositions in the deposits, providing insights into surrounding vegetation, palaeoenvironmental shifts, and the production parameters involved in the formation of the char assemblage. Lipid biomarker evidence suggests that the pre-fire local environment featured abundant coniferous vegetation (e.g., Pinaceae taxa), which is supported by anthracological evidence for a predominance of Pinus cf. sylvestris/nigra complemented by Betula sp. taxa. The post-fire environment saw a contraction of coniferous vegetation, concurrent with an expansion of deciduous taxa, grasses and herbaceous material. The combustion event, which resulted in 67 % of the charcoal assemblage exhibiting vitrification, produced PyC contents of up to 362 g/kg OC in soil samples and 443 g/kg OC in charcoal samples, with aromatic condensation values of up to 34 %. BPCA-derived predictions of heat treatment temperatures yielded values of approximately 300–400 °C for charcoal samples and 400–550 °C for soil samples in the burned layer, constituting the first instance in which quantitative temperature estimations are obtained from BPCA results. Based on the integrated evidence, we accept the null hypothesis that the studied combustion residues are natural in origin. However, the similarity of archaeometric and geochemical signatures from natural and human-controlled fires underscores the need for interdisciplinary, multiproxy efforts to improve the identification of past fire regimes
How ICT shapes wages, working conditions, and job satisfaction
No full textWe study how the widespread diffusion of ICT affects wages, working conditions, and job satisfaction. We frame our empirical investigation with a model in which ICT can improve both wages and working conditions by increasing firms' output. Using French matched employer-employee data and an instrumental variable approach that is motivated by the model, we find that ICT diffusion in 2013-2019 has been beneficial to workers, who experienced both higher wages and better working conditions, particularly through greater flexibility, physical comfort, and safety. In contrast, ICT use has also increased psychological stress and work intensity. These effects vary across workers, firms, occupations and sectors, depending on their characteristics. Despite overall improvements in wages and working conditions, we estimate only modest positive effects of ICT use on job satisfaction. We discuss potential explanations for this finding
Un essai de stratigraphie urbaine d’Oran du Moyen Âge à la conquête française
No full textInternational audienceمدينة وهران غنية بتاريخ طويل وحافل بثقافات وتقاليد مختلفة، وتحتفظ بالقليل من الشواهد الدالة على تنظيمهاالفضائي في العصور الوسطى أو العصر الحديث. أدى تطوير التخطيط العمراني الحديث أو حتى المعاصر إلى طمستخطيط العصور الوسطى بالكامل تقريبًا. ومع ذلك، فإن القراءة الدقيقة للمصادر العربية والأوروبية الرئيسية معتحليل مختلف الخرائط والوثائق المتوفرة في الأرشيف الإسباني والفرنسي تمكن من تسليط الضوء على التغييرات فيالتنظيم الفضائي للمدينة والعثور على موضع مباني القرون الوسطى الأكثر رمزية وتطور المدينة على مر القرونRiche d’une longue histoire mouvementée sous des pouvoirs de culture et de traditions différentes, la ville d’Oran conserve peu de témoins de son organisation spatiale médiévale ou d’époque moderne. Le développement d’un urbanisme plus récent voire contemporain a effacé presque totalement la disposition médiévale. Toutefois, une lecture précise des principales sources arabes et européennes jointe à une analyse des différents cartes et représentations disponibles dans les archives espagnoles et françaises permettent de mettre en lumière les changements ou des permanences dans l’organisation spatiale de la ville et de retrouver, avec une stratigraphie historique, l’emplacement d’édifices médiévaux les plus emblématiques et le développement de la ville au long des siècles
Green investment support measures: a multi-sectoral, macro-financial analysis for the European Union
No full textThe transition to a low-carbon economy requires substantial investment to replace the production technologies and infrastructure reliant on fossil fuels. In addition to regulation and carbon pricing, a range of financial policies has been proposed to accelerate green investment. This article evaluates the implications of three of them - direct green investment subsidies, green public guarantees, and capital market deepening - in terms of emission reduction, economic activity, and public debt. The analysis relies on a stock-flow consistent, input-output model of the EU economy, which explicitly incorporates industries' marginal abatement costs, intersectoral input-output linkages, and investment financing channels. Model simulations reveal that direct subsidies are the most effective tool for achieving significant emission reductions; however, they also result in substantial increases in the debt-to-GDP ratio. In contrast, public guarantees and equity market development tend to strengthen public finances and economic activity but yield only moderate emission cuts. The results further suggest that combining policies can effectively balance emission mitigation and economic activity without compromising public finance sustainability
L’influence des syndicats depuis les années 1950 en France. De nouveaux éclairages à partir de données quantitatives
No full textThis article uses multiple sources of quantitative data to trace the evolution of trade union influence in France since the 1950s. On the one hand, we put into perspective explanations of the decline in union membership in the 1980s due to socioeconomic changes or generational renewal. On the other hand, we qualify the idea of a linear decline by highlighting other factors that drive the unions' capacity for mobilization, linked to the economic, social, and political context.Cet article restitue, à partir de multiples sources de données quantitatives, l’évolution de l’influence des syndicats en France depuis les années 1950. Nous relativisons d’une part les explications de la désyndicalisation des années 1980 par des transformations socioéconomiques ou par un renouvellement générationnel. Nous nuançons d’autre part l’idée d’un déclin linéaire, en faisant apparaître d'autres ressorts de la capacité de mobilisation des syndicats, liés au contexte économique, social et politique
Gouvernance culturelle éthique et responsable : un cadre de valeur publique muséale à l’échelle mondiale.
No full textInternational audienceThis conceptual chapter explores how cultural institutions can integrate ethics, responsibility, and sustainability into their governance and management models. Building on theories of Public Value (Moore, 1995; Osborne, 2018), Responsible Management (Laasch & Conway, 2015), and the Ethics of Care (Tronto, 2013), it proposes an integrated theoretical framework for Ethical and Responsible Cultural Governance. The approach emphasizes the interconnection between ethical deliberation, collective accountability, and the creation of shared meaning within cultural organizations.Focusing on museums worldwide as exemplary cases of public cultural responsibility, the chapter identifies seven guiding principles of Museal Public Value. These principles articulate how institutions can balance heritage preservation, social inclusion, and ethical accountability. They outline a managerial vision in which museums act as laboratories of responsibility — embedding empathy, reflexivity, and transparency into everyday governance practices. Beyond the museum field, the proposed framework offers a transferable foundation for rethinking governance across the broader cultural sector, including theatres, heritage sites, and performing arts organizations. It invites a paradigm shift toward institutions as ethical ecosystems, where public value creation becomes both a managerial and moral commitment.Ce chapitre conceptuel explore la manière dont les institutions culturelles peuvent intégrer l’éthique, la responsabilité et la durabilité dans leurs modèles de gouvernance et de management. En s’appuyant sur les théories de la valeur publique (Moore, 1995 ; Osborne, 2018), du management responsable (Laasch & Conway, 2015) et de l’éthique du care (Tronto, 2013), il propose un cadre théorique intégré pour une gouvernance culturelle éthique et responsable. L’approche met l’accent sur l’interconnexion entre la délibération éthique, la redevabilité collective et la création de sens partagé au sein des organisations culturelles. En prenant les musées du monde entier comme cas exemplaires de responsabilité culturelle publique, le chapitre identifie sept principes directeurs de la valeur publique muséale. Ces principes montrent comment les institutions peuvent articuler préservation du patrimoine, inclusion sociale et exigence éthique. Ils dessinent une vision managériale dans laquelle les musées deviennent des laboratoires de responsabilité, intégrant empathie, réflexivité et transparence dans leurs pratiques de gouvernance quotidienne. Au-delà du champ muséal, le cadre proposé offre une base transférable pour repenser la gouvernance dans l’ensemble du secteur culturel, y compris les théâtres, les sites patrimoniaux et les organisations du spectacle vivant. Il invite à un changement de paradigme vers des institutions conçues comme des écosystèmes éthiques, où la création de valeur publique devient à la fois un engagement managérial et moral
