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Les structures fondamentales des sociétés préhistoriques: À propos des Structures fondamentales des sociétés humaines de Bernard Lahire et de leur utilité en préhistoire
No full textInternational audienceIn Les structures fondamentales des sociétés humaines, Bernard Lahire shows that two biological constraints– sexual procreation and prolonged altriciality–permanently shape human social organisations. They generate relationships of dependence and domination, complemented by social invariants (kinship, division of labour, age hierarchies, cultural transmission) that structure all societies while leaving room for significant cultural variation. For prehistory, this framework provides an essential tool: in the face of incomplete data, it enables us to narrow down our hypotheses and anchor our analyses in the continuities of life. The book also sheds light on the structural origins of male domination, without denying the ability of human societies to modulate or overcome its effects. By offering a “map” of social invariants, Lahire provides major theoretical support for prehistoric research.Bernard Lahire montre dans Les structures fondamentales des sociétés humaines que deux contraintes biologiques – la procréation sexuée et l’altricialité prolongée – façonnent durablement les organisations sociales humaines. Elles génèrent des rapports de dépendance et de domination, complétés par des invariants sociaux (parenté, division du travail, hiérarchies d’âge, transmission culturelle) qui structurent toutes les sociétés tout en laissant place à d’importantes variations culturelles. Pour la préhistoire, ce cadre fournit un outil essentiel : face à des données lacunaires, il permet de resserrer les hypothèses et d’ancrer les analyses dans les continuités du vivant. L’ouvrage éclaire également l’origine structurelle de la domination masculine, sans nier la capacité des sociétés humaines à en moduler ou dépasser les effets. En offrant une « carte » des invariants sociaux, Lahire apporte ainsi un appui théorique majeur aux recherches préhistoriques
Stratégie nationale pour l’intelligence artificielle : la Cour des comptes plaide pour davantage de pilotage interministériel et pour un meilleur accès aux données
No full textNational audienceDans le cadre de sa mission de contrôle des services de l’État au titre de l’article L. 111-3 du code des juridictions financières, la Cour des comptes a rendu ce 19 novembre 2025 un rapport thématique contenant ses observations et recommandations sur la stratégie nationale pour l’intelligence artificielle (SNIA). Cette politique publique, issue du rapport Villani du 28 mars 2018, eut pour ambition de positionner la France comme un des leadeurs européens et mondiaux dans le domaine tout en préservant la souveraineté de la France. Rattachée au volet « Maîtrise de technologies numériques souveraines et sûres » du programme France 2030, le rapport de la Cour est l’occasion d’un bilan de cette politique publique qui a touché à sa fin, dans sa forme actuelle, en 2025
Was calcareous tufa deposition related to the forest cover during the Holocene? A GIS investigation
No full textInternational audienceSince the end of the last century, studies of paleoenvironments and paleoclimate have increasingly focused on calcareous tufas. Previously, it was assumed that their formation was related to climate and environmental changes, particularly changes in forest density. However, this has yet to be demonstrated. A dataset of 579 Holocene tufas was used to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of European tufas in relation to forest density. During the Holocene, tufas were located in areas that were fairly well forested. During the Preboreal and Boreal periods, they formed in areas with a higher forest cover than the European average, mostly in the lowlands of north-west Europe. Thus, during these periods, significant forest density appears to be a key contributor to tufa development. Until the Subatlantic, the forest density covering tufa areas (40-75%) matched that of Europe's most forested areas, with tufas being more widespread. Therefore, while significant forest coverage is necessary, it should not be overly dense. Currently, the average forest density in tufa areas (28-42%) is similar to the European average forest cover, suggesting that now their development is no longer correlated with forest density. We hypothesized that other factors could impact tufa development such as the fire regime and its reflect on different forest species and differences in topographical position. Finally, we wanted to highlight the importance of inventories in understanding the mechanisms of tufa development, which is essential for protecting active sites
IA et industries du futur, clubturgot.com, 2026
No full textclubturgot.comIA et industries du futur, clubturgot.com, 202
La norme pénale infraréglementaire: Actes du colloque du 10 avril 2015
No full textInternational audienceL’ouvrage entreprend de réceptionner en droit pénal le renouvellement des réflexions sur les sources du droit, pour saisir des « modalités d’expression de la juridicité » encore ignorée dans cette discipline (circulaires ministérielles, dépêches de la Direction des affaires criminelles et des grâces, notes, doctrines d’emploi ou référentiels de pratiques opérationnelles de la Direction de l’administration pénitentiaire, barèmes et protocoles de l’autorité judiciaire, avis ou recommandation d’autorités publiques indépendantes, etc.). L’hypothèse formulée est qu’il existe, en deçà de la loi pénale, une norme pénale infraréglementaire : un énoncé, émis par une autorité publique dépourvue de compétence pénale, ayant une portée normative en cette matière. En d’autres termes, il s’agit de proposer un élargissement de la notion de norme pénale et, corrélativement, la reconnaissance d’un nouveau mouvement de diversification des sources du droit pénal
Sketches and lessons of past and evicted ‘biogeochemical policies’ in twentieth century France
No full textInternational audienceAccording to the Stockholm Resilience Centre, cycles of biogenic elements (nitrogen, phosphorus) are massively disrupted. This disruption manifests the ‘metabolic rift’ between industrial society and its environment. Using a geohistorical approach, this paper explores French evicted socio-technical trajectories that can be considered as past ‘biogeochemical policies’ i.e., policies which can respond to this disruption of natural cycles: municipal composting, sewage farms, fish ponds, the use as fertiliser of urine and faecal matter. By outlining the factors of their disappearance, which constitute locks that have now to be overcome, it aims to reopen the future of both urban sanitation and agriculture
Droit(s) des travailleurs, entre confluence et divergences
No full textInternational audienceLe refus d'étendre le droit de se taire aux salariés en matière disciplinaire : une mise à distance problématique du droit des agents public
Identifying Missing Evidence in an Abundant Cuneiform Corpus
No full textInternational audienceAssyriologists have access to hundreds of thousands of cuneiform clay tablets, as well as thousands of inscriptions in stone and hundreds in metal.However, these tablets are very unevenly distributed in time and space, due to chance excavations, or for political, socio-economic or geographical reasons. The written artefacts at our disposal have survived natural sorting because of not only the durability of their material, but also human sorting and recycling carried out from antiquity onwards. Some of them were created to be ephemeral, depending on the type of activity recorded; the content of libraries are not taken into account here. Assemblages of written artefacts were regularly sorted, reorganised and even moved. A group of non-literary cuneiform tablets discovered in the same room and containing texts of practice, referred to by the word ‘archive’ in Assyriology, is probably never complete. Nonetheless, we are tempted to treat it subjectively as if complete to reconstruct its owner’s identity and activities. Using various examples, this contribution considers the many reasons why we have only a small part of the cuneiform written output of the ancient Mesopotamians, the different types of written artefacts that are missing, and the possible consequences of this absence for historical reconstruction
Compounds and Raiders: A Strategic Model of Self-Protection in the End Times
No full textInternational audienceThis paper examines the rationality of elite bunker-building as a response to anticipated societal collapse. Indeed, the phenomenon of “prepping” for “the Event” can be framed as self-insurance and relies on a transactional view of humanity, if one is to ensure the control of a compound and fight off potential assailants. We draw on economic decision modeling to analyze how the necessity of internal control by the leader, resentment or the perception of potential loot by outsiders interact with fortification strategies. We introduce a “Machiavelli index” to represent hostility and show that excessive investment in defense can be counterproductive and provoke attack. Maximum bunkerization may not be optimal compared to a degree of cooperation, redistribution, and efforts to reduce perceived inequality. Survival in the end times may depend less on walls and more on legitimacy, reciprocity, and strategic restraint
Democratic Control Over Tax Treaties: A Comparative Constitutional Perspective
No full textInternational audienceThe article asks a fundamental constitutional question: who democratically controls tax treaty policy? Using a functional, lifecycle-based comparative method, it examines four pivotal moments at which representative consent may shape or limit tax treaty commitments: entry (negotiation and approval), clarification (reservations, subsequent agreements, interpretative practice), operation (domestic implementation and application, including override), and exit (termination). Although tax treaties reallocate taxing right, reshape tax bases and affect public revenue, the comparative analysis of selected civil-law and common-law jurisdictions reveals a recurring pattern of executive dominance. Parliaments play a central but temporarily compressed role at approval or implementation, but they are only weakly integrated into the management and evolution of treaty commitments. The article maps emerging best practices and advances a reform agenda aimed at re-embedding tax treaties within domestic chains of democratic legitimacy, so that the principle of “no taxation without representation” applies coherently to both international tax commitment and ordinary tax legislation