Jurnal STAI Al-Hamidiyah
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The Risk and Risk-free Rate of T-bills
No full textThis study argues that a payment’s risk approaches zero as maturity approaches zero, and that the central bank’s short-term rate best captures the risk-free rate of various assets. Expecting that the T-bill risk largely reflects a country’s inflation risk or macrorisk, we measure the risk as a one-year payment’s risk to be comparable across assets. We argue that the risk-free rate reflects the expected inflation effect, that the inflation risk reflects the unexpected inflation effect or the opportunity cost of alternative nondepreciating investment, and that a GDP growth rate lower than the risk-free rate is actually negative. To simplify the formulas, we also examine if the two returns can be computed independently. We employ two factors to model the risk-free rate, which the market expects the current monetary policy to bring towards the neutral level over a certain period. The 4-factor models include a risk constant over maturity to capture the depreciation cost of inter-bank short-term lending. To solve the model factors, we use repeated trials to minimize the prediction errors. Our models thus split T-bill returns into the risk and the risk-free rate. The 4-factor independence model outperforms all the other models, on average explaining 99.3% of the US T-bill returns. The T-bill metrics is the gateway to the risks of various corporate assets. We have to develop the 4-factor independence model into software to analyze the noise of inflation risk that follows a blended normal distribution (Nie, 2023)
Center of Attention: Spatial Position Affects Quantity Judgments and Product Preference
No full textConsumers often encounter products featuring assorted components, such as bags of flavored popcorn or flower bouquets. How do they judge the quantity of each component to form overall preferences? Across twelve pre-registered studies, this article shows that spatial positioning significantly shapes judgements of relative quantity. The findings reveal a proximity-to-center bias: When evaluating products with assorted items, consumers tend to perceive a given type of item as more numerous when it appears closer to the center of the display, even when actual quantity is lower. This bias impacted both hypothetical and real choices. Consumers preferred products where the packaging positioned more of the type of item that they liked most, such as a specific popcorn flavor, closer to the center. Remarkably, this preference persisted even when the actual quantity of their favored type was lower. These results suggest that these biases are rooted in selective attention, specifically to the center of the product display. This research highlights the intricate relationship between spatial positioning, quantity judgments, and consumer decision-making, offering valuable insights for product design and display strategies
Interoceptive Accuracy in Children Aged 8 to 13 and Their Parents: Implications for Mental Health
No full textObjective: Interoceptive accuracy, meaning accurately detecting and discriminating internal bodily signals, has been proposed as a factor of high relevance to mental health. Nevertheless, studies focusing on the assessment of interoceptive accuracy in children are scarce. Method: The present study addresses this gap by using questionnaire-based measures of interoceptive accuracy as well as behavioural measures such as a heartbeat counting task and a novel cardiovascular signal detection task. These instruments were used to assess interoceptive accuracy in a sample of children aged 8-13 years (N = 37) and their parents (N = 29), aiming to investigate its connection with dimensions of psychopathology, including internalizing, externalizing, and somatoform symptomatology. Following recent suggestions, standard frequentist analyses were complemented by results from Bayesian analyses. Results: The findings provide evidence for a negative relationship between children's self-reported interoceptive accuracy and internalizing symptomatology reported by their parents (β = -.527). However, no evidence was found to support relationships between experimentally assessed cardiac interoceptive accuracy and psychopathological symptoms. Conclusion: These results emphasize the importance of adopting more comprehensive measures for assessing interoceptive accuracy in research involving children. The paper addresses limitations arising from the limited sample size and potential type I error
Inoculating the Public Against Misinformation about Wellbeing Programmes. Experiment 1
No full textOur research explores the factors which influence someone’s decision to participate, or not participate, in mindfulness-based programs. This project aims to help people choose the best available mindfulness interventions, as many programmes offered for sale have not actually been scientifically proven to help wellbeing. We take a ‘psychological vaccine’ approach, to protect the individual against misleading information sometimes presented in advertisements for mindfulness programs. We will train people to critically evaluate the value of information describing a mindfulness program. They should then be less likely to believe marketing material that presents a programme in a deceptively positive light.
The experiment will compare different types of inoculation videos with a control condition on their effect on the viewer’s perceived reliability of misinformation within a mindfulness programme description. Effect sizes will be compared to determine the most effective message components for inoculation to have the highest protective impact
Everyone I don't like is biased: Affective evaluations and the bias blind spot
No full textPeople commonly exhibit a bias blind spot (BBS), judging themselves as less susceptible to bias than the “average other.” However, less is known about how people attribute bias to familiar others who evoke strong affect. We examined whether attributions of bias are sensitive to affective impressions of others. In Experiment 1, participants viewed themselves as considerably less biased than the average survey respondent and a personally-known disliked other but not less biased than a familiar individual whom they liked. Experiments 2 and 3 examined the BBS in politically polarized groups of Democrats and Republicans. While participants judged themselves as somewhat less biased than co-partisans, they viewed themselves as much less biased than their political opponents. In all experiments, the effect of other target selection on the BBS was mediated by affective evaluations. We discuss the theoretical implications of affective evaluations guiding how people attribute bias to familiar others
IPPOS - Individualised Perimetry Progression Observations in glaucoma Study
No full textThe Individualised Perimetry Progression Observations in glaucoma Study (IPPOS) is a longitudinal study following people with glaucoma every 4 months over 3 years at the Lions Eye Institute. The main novel measurement is an implementation of the ARREST visual field testing approach which adds locations for testing to the visual field without increasing test times
Basic Resources for Pharmacy Education
No full textBasic Resources for Pharmacy Education is a service project of the Drug Information and Library Sciences section (DILS) of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP). The guide supports those tasked with developing or updating library collections for pharmacy colleges and schools. It offers a selection of recommended books and resources for inclusion in pharmacy libraries; however it is not mandatory to purchase every suggested title