Jurnal STAI Al-Hamidiyah
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Shared Etiology and Causation Between Depression, Anxiety and Substance Use in Young Adults: Integrative Evidence from Twin, Longitudinal, and Genetic Data
No full textYoung adulthood is a critical period for the development of psychopathology and substance use (Kessler et al, 2005. Arch Gen Psychiatry. PMID: 15939837). Depression and substance use (especially cigarette smoking and alcohol use) often show codeveloping trajectories during this period (Marmorstein et al, 2010. Drug Alcohol Depend. PMID: 19926409). This high comorbidity may arise from shared underlying genetic and environmental influences (Bornovalova et al, 2018. Dev Psychopathol. PMID: 28420454) or from reciprocal causal effects (Treur et al, 2021, Psychol Med. PMID: 34030749). The COVID-19 pandemic and the ensuing disruptions and instability likely exacerbated the mental health challenges among young adults (Douglas et al, 2020. BMJ. PMID: 32341002).
TEDS (Twins Early Development Study) is an ongoing community-based longitudinal study of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins born in England and Wales between 1994 and 1996. The TEDS study has collected six waves of repeated-measures data in young adulthood, including a pre-pandemic TEDS-21 assessment (2018-2019) at ages 21-24, four waves during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-21) when the participants were aged 23-27, and the most recent TEDS-26 assessment in 2021-22 (ages 25-28). In previous studies examining the TEDS young adult assessments (prior to TEDS-26), depression and substance use showed small changes in the average levels and the relative contributions of underlying genetic and environmental factors during this period, mainly during the first month of the pandemic (Rimfeld et al, 2021, Behav Genet. PMID: 33624124; Rimfeld et al, 2022, BJPsych Open. PMID: 35860899). However, the shared etiology and potential causal influences between these measures are yet to be studied.
In this study, we aim to develop novel models for disentangling different sources of covariance using twin, longitudinal, and genetic data. We will apply these models to the TEDS dataset to dissect the cross-sectional and longitudinal covariance between depression symptoms and substance use (cigarettes per day and alcoholic drinks per week) into shared latent etiological factors and potential bidirectional causal effects:
1. Lagged/longitudinal effects across six waves of assessments: TEDS-21, the four COVID Study assessments, and TEDS-26.
2. Proximal (cross-sectionally estimated) effects at each assessment, representing cumulative causal influences not captured by the lagged effects.
Given the high comorbidity and phenomenological overlap between depression and anxiety, our secondary aim is to estimate similar sources of covariance between anxiety symptoms and substance use during this period
Smart Choices for Measurement Models: Executable Manuscript Tutorial for your Confirmatory Factor Analysis in R Environment
No full textThis article aims to accomplish three objectives: first, to compile guidelines for the application of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), a widely utilized technique in applied social sciences; second, to demonstrate how these guidelines can be practically implemented through a real-world example; and third, to structure this narrative using tools that promote reproducibility, replicability, and transparency of results. To this end, we propose a solution in the form of a tutorial article wherein the key decisions made in conducting a CFA are validated through recent literature and presented within a dynamic document framework. This framework enables readers to access the article's source code, utilized data, analytical execution codes, and various reading media. We anticipate that by employing this pedagogical approach, developed entirely within an open environment (utilizing Git/Github/RStudio/Quarto/R packages + lavaan/Docker), researchers proficient in specific statistical techniques relevant to their domains will adopt and disseminate this proposal, thereby benefiting their colleagues
Three Strikes and Who is Out? Individual Differences in Error-Induced Quitting
No full textThe biggest threat to learning is to not engage in it. Crucially, sequential errors have been found to
be an important cause of quitting from learning. However, little is known about how students differ in
their sensitivity to errors. Using intensive longitudinal practicing data from over 200, 000 primary-school
students in a large-scale Online Learning Environment, we confirm previous findings that sequential errors
strongly increase the probability of quitting from learning. Second, we find large variability in this effect,
ranging from no or small tendencies to quit to high sensitivities to quitting following sequential errors.
We validate these results in an independent dataset, and show that individual differences are stable across
two arithmetic practice domains. Our results corroborate the theoretical notion that students differ in
their tolerance to failure and pinpoint a need to individualize how computer-adaptive systems intervene
after errors
Science and performance and injury risk in male 15s rugby students: a systematic review
No full textResearchers have stated that 15s Rugby Union (RU) junior athletes develop and undergo changes, a process known as temporal dependence, to optimise performance, and sports performance is guided by the complex interaction of physiological and psychological variables to overcome internal and external constraints. Furthermore, the role of sports physiology is vital during the preparation of younger athletes, as physiological deficiencies can compromise performance, leading to an increased risk of injury.
Currently, available data remains unclear for any specific RU cohort, as their performance results vary by age group and level of play. Furthermore, recent publications emphasise that “It is vital to recognize that the frequency of use does not necessarily equate to the superiority of a test”, and testing protocols limit conclusions, especially for practical application. Therefore, “to make sense of the conflicting results found in the published literature”, this systematic review aims to determine whether evidence-based principles were used to assess physiological factors affecting performance in 15s RU male college student-athletes with a mean age of 19-20 years and an age range of 17-22 years. Additionally, since unreliable testing protocols restrict conclusions—particularly for practical application, this review briefly summarises the importance of evidence-based principles across each area of applied sports science necessary for measuring factors that influence performance in this cohort, thereby promoting adherence to established practices
The LvL UP Trial: Evaluating an Adaptive Blended Mobile Lifestyle Intervention for Adults at Risk of Noncommunicable Diseases and Common Mental Disorders
No full textThe purpose of the present OSF project is to serve as a one-stop point for all relevant documents related to the LvL UP Trial, including pre-prints, manuscripts, supplementary materials, data sets, or conference presentations.
LvL UP is a mHealth intervention aimed at preventing non-communicable diseases and common mental disorders in multi-ethnic Southeast Asian populations. Building upon leading evidence- and theory-based frameworks in the areas of mental health and behaviour change, a multidisciplinary team of researchers developed LvL UP as a holistic intervention centred around three core pillars: Move More, Eat Well, Stress Less. The intervention has been developed to facilitate the inclusion of an adaptive blended component for ‘non-responders’ (i.e., users that show no improvements or are at risk of disengaging), consisting of motivational interviewing-inspired coaching sessions.
A LvL UP Trial is planned to evaluate LvL UP's effectiveness and to determine if the addition of an adaptive blended component can improve health behaviour and outcomes. Other secondary aims include:
- Identifying the most cost-effective intervention condition (e.g., LvL UP alone vs LvL UP + motivational interviewing-inspired support).
- Exploring time-varying and baseline moderators (e.g., sociodemographic variables) on intervention outcomes.
- Conducting a process evaluation to help explain the outcomes of the research.
- Investigating which smartphone sensor data might be effective in predicting user's receptivity to LvL UP notifications.
- Investigating which signals (e.g., audio signals, usage patterns) are most useful for predicting the presence of subclinical depression or other mental health conditions within LvL UP users.
- Validating a 7-day modified Food Frequency Questionnaire based on My Healthy Plate recommendations by Singapore's Health Promotion Board.
- Developing and evaluating a supervised non-responder / dropout prediction model using retrospective user app engagement data from the trial.
Further information is available in the LvL UP Trial protocols (see Files below)
Neural Correlates of Proactive and Reactive Control
No full textThis ERP study investigated central nervous correlates of proactive and reactive control using a novel precued antisaccade paradigm. Proactive control refers to preparatory processes during anticipation of a behaviorally relevant event; reactive control is activated after such an event to ensure goal attainment. A 64-channel EEG was obtained in 35 healthy subjects; video-based eye tracking was applied for ocular recording. In the task, a target (probe) appeared left or right of the fixation point 1800ms after a visual cue; subjects had to move their gaze to the probe (prosaccade) or its mirror image position (antisaccade). Probes were emotional face expressions, with their frame colors instructing task requirements. The cue informed about antisaccade probability (70% vs. 30%) in each trial. High antisaccade probability was associated with larger CNV amplitude than low antisaccade probability. In trials with incongruence between expected and actual task requirements, probe N2 and P3a amplitudes were larger than in congruent trials. P3a was smaller for affective than neutral probes, irrespective of congruency. Task accuracy and speed were lower in incongruent trials and varied according to affective probe valence. EEG source imaging suggested the origin of the ERPs to be in orbitofrontal cortex and superior frontal gyrus. The effect on the CNV indicates greater cortical activity during higher proactive control demands. Larger probe N2 and P3a in incongruent trials reflect greater resource allocation to conflict monitoring and conflict resolution, i.e., reactive control. The influence of probe valence on P3a suggests reduction of processing capacity due to higher emotional arousal
Differences in Gender Pension Gaps in public and private pensions in West Germany: What role do work-family life courses play?
No full textEven though Gender Pension Gaps (GPG) surpass gender wage gaps in most European countries, we know less about how they emerge and relate to gendered life-course inequalities.
This study contributes by applying a life-course-sensitive decomposition to linked survey-register data for Germany (SHARE-RV), decomposing gender gaps in public and private pensions based on common work-family life courses. It considers the interdependencies of employment, family life, and earning positions over the life course, relevant due to pension privatization in Europe.
GPGs occur because privileged life courses (stable civil servant careers for public and high-income employment for private pensions) yield high pensions but are almost exclusively accessible by fathers. Gender differences in access to high-income careers for parents drive the GPG in private pensions more than the gap in public pensions. The study underscores the future risk of high GPGs given the persistently high Gender Wage Gap and pension privatization in Germany
On Bias in Detecting Bias: A Signal Detection Analysis of Attributions to Gender Discrimination
No full textDiscrimination is the unjust treatment of people based on their group membership, and detecting discrimination is a necessary first step in countering it. Attributions to discrimination have often been conceptualized in terms of Signal Detection Theory (SDT), entailing speculation and theorizing about the mediation of observed effects on judgments through observers’ sensitivity (i.e., their ability to recognize discrimination) or response bias (i.e., their tendency to judge that it is present). Here, we take a first step toward moving beyond conceptual applications to empirical SDT analyses of attributions to discrimination. Across five studies examining judgments about gender discrimination in corporate pay raise decisions, we find that prototypes (Studies 1 to 3) and their alignment with the actual pattern of decisions (Studies 2 to 4) inform observers’ response bias, reflecting differences in their attribution of unfair outcomes to discrimination (Study 5). In contrast, the extent of harm caused by discriminatory outcomes exerts a small effects on sensitivity and a large effect on response bias (Studies 1 to 3), which reflects observers’ determination of a fair standard for decisions and not their attributions (Study 5). We generally find that response bias is more malleable than sensitivity — which is a theoretical advancement but poses challenges for training initiatives aimed at reducing discrimination through increasing awareness. Taken together, our results exemplify and highlight the complex and often distinct mechanisms through which variables such as harm or prototypes shape attributions to discrimination
