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Felix culpa theodicy against the problem of evil
Get PDFBatı din felsefesinin önde gelen düşünürlerinden Alvin Plantinga, dinî epistemoloji alanında Tanrı inancının rasyonelliği üzerine yaptığı çalışmalar ve felsefeye sunduğu katkılarla öne çıkmış çağdaş bir isimdir. Bu çağdaş ismin felsefe dünyasında dikkat çeken temel düşüncelerinden biri, kötülük problemine dair ileri sürdüğü çalışmalardır. Plantinga, akademik kariyerinin ilk dönemlerinde mantıksal kötülük problemini 'Özgür İrade Savunması' çerçevesinde ele almış ve Tanrı'nın kötülüğe izin vermesini özgür iradeli varlıkları yaratmış olmasıyla açıklamıştır. Daha sonraki dönemde, Tanrı'nın dünyadaki kötülüğe izin vermesinin enkarnasyon ve kefaretin gerçekleşmesine olanak sağladığı fikrine dayanan bir teodise geliştirmiş ve bu teodiseyi, 2004 yılında kaleme aldığı "Supralapsarianism or O Felix Culpa" başlıklı makalesinde sistematik bir şekilde sunmuştur. Plantinga makalesinde kötülüğün Tanrı'nın nihai planının bir aracı olduğunu, varlığının rastlantısal olmadığını aksine belirli bir amaca hizmet ettiğini, enkarnasyon ve kefaretten doğan iyiliklerinin mevcut kötülükleri aştığını iddia etmiştir. Bu çalışmada, din felsefesinin temel sorunlarından biri olan kötülük problemine karşı sunulan Felix Culpa teodisesi ve bu teodiseye yöneltilen eleştiriler ele alınmıştır.Alvin Plantinga, one of the leading thinkers of Western philosophy of religion, is a contemporary figure who has come to the fore with his studies on the rationality of belief in God in religious epistemology and his contributions to philosophy. One of the fundamental ideas of this contemporary figure that draws attention to the world of philosophy is his work on the problem of evil. In the early stages of his academic career, Plantinga addressed the logical problem of evil within the framework of the 'Free Will Defense' and explained God's reason for not preventing evil by creating beings with free will. Later, he developed a theodicy based on the idea that God's permission for evil in the world enables the realization of incarnation and atonement. He systematically presented this theodicy in his article "Supralapsarianism or O Felix Culpa" in 2004. In his article, Plantinga claimed that evil is a tool in God's ultimate plan, that its existence is not random but serves a specific purpose and that the goodness resulting from incarnation and atonement surpasses existing evils. In this study, the Felix Culpa theodicy and the criticisms directed towards this theodicy are brought to the agenda
Relationship between health literacy, health fatalism and attitudes towards cancer screenings: latent profile analysis
Get PDFBackgroundThe aim of this study is to examine the relationship between health literacy, health fatalism and attitudes towards cancer screening using latent profile analysis (LPA).MethodsThis study was conducted in a cross-sectional descriptive design between December 2023- December 2024. The study was conducted with 1262 adult individuals living in a province in eastern Turkey.ResultsAs a result of LPA, Class 1 was named as High Health Awareness and when the indicators in Class 1 were analyzed, it was found that health literacy and attitude towards cancer screenings were high and health fatalism was low. Class 2 is labeled as Low Health Awareness and when the indicators in this class are examined, it is determined that health literacy and attitude towards cancer screening are low and health fatalism is high.ConclusionsIn our study, individuals were divided into two classes as High Health Awareness and Low Health Awareness according to the level of health awareness; in the first class, health literacy and attitudes towards cancer screenings were high and health fatalism was low; in the second class, health literacy and attitudes were low and health fatalism was high.Sakarya UniversityWe thank the participants for taking part in the study
An Evaluation on the Effect of Culture on the Self
Get PDFKültür, insanlarin yasamlarini ve kimliklerini sekillendiren önemli bir etkendir. Kültürlerarasi psikolojinin ortaya çikmasiyla birlikte kültürün psikolojik süreçler üzerinde kritik roller oynadigi anlasilmistir. Bu çalisma, kültür ve benlik kurgulari arasindaki karmasik iliskiyi inceleyerek, kültürün bireylerin benliklerini algilama ve insa etme biçimlerini nasil derinden etkiledigini degerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadir. Benlik kurgulari, bireylerin kendilerini nasil tanimladiklarinin ve toplum içinde nasil etkilesimde bulunduklarinin temelini olusturur. Bu baglamda kültür, bu benlik kurgularinin sekillenmesinde önemli bir rol oynar. Bireyler belirli kültürel baglamlar içinde yetistikçe, kültürel unsurlari içsellestirirler ve bu da kimliklerini nasil tanimladiklarini etkiler. Örnegin, toplulukçu kültürlerden gelen bireyler benlik kurgularinda grup uyumu ve birbirine bagliligi vurgularken, bireyci kültürlerden gelenler kisisel özerklik ve bagimsizliga öncelik verebilir. Dahasi, kültür benlik kurgularini sekillendirerek bireylerin algilarini, bakis açilarini, tutumlarini, tercihlerini ve duygularini etkiler. Bununla birlikte, kültürün benlik kurgulari üzerindeki etkisinin tek yönlü veya deterministik olmadigini kabul etmek önemlidir. Bireyler, kültürel geçmisleri arasinda gezinme, kendilerine uyan yönleri birlestirirken uymayanlara uyum saglama veya meydan okuma becerisine sahiptir. Bu dinamik süreç, kültür ve benlik kurgulari arasindaki karmasik ve incelikli iliskiyi göstermektedir.Culture is an important factor shaping people's lives and identities. With the emergence of cross-cultural psychology, it has been understood that culture plays critical roles in psychological processes. This article delves into the intricate relationship between culture and self-construals, aiming to evaluate how culture profoundly influences the way individuals perceive and construct their selves. Self-construals serve as the foundation for how individuals define themselves and interact within society. Culture, in this context, plays a pivotal role in shaping these self-construals. As individuals are raised within specific cultural contexts, they internalize cultural elements, which subsequently impact how they define their identities. For example, individuals from collectivist cultures may emphasize group harmony and interconnectedness in their self-construals, whereas those from individualistic cultures may prioritize personal autonomy and independence. Furthermore, by shaping self-construals, culture influences individuals' perceptions, perspectives, attitudes, preferences, and emotions. However, it is essential to acknowledge that culture's influence on self-construals is not unidirectional or deterministic. Individuals possess agency and the ability to navigate their cultural backgrounds, incorporating aspects that resonate with them while adapting or challenging those that do not. This dynamic process illustrates the complex and nuanced relationship between culture and self-construals
Global Efficiency Assessment in COVID-19 Contagion Control and Treatment
Get PDFIn the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic, countries aimed to reduce morbidity and mortality by enhancing contagion control and treatment efficiency. Efficiency levels varied significantly across countries due to differences in resources, intervention strategies, and contextual factors. This study analyzes 144 WHO member countries to classify them based on preparedness and resources, measure efficiency in contagion control and treatment, and identify determinants of efficiency. A three-stage approach was applied. First, countries were clustered using the k-means algorithm based on development-related indicators, including the Human Development Index, Statistical Performance Index, and Global Health Security Index. Second, contagion control and treatment efficiency were assessed using Data Envelopment Analysis. For contagion control efficiency, input variables included non-pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical interventions, with cases per million as the output. Treatment efficiency was evaluated using health expenditure, hospital beds, and health workforce as inputs, and case fatality rate as the output. Finally, Classification and Regression Trees and Random Forest algorithms were used to determine variables influencing efficiency. The clustering process resulted in two country groups. Findings reveal that health expenditure, urban population percentage, and GDP per capita were significant variables for contagion control efficiency in the first cluster, while testing rates, health expenditure, and GDP per capita were important in the second cluster. For treatment efficiency, land borders, vaccination rates, and GDP per capita emerged as key influencing factors. These findings identify key drivers of efficiency and offer practical guidance for countries to enhance their preparedness and adapt strategies for future global health crises. En la respuesta mundial a la pandemia de COVID-19, los pa & iacute;ses buscaron reducir la morbilidad y la mortalidad mejorando el control del contagio y la eficiencia del tratamiento. Los niveles de eficiencia variaron significativamente entre pa & iacute;ses debido a las diferencias en recursos, estrategias de intervenci & oacute;n y factores contextuales. Este estudio analiza 144 pa & iacute;ses miembros de la OMS para clasificarlos seg & uacute;n su preparaci & oacute;n y recursos, medir la eficiencia en el control del contagio y el tratamiento, e identificar los determinantes de la eficiencia. Se aplic & oacute; un enfoque de tres etapas. En primer lugar, se agruparon los pa & iacute;ses utilizando el algoritmo k-medias basado en indicadores relacionados con el desarrollo, incluyendo el & Iacute;ndice de Desarrollo Humano, el & Iacute;ndice de Desempe & ntilde;o Estad & iacute;stico y el & Iacute;ndice de Seguridad Sanitaria Mundial. En segundo lugar, se evalu & oacute; el control del contagio y la eficiencia del tratamiento mediante el An & aacute;lisis Envolvente de Datos. Para la eficiencia del control del contagio, las variables de entrada incluyeron intervenciones farmac & eacute;uticas y no farmac & eacute;uticas, con casos por mill & oacute;n como resultado. La eficiencia del tratamiento se evalu & oacute; utilizando el gasto en salud, las camas hospitalarias y el personal sanitario como entradas, y la tasa de letalidad como resultado. Finalmente, se utilizaron & aacute;rboles de clasificaci & oacute;n y regresi & oacute;n y algoritmos de bosque aleatorio para determinar las variables que influyen en la eficiencia. El proceso de agrupamiento dio como resultado dos grupos de pa & iacute;ses. Los resultados revelan que el gasto en salud, el porcentaje de poblaci & oacute;n urbana y el PIB per c & aacute;pita fueron variables significativas para la eficiencia del control del contagio en el primer grupo, mientras que las tasas de pruebas diagn & oacute;sticas, el gasto en salud y el PIB per c & aacute;pita fueron importantes en el segundo. Para la eficiencia del tratamiento, las fronteras terrestres, las tasas de vacunaci & oacute;n y el PIB per c & aacute;pita resultaron ser factores clave de influencia. Estos resultados identifican los principales impulsores de la eficiencia y ofrecen orientaci & oacute;n pr & aacute;ctica para que los pa & iacute;ses mejoren su preparaci & oacute;n y adapten sus estrategias ante futuras crisis sanitarias mundiales
Effects of 8 weeks of flexibility and endurance training on swimming performance and physical, physiological and biomotor characteristics in swimmers
Get PDFBu araştırma, yüzücülerde 8 haftalık esneklik ve dayanıklılık temelli antrenman programının bazı fiziksel, fizyolojik ve motor beceriler üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu araştırma, ön test-son test kontrol gruplu deneysel araştırma modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya aktif lisanslı 34 erkek yüzme sporcusu gönüllü olarak katılmış, katılımcılar rastgele olarak deney grubu 17 sporcu yaş ortalamaları (11,82 ± 0,32) yıl ve kontrol grubu 17 sporcu yaş ortalamaları (11,88 ± 0,33) yıl olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Deney grubuna yüzme antrenmanına ek olarak haftada dört gün esneklik ve dayanıklılık çalışmaları uygulanırken, kontrol grubu yalnızca yüzme antrenmanlarına devam etmiştir. Antrenmanlardan önce ve 8 haftalık süre sonunda sporcuların; esneklik, el kavrama kuvveti (Sağ el-Sol el), bacak kuvveti, dikey sıçrama, 50 metre serbest stil yüzme, 20 metre sürat, çeviklik (T-Test) ve bazı (VC, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF, FEF25-75% ve MVV) solunum parametreleri ölçülmüştür. Araştırma kapsamında elde edilen veriler SPSS 25.0 paket programında analiz edilmiştir. Verilerin normallik analizi Shapiro-Wilk testi ile sınanmış ve normal dağılım gösteren verilerin gruplar arası karşılaştırmalarında Independent-Samples T Testi, grup içi karşılaştırmalarda ise Paired-Samples T Testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada anlamlılık düzeyi (p0,05). Sonuç olarak elde edilen bulgular, sistematik olarak planlanan esneklik ve dayanıklılık temelli antrenmanların yüzücülerde fiziksel uygunluğu ve performansı artırmada etkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu bağlamda çalışma, gelişim dönemindeki sporcular için destekleyici antrenman programlarının önemini vurgulamaktadır.This study was conducted to investigate the effects of an 8-week flexibility and endurance-based training program on some physical, physiological, and motor skills in swimmers. This study utilized a pre-test-post-test control group experimental research design. Thirty-four actively licensed male swimmers volunteered for the study, and the participants were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group (17 athletes with a mean age of (11.82 ± 0.32) years) and the control group (17 athletes with a mean age of (11.88 ± 0.33) years). The experimental group underwent flexibility and endurance training four days a week in addition to swimming training, while the control group continued only swimming training. Before and after the 8-week training period, the athletes' flexibility, hand grip strength (Right hand-Left hand), leg strength, vertical jump, 50-meter freestyle swimming, 20-meter sprint, agility (T-Test), and some respiratory parameters (VC, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF, FEF25-75%, and MVV) were measured. The data obtained within the scope of the study were analyzed using the SPSS 25.0 package program. Normality of the data was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and the Independent-Samples T-Test was used for between-group comparisons of normally distributed data, and the Paired-Samples T-Test was used for within-group comparisons. The significance level in the study was accepted as (p0.05). In conclusion, the findings showed that systematically planned flexibility and endurance-based training is effective in improving physical fitness and performance in swimmers. In this context, the study emphasizes the importance of supportive training programs for athletes in the development period
Evaluation of carvacrol (95%) for the management of parasitic bee mites, Varroa destructor
No full textBeekeeping is an agricultural sector that is practiced worldwide. This sector faces many challenges. The biggest challenge is to control diseases without leaving residues of veterinary drugs in the bee products. The pest that causes the most problems for beekeepers in this sector is the mite called Varroa destructor. Natural essential oils are often used to keep this mite under control. This study found that carvacrol, a non-volatile compound in essential oils, effectively controls this mite under field conditions. In addition to its acaricidal properties, carvacrol has antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and immune-modulating effects. However, its long-term impact on honey bees is not well understood. The mite control rate in colonies fed 1%, 3%, and 5% carvacrol was 2.96%, 14.49%, and 30.33%, respectively (P < 0.001). There was no statistical difference in the amounts of sealed brood and bee-covered frames in the treated colonies. Although these values are not very high, it is considered that the addition of carvacrol to the colonies’ feed during the feeding period supports the other control methods used. It is recommended that researchers conduct similar studies on the non-evaporating active components of various essential oils. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
Preparation and Characterization of Silver-Loaded Magnetic Activated Carbon Produced from Crataegus Monogyna for Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Applications
No full textSecondary metabolites from several plant species have been used to cure various illnesses. Current advances allowed green synthesis nanoparticle manufacturing of metal salts from plant sources. This study involves binding activated carbon obtained from the Crataegus monogyna plant to magnetic nanoparticles and coating the resulting magnetic activated carbon nanocomposite with Ag ions (CMAC/MNPs-Ag) to produce a biomedical nanobiological material. Various techniques such as SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, VSM, DLS, and zeta potential were used to characterize synthesized nanocomposites. CMAC/MNPs-Ag nanocomposite demonstrated activity in several processes of antioxidant activity tests. DPPH and CUPRAC activities of CMAC/MNPs-Ag nanocomposite were measured as 90.21 +/- 0.42 and 46.73 +/- 0.108 mg TE/g, respectively, while total phenolic content was measured as 27.15 +/- 0.381 mg GAE/g. Finally, the antibacterial activity of CMAC/MNPs-Ag nanocomposite was evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by microdilution and disk diffusion techniques. The antimicrobial activity of CMAC/MNPs-Ag nanocomposite was determined using microdilution and disk diffusion techniques. For Escherichia coli, microdilution and disk diffusion were measured as 1.17 mu g mL-1 and 12 mm, respectively, while for Staphylococcus aureus, microdilution and disk diffusion were measured as 2.34 mu g mL-1 and 10 mm, respectively.Mardin Artuklu UniversityThe authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. The authors are thankful to Mardin Artuklu University
A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF ENLIGHTMENT AND MODERNIZATION
Get PDFToplumlarin tarihsel gelisim sürecinde temel bir kavram olarak göze çarpan Aydinlanma kavrami, dünyanin gizli kalmis yanlarini ortaya çikarmayi amaçlayan düsünce ve davranis dünyasini etkileyen sistemi ile yasam yön vermistir. Örnek olarak aydinlanmanin ilk dönemlerinde doga olaylari karsisinda açiklama yapan mitler kendi dönemine göre aydinlanma düsüncesini ifade ederken, yasanan tarihsel olaylar ve dinlerin insanoglunun hayatina girmesi farkli bir kirilma noktasini meydana getirdi. Artik geçmiste açiklanan ayni olay ya da olgular kutsal kitaplar araciligi ile tanri ya da tanrilara atif yapamamasi diyalektik aklin bir sonucu olarak aydinlanmada karsilik buldu. Yasanilan bu durum mitsel açiklamalari “geri” ve “akil disi” olarak nitelendirilirken (böyle algilanirken), dinsel açiklamalar “toplumsal kosullara en uygun!” duruma gelmistir
Post-disaster food safety and food security: An example of the Türkiye earthquake
Get PDFThe present study aimed to determine the risk levels affecting food safety and security in foods distributed to earthquake victims by organizations. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in food distribution organizations in Kahramanmara & scedil; and Hatay between 20-24 February 2023 (N = 40). The data were collected face-to-face by using the Descriptive Data Form and Food Safety and Security Observation Form (FSSOF) developed by the researchers. According to FSSOF, organizations had a 41.6% risk concerning food safety and security. According to the multiple linear regression analysis, organizations that did not control the foods were found to be associated with an increased total score of FSSOF (beta: -0.527, p = 0.010). No relationships could be found between the type of organization, the population served, having a food technologist and/or dietitian, the distance between the organization and waste, and the total scores of FSSOF (p > 0.05). The organizations that did not control the food were found to be associated with Organization-specific conditions (beta: -0.623, p = 0.002), Food distribution conditions (beta: -0.531, p = 0.015), Personnel hygiene (beta: -0.608, p = 0.005), Food security (beta: -0.480, p = 0.036) and Environmental conditions (beta: -0.537, p = 0.018) were found to be associated with an increased level of risks. Also, not having an engineer and/or dietitian was associated with an increased risk of Food storage practices (beta: -0.469, p = 0.005), and increased the number of staff was associated with an increased risk of Organization-specific conditions (beta: 0.348, p = 0.007). The level of risk of the organizations concerning food safety and security was found to be relatively high. Control of the food provided was the most important determinant of food safety and security.Trkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arascedil;timath;rma Kurumu [5200101]Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)The authors are grateful to the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) 1002-C Natural Disaster Focused Field Study Emergency Support Program for funding the present study (Project code: 5200101)