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Cengiz Han’ın Büyük Komutanlarından Muqali (木華黎-Mu Hu Ali) ve Onun Moğol İmparatorluğu’ndaki Askerî Kariyeri
Get PDFMuqali, Cengiz Han’ın askerî harekâtlarında büyük bir rol oynamış ve özelikle Çin seferlerinde başarılar elde etmiş önemli komutanlardan birisidir. 1211 yılında başlayan Moğolların Çin’e yönelik askerî harekâtları, Muqali’nin komutasındaki birliklerin kritik katkılarıyla şekillenmiştir. Moğollar, Çin’in kuzeyindeki Jin İmparatorluğu’nu (1113-1234) zapt etme sürecinde Muqali, bu harekâtların başında yer almıştır. İlk olarak, Hsia Hsia (Tangut) Devleti’nin egemenliğini sona erdiren başarılı seferlerde yer almış, ardından Jin İmparatorluğu’na karşı yürütülen savaşlarda başrol oynamıştır. 1211’deki ilk Moğol saldırıları sırasında Muqali, ordunun sol cenahını yönetmiş ve Wusha Kalesi’ni kuşatarak Moğolların Çin’e karşı ilk zaferini elde etmiştir. Bu zafer, Muqali’nin askerî yeteneklerini kanıtlamış, sonraki savaşlarda Moğolların üstünlüğünü pekiştirmiştir. 1212 ve 1213 yıllarında Moğollar, Jin topraklarına ilerleyerek, özellikle Zijingguan ve Wuhu iling gibi önemli yerleşim yerlerini ele geçirmiştir. 1215’te Zhongdu kuşatılmış ve yaklaşık bir yıl süren kuşatma sonucunda şehir düşmüştür. Zhongdu’de 80.000 kişi öldürülmüş ve şehir Moğollar tarafından işgal edilmiştir. Muqali’nin bu süreçteki liderliği, Moğolların savaş taktikleri ve stratejik zekâlarıyla birleşerek önemli zaferler elde edilmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Bununla birlikte onun başarıları yalnızca askerî zaferlerle sınırlı kalmamış, aynı zamanda Muqali, düşmanları sindirme ve moral üstünlük sağlama amacı güden sert bir liderlik sergilemiştir. Zhongdu kuşatmasında yaşanan teslimiyet gecikmeleri ve ardından gelen kıyım, Muqali’nin düşmanlarına karşı acımasız yaklaşımını yansıtmaktadır. Bu makale de onun Moğol İmparatorluğu’nun kuruluşundaki askerî rolüne odaklanmaktadır
Recovery of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes from Nonporous Surfaces Based on Surface Sampler Type
Get PDFSurface sampling devices ranging in material composition and size can be used in environmental monitoring programs. This study aimed to compare the bacterial recovery efficiency of surface samplers on stainless steel (SS) and polypropylene (PP) surfaces. Separate cocktails of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica strains were spot inoculated (1 mL; 40 spots x 25 mu L) on SS and PP surfaces at high (7 log) and low (4 log) concentrations. A cellulose sponge sampler, polyurethane foam sponge sampler, and polyolefin nonwoven fabric sampler were utilized for bacteria recovery from SS and PP surfaces at two surface areas: 1x [929 cm2 (144 in2 )] and 2x [1858 cm2 (288 in2 )]. The effect of prewet volume (5 mL, 10 mL) on bacteria recovery from PP and SS was also investigated with the nonwoven fabric sampler at high inoculum level and 1x surface area. Three experimental trials were conducted totaling 336 samples, and recovery percentages were based on the CFU recovered divided by the initial CFU added to each surface. Statistical analysis was performed to determine whether sampler type, pathogen type, inoculum concentration, surface type, and surface area were significant predictors of recovery percentage. A significant five-way interaction (P = 0.0015) was observed between the predictor variables; therefore, no conclusions can be made regarding the main effects. The recovery percentage of L. monocytogenes was significantly higher than Salmonella from PP surfaces across all three sampler types. For the nonwoven fabric sampler, the 5 mL prewet volume yielded significantly higher recovery (P <= 0.05) for both bacteria combined at 10.66% (95% CI: 9.93, 11.44) compared to 3.09% (95% CI: 2.71, 3.52) recovery with the 10 mL prewet volume. However, the effect of volume on recovery depended on the interaction between surface type and inoculum level.FREMONTA, LLCNational Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Hatch ActThis research was funded in part by FREMONTA, LLC. This manuscript is intended as a third-party evaluation of the MicroTally (R) Micro-Mitt (TM) sampler and not a product endorsement. This research was also supported in part by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Hatch Act funding. We are grateful for the input and technical support from FREMONTA, LLC
DİSTOPİK BİLİMKURGULARDA EKOELEŞTİREL PERSPEKTİFTEN “ÖTEKİ”: OKJA FİLMİNDE “İNSAN-DIŞI” VE “ÇOCUK” TEMSİLLERİ
Get PDFEkoeleştiri, odak noktasını kültürel tarihleri boyunca insan ve öteki arasındaki ilişkiye yönlendirir. Bu araştırma, ekoeleştirel bir bakış açısıyla, distopik bir bilimkurgu filmi olan Okja (2017)’da “öteki” olarak konumlandırdığımız insan dışı varlığın “çocuk” ile benzer temsiller sergilediğini savunmaktadır. Bu benzerliğin ardında yatan kültürel kodları ve anlamları araştırmaktadır. Bu anlamları ekoeleştirel bir zeminde temalandırarak tüketim ilişkilerine, doğa ve insan üzerindeki kültürel algılara, insanmerkezci dilin oluşumuna, çocuğun ve çocukluğun ekolojik krizdeki konumuna değinmektedir. Analizler; Okja (2017) filminde; insanmerkezci düşüncenin etkisiyle insan-dışının insana hizmet etmesi gereken bir kaynak olarak konumlandırıldığını, “organik” temalı reklamların arkasında küreselleşmeyle ivme kazanan bir tüketme arzusunun yattığını, insanın bu düşünceler etrafında söylemi şekillendirdiğini ve kendisi dışındakini “mülk” olarak görmeyi kolaylaştıran dili ürettiğini, “öteki”ne bakışımızın öğrenilmiş kültürel kodlarla üretilmiş olduğunu, yetişkin insanın dışında kalan çocuğun insan-dışı ile farklı noktalarda “öteki”ne dönüşerek doğa ile birlik sergilediğini göstermektedir. Nihayetinde ekoloji temalı distopik bilimkurguların bu tespitlerin kanıtlarını yansıtmak için önemli kaynaklar olduğunu ileri süren çalışmanın sonuçları, bu filmlerin izleyici araştırmaları ve eğitimde kullanımı için önemli olabileceğinin altını çizmektedir. Bu doğrultuda yetişkinler tarafından “insan-dışı” gibi bir tüketim nesnesi haline getirilmeye çalışılan “çocuk” adına yetişkin okurlara ve izleyicilere bazı pedagojik önerilerde bulunmaktadır
Muş Yöresel Mutfak Kültüründe Yer Alan Kırçikli Kelem Sarması Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma
Get PDFYöresel yiyecek ve içecekler, bir bölgenin veya ilin mutfak kültürü ile yöresel değerlerinin bir araya getirilmesiyle ortaya çıkan ve geleneksel olarak sürdürülebilirliğini devam ettiren ürünlerdir. Muş ili de gerek tarihsel süreçte çeşitli olaylara ev sahipliği yapmış olması gerekse de ilde yetişen tarımsal ürünlerin çeşitlliği sebebiyle zengin bir mutfak kültürüne sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Muş ilinde önemli bir yöresel yemek olan kırçikli kelem sarmasının standart reçetesini ortaya çıkartmak, tüketim ve muhafaza yöntemlerini belirlemek ve sürdürülebilir gastronomi turizmi kapsamında tanıtımını yapmak olarak amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, Muş kırçikli kelem sarması hakkında bilgiler verilmiş ve nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden olan durum çalışması yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Muş’ta yaşayan, amaçlı örnekleme yöntemiyle 45 yaş ve üzeri yöresel yemekler ve kırcikli kelem sarması yapımı hakkında detaylı bilgiye sahip olan 12 kişi ile yüz yüze görüşme gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmaya katılan kişilerden elde edilen bilgilere göre, Muş kırçikli kelem sarmasının hazırlanış ve servis bakımından diğer sarmalardan farklı olduğu, dini bayramlar, özel gün yemeklerin ve kış aylarında yapılmaya devam edildiği ve Muş mutfak kültürü ve ilin tanıtımı açısından önemli gastronomik bir ürün olduğu ifade edilmiştir. Ayrıca kırçikli kelem sarması yemeğinin coğrafi işaretli ürünler içerisinde değerlendirilmesi için gerekli çalışmaların yapılması önem arz etmektedir
Biotechnological approaches to the production of commercially important cardiac glycosides from Digitalis L. (foxglove)
No full textDigitalis L. (foxglove, Plantaginaceae) genus is a representative of several medicinal ornamental plants that are widely used in the production of herbal medicines. Since the 18th century, human civilizations have used extracts from several Digitalis species for treating heart-related ailments. The active ingredient in the medicine is cardiac glycosides. Cardenolides, one of the main groups of compounds of cardiac glycosides, have commercially important secondary metabolites such as digoxin and digitoxin. These compounds, known as agents in treating congestive heart failure, have important applications in pharmacy and have remarkable anticancer effects on various cancer cell lines. The growing demand for plant-based natural products has made this group of compounds one of the enthralling targets for their in vitro production. This chapter aims to highlight the recent progress in the production of economically important cardiac glycosides by various biotechnological means such as shoot, callus, cell suspension culture, elicitation, and genetic transformation. © 2025 Elsevier Inc
The Psychometric Validation of Turkish Versions of Four Scales: The Foreign Language Enjoyment, Peace of Mind, Boredom, and Classroom Anxiety Scales
No full textIn this study, we present psychometrically validated Turkish versions of four popular foreign language learner emotion scales. They include the Foreign Language Classroom Peace of Mind Scale (Zhou et al., 2023), the Short-Form Foreign Language Enjoyment Scale (Botes et al., 2021), the Short-Form Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (Botes et al., 2022a), and the Foreign Language Classroom Boredom Scale (Li et al., 2023). We collected data from 1202 Turkish to English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. Cross-validation analyses confirmed the scales' applicability and reliability among these Turkish learners, and, measurement invariance (configural, metric, and scalar) analyses revealed consistency in respondents' emotional experiences across diverse educational levels, enabling valid cross-group comparisons. Although strict invariance across student subgroups was not achieved, our findings provide Turkish researchers with four valid instruments for collecting emotional data from Turkish learners. The scale means and relationships between the four emotions measured with these adapted scales were comparable to those established in previous studies
Mössbauer spectroscopy, anti-tubercular activity, docking, and HSA binding studies of Fe (III) complexes of selenosemicarbazones
No full textReaction of cyclohexanone selenosemicarbazone (Hcysesc), 2-furfural selenosemicarbazone (2-Hfursesc), 1-methyl isatinselenosemicarbazone (1-Hmeistsesc), 3-indole selenosemicarbazone (3-Hinsesc), and 3-acetyl indole selenosemicarbazones with iron(III) acetate in 3: 1 (L: M) yielded complexes of stoichiometry, [Fe(L)3] (L = anionic form of cysesc 1; 2-fursesc 2; 5-ClHinsesc) 5, 1-meistsesc 6; 3-insesc 7; 3-acinsesc 8), whereas with 2-thiophene selenosemicarbazoe (2-Hthiosesc) and N-methyl-2-pyrrole selenosemicarbazone (N-Hmepysesc) formed complexes, [Fe(2-thiosesc)2](CH3COO) 3 and [Fe(N-mepysesc)2](CH3COO) 4, respectively. Complexes were characterized using elemental analysis, IR, and mass and M & ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy. Isomer shift and quadrupole splitting of major species in 1, 2, 5-8 indicates high-spin Fe(III) in octahedral environment, whereas data supports coordination number four in 3 and 4. VSM analysis of complexes indicates that iron in these complexes is magnetically soft. All the complexes were tested for their anti-tubercular and antioxidant activities. The better ferric reducing antioxidant power of 3 (11.96 mu g TE/mL) and 5 (16.56 mu g TE/mL) can be correlated with the geometry or their coordination numbers. Results of anti-microbial activity showed a significant enhancement in the activity of 2, 4, 5, and 7 as compared to free ligands that are well supported by HSA binding studies and molecular modeling.Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation [FENW-2023-0015]This work was partially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (State assignment in the field of scientific activity, Southern Federal University, 2023, Project No. FENW-2023-0015)
University course timetabling with multi-section courses, room stability and lecturer preferences: an application in a business school
No full textEducation timetabling models are widely applied approaches for the effective planning of university programs all over the world at different levels. The current research deals with a real-world university course timetabling problem at the faculty level with three main features handled simultaneously in a single integer programming model: multi-section courses, room stability and lecturer preferences. An approach to modeling multi-section courses is presented so that at least one section of a mandatory multi-section course can be chosen, both within the same curriculum and across consecutive curriculums. Moreover, room stability constraints, which have been only addressed in two-stage solutions in previous studies, are integrated to ensure that courses of a student group are assigned to the same classrooms as much as possible. Maximizing the satisfaction level of the lecturers by meeting the time slot requests is also taken into consideration. After the proposed model is introduced, the solution to the model is obtained without encountering out-of-memory errors by extending the Daskalaki et al. (Eur J Oper Res 153(1): 117-135, Daskalaki et al., Eur J Oper Res 153:117-135, 2004) approach for reducing the solution space for a large-scale problem. The computational experiments at a large-scale faculty with real-world data show that the proposed model solves the problems efficiently. The proposed model can be adapted to problems with similar structures and easily solved with existing optimization solvers, even for large faculties or departments
Development of Sol-Gel Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticle-Incorporated Polymer-Based X-Ray Detectors: A Comparative Investigation of Device Architectures
No full textThe extensive use of X-rays in medical, security, and industrial applications has led to considerable interest in the development of advanced X-ray detection technologies. Conventional detectors based on inorganic semiconductors, such as silicon or germanium, face challenges, including high production costs and limited flexibility. This study investigates the potential of organic semiconductors, particularly ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) incorporated into a poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) matrix, for X-ray detection. The ZnO NPs, selected for their high mobility, large band gap, and thermal stability, were synthesized via a sol-gel method and integrated into P3HT to form composite layers at varying ratios (1:0.25, 1:0.5, and 1:0.75). Two different device architectures were fabricated: interdigitated (IDT) electrodes as resistive-based and diode-based devices with ITO/ZnO/P3HT/Graphite configurations. The influence of the ZnO NP concentration and device structure on X-ray detection performance was systematically investigated and evaluated. The results indicated that increasing the ZnO NP content enhanced electron transportation and improved the X-ray sensitivity of the devices. The ITO/ZnO/P3HT/Graphite device with a P3HT ratio of 1:0.75 exhibited the highest sensitivity (0.94 mu Gy/s) and the fastest response times, outperforming those of the IDT-based devices. This study demonstrates that organic semiconductors doped with ZnO NPs are promising candidates for cost-effective, flexible, and high-performance X-ray detectors.T?rkiye Enerji, N?kleer ve Maden Arastirma Kurumu [123F131, 1649B022315061]; Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency [A5.H1.F5-27]This research was supported by TUBITAK, project number: 123F131. TUBITAK provided master's scholarship, application number 1649B022315061, and support was also provided by the Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency, project number:2020TENMAK(CERN)A5.H1.F5-27
The effect of adding green synthesized and commercial silver nanoparticles to biodiesel on diesel engine performance and emissions
Get PDFThis study evaluates the impact of silver nanoparticles synthesized via a green method using Humulus lupulus L. and commercial silver nanoparticles (CAS: 7440-22-4) on biodiesel performance and emissions in diesel engines. Biodiesel from waste cooking oil was tested under partial load (1-4 kW) with the following blends: 100 % diesel (D), 50 % diesel-50 % biodiesel (BD50), biodiesel with green-synthesized nanoparticles (200, 400, 600 ppm: B_G200, B_G400, B_G600), and biodiesel with commercial nanoparticles (200, 400, 600 ppm: B_C200, B_C400, B_C600). The results showed that green-synthesized nanoparticles significantly reduced CO emissions (up to 71.42 % at 4 kW for B_G600), HC emissions (48.88 %), and particulates. Combustion efficiency improved, increasing CO2 emissions (peak 2.59 % for B_G600 at 4 kW). However, exhaust temperatures rose (583 degrees C for B_G600), and NOx emissions increased, peaking at 237 ppm for B_G400 at 4 kW. Green nanoparticles were more effective than commercial ones in reducing CO, HC, and particulate emissions while enhancing combustion. However, increased CO2 and NOx emissions suggest the need for further optimization. This study highlights green nanotechnology's potential to improve biodiesel performance sustainably while addressing environmental challenges