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Comprendre la collecte de catzos.: Une réflexion sur les mutations des territoires ruraux et l’évolution des patrimoines alimentaires dans la périphérie de Quito.
No full textInternational audienceIn the rural peripheries of Quito, the collection and consumption of beetles, locally known as “catzos” (Platycoelia lutescens), is a very ancient practice that is now threatened by urbanization. Although little documented, and even overlooked in literature on food in the Ecuadorian Andes, this practice still seems to be of interest to rural population. Through an analysis of catzos collection, this article more fundamentally questions the evolution of peasants’ practices, the place of agriculture, and food heritages, in a context of metropolitan growth. To this end, it draws on fieldwork conducted in the parish La Merced, where interviews were conducted with inhabitants, collectors, and political leaders. The work carried out shows how changes in collection reflect deep mutations in land use and the detachment of part of the population from agriculture. However, by continuing to harvest catzos, some individuals affirm their attachment to the territory, to the countryside, and even to their “peasant and indigenous identity.” Thus, the case of La Merced highlights how the rural peripheries of Quito are affected by ambivalent dynamics. While peasant agriculture is in decline, it is the ordinary resistance of a few collectors that should enable catzos to remain a distinct food heritage, in Ecuador.En las periferias rurales de Quito, la recolección y el consumo de escarabajos, conocidos localmente como “catzos” (Platycoelia lutescens), es una práctica muy antigua, que hoy en día se ve amenazada por el avance de la mancha urbana. Aunque poco documentada, e incluso invisible en la literatura sobre la alimentación en los Andes ecuatorianos, esta recolección parece seguir despertando interés entre la población rural. A través del análisis de la recolección de catzos, este artículo cuestiona más fundamentalmente la evolución de las prácticas campesinas, la importancia de la agricultura y la de los patrimonios alimentarios en un contexto de crecimiento metropolitano. Para ello, se basa en un trabajo de campo realizado en la parroquia La Merced, donde se llevaron entrevistas con habitantes, recolectores y dirigentes políticos. El trabajo realizado muestra cómo la evolución de la recolección refleja los cambios en las formas de ocupación del suelo y el distanciamiento de una parte de la población con respecto a la agricultura. Sin embargo, al seguir recolectando catzos, una parte de los habitantes afirma su apego al territorio, al campo e incluso a su “identidad campesina e indígena”. Así, el caso de La Merced pone de manifiesto cómo las periferias rurales de Quito se ven atravesadas por dinámicas ambivalentes. Si la agricultura campesina está en declive, parece que la resistencia ordinaria de algunos recolectores podría permitir que los catzos se mantengan como un patrimonio alimentario aparte, en Ecuador.Dans les périphéries rurales de Quito, la collecte et la consommation de coléoptères, localement appelés « catzos » (Platycoelia lutescens), est un héritage très ancien, aujourd’hui menacé par l’avancée du front d’urbanisation. Peu documentée, et même invisibilisée dans la littérature traitant de l’alimentation dans les Andes équatoriennes, cette collecte semble toutefois conserver un intérêt pour les populations rurales. À travers l’analyse de la collecte des catzos, cet article interroge plus fondamentalement l’évolution des pratiques paysannes, la place de l’agriculture et celle des patrimoines alimentaires dans un contexte de croissance métropolitaine. Pour cela, il s’appuie sur un travail de terrain mené dans la paroisse La Merced, où des entretiens ont été menés avec des habitants, des collecteurs, ainsi que des dirigeants politiques. Le travail réalisé montre comment les évolutions de la collecte témoignent des changements des formes d’occupation du sol et du détachement d’une partie de la population de l’agriculture. Cependant, en continuant à collecter les catzos, certains individus affirment leur attachement au territoire, à la campagne, voire à leur « identité paysanne et autochtone ». Ainsi, le cas de La Merced met en évidence comment les périphéries rurales de Quito sont traversées par des dynamiques ambivalentes. Si l’agriculture paysanne décline, c’est donc la résistance ordinaire de certains collecteurs qui devrait permettre que les catzos se maintiennent comme un patrimoine alimentaire à part, en Équateur
Nirsevimab Treatment of RSV Bronchiolitis in Pediatric Emergency Departments
No full textInternational audienceIMPORTANCE New resistant mutations of respiratory syncytial virus type B (RSV-B) have been observed during the first year of implementation nirsevimab treatment. During the second season of implementation of nirsevimab treatment in France, RSV-B was predominant. OBJECTIVES To assess and compare the effectiveness of nirsevimab treatment in preventing RSV bronchiolitis in pediatric emergency departments during the first and second seasons of implementation of treatment in France. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This a multicenter test-negative case-control study included 636 infants younger than 1 year who received a diagnosis of a first bronchiolitis episode in 5 pediatric emergency departments in France during the 2 first seasons of implementation of nirsevimab treatment (from October 5, 2023, to February 29, 2024, and from October 15, 2024, to January 31, 2025) and underwent a nasopharyngeal test for RSV.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome of the study was the RSV status of the bronchiolitis cases. Multivariable logistic regression was performed with nirsevimab as the explanatory variable, adjusted on age, sex, risk factors of bronchiolitis, type of childcare, month, and center of inclusion. Effectiveness was calculated for each season and compared using the likelihood ratio test. Subgroup analysis by age and severity as well as sensitivity analyses were performed.RESULTS The study included 636 patients with bronchiolitis (median age, 3.0 months [IQR, 1.4-5.0 months]; 333 boys [52.4%]). In both seasons, 162 of 636 patients (25.5%) were immunized with nirsevimab. During the first season of implementation, 273 of 384 patients (71.1%) tested positive for RSV; during the second season, 181 of 252 patients (71.8%) tested positive for RSV. The effectiveness of nirsevimab treatment against RSV bronchiolitis was estimated to be 83.2% (95% CI, 68.0%-91.4%) during the first season and 89.3% (95% CI, 77.8%-95.1%) during the second season; no statistically significant difference in effectiveness was found between the 2 seasons (P = .97). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses provided similar results.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this test-negative case-control study of nirsevimab treatment, its effectiveness in reducing pediatric emergency department visits for RSV bronchiolitis during the second season of national immunization was high and comparable with that observed in the first season. Although RSV-B resistant strains had been recently identified, it did not appear to have important clinical consequences to date. Continued close monitoring of RSV epidemiology in the context of the widespread nirsevimab use remains essential
Paediatric invasive group A streptococcal infections and associations with viral infections in 15 European countries after lifting non-pharmaceutical interventions against SARS-CoV-2: an interrupted time-series analysis
No full textInternational audienceBackground After lifting non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, various countries experienced an increase in invasive Group A Streptococcal (iGAS) infections. We aimed to characterise the paediatric outbreak across Europe and to analyse the influence of viral infections. Methods We conducted an interrupted time-series analysis based on data from 15 European countries from the PEGASUS consortium. We assessed the evolution of the number of iGAS cases aged 1 month to 18 years between 01/01/2018 and 03/31/2024, comparing the post-NPIs period (01-04-2022 until 31-03-2024) to the baseline period (01-01-2018 until 31-03-2020). Further analyses were performed by country, clinical phenotype, age and severity, including sensitivity analyses. We then explored whether certain iGAS phenotypes correlated with trends in RSV, influenza and VZV across countries over time using Google Trends data. Findings We included 2091 iGAS cases over the study period; 79 children (3.6%) died and 580 (27.7%) required PICU admission. We estimated an overall increase of +229.8% (95% CI (141.9-341.6)) among iGAS cases from October 2022 to March 2024, compared to the baseline period. The observed increases varied across clinical phenotypes, ranging from +62.7% (95% CI (8.3-157.9)) for osteo-articular infections to +238.7% (95% CI 75.8-464.8) for pneumonia. We observed a strong correlation between the incidence of iGAS pneumonia and RSV (Rho: 0.57, 95% CI [0.11-0.79]) and influenza (Rho 0.69, 95% CI 0.35-0.87); and between skin and soft tissue infections and VZV (Rho: 0.73, 95% CI [0.42-0.89]). Interpretation The patterns observed across Europe during this outbreak demonstrate an association between respiratory viruses as well as VZV, and iGAS
Mass cytometry: exploring the immune landscape of systemic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in the past fourteen years
No full textInternational audienceAuto-immune and inflammatory diseases are heterogenous in their clinical manifestations and prognosis, even among individuals presenting with the same pathology. Understanding the immunological alterations involved in their pathogenesis provides valuable insights in different clinical phenotypes and treatment responses. Immunophenotyping could lead to significant improvements in diagnosis, monitoring, initial treatment decisions and follow-up in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Mass cytometry provides measurement of over 40 simultaneous cellular parameters at single-cell resolution, and therefore holds immense potential to evaluate complex cellular systems and for high-dimensional single-cell analysis. The high dimensionality of mass cytometry provides better coverage of immune populations dynamics, with sufficient power to identify rare cell types compared to flow cytometry. In this comprehensive review, we explore how mass cytometry findings contributed in the past decade to a deeper understanding of the cellular actors involved in systemic auto-immune and auto-inflammatory diseases with their respective therapeutic and prognostic impact. We also delve into the bioinformatical approaches applied to mass cytometry to analyze the high volumes of data generated, as well as the impact of the use of complementary single cell RNA sequencing, and their spatial modalities. Our analysis highlights the fact that mass cytometry captures major information on cell populations providing insights on the complex pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Future research designs could include mass cytometry findings in association to other -omics to stratify patients in adequate therapeutic arms and provide advancements in personalized therapies in the field of auto-immune and inflammatory diseases
Toward Better Optimization of Low-Dose CTEnhancement: A Critical Analysis of LossFunctions and Image Quality Assessment Metrics
No full textInternational audienc
Collagen-based biomimetic tubular materials for vascular and tracheal applications
No full textInternational audienceBiomimetic scaffolds have many reasons to be chosen over synthetic grafts as they show low biological response, which means less immune response to the implanted material, and can promote regeneration. Type I collagen is one of the main components in the extracellular matrix and therefore a protein of choice to work with in the tissue engineering field. Our approach combining ice-templating method and topotactic fibrillogenesis (1) enabled to obtain collagen-based double layered materials. The distinct structures reproduce the multi-scale architecture of native tissues without the use of any chemical crosslinker, and reach mechanical and water-tightness properties relevant for in vivo implantation. Tubular grafts being a challenge to fabricate, there is actually a high clinical demand for vascular implants of limited diameter and for grafts for tracheal repair. For instance, the most promising solution to repair the trachea today is replacement by cryopreserved aorta, as demonstrated by Martinod et al. (2,3). Previous work was done by Martinier et al. (4) on vascular size scaffold simplifying the native three-layered vascular structure to a double layer (DL) model. This process was then adapted for a vascular model (Figure 1A) and then on a larger scale, for tracheal applications (Figure 1B). The scaffolds prepared with this method were characterized with mechanical tests, confocal and TEM imaging, were seeded by HUVECs and hMSCs and tested by surgeons.Type I collagen at 40 mg/mL was poured into cylindrical PTFE mold of 8 mm diameter for vascular size and a 20 mm one for tracheal size. A metallic tube of 8 mm, 17 mm for tracheal size, was then added inside. Sample was then frozen in liquid nitrogen and was placed into an NH3 vapor chamber to fibrillate collagen. Acidic collagen at 40 mg/mL was added inside the tube and a PTFE rod of 4 mm for vascular caliber, 15 mm for the trachea, was inserted. Sample was put in PBS5X for stabilization then matrix was collected. Tubular uniaxial tensile testing and inflation experiments were performed on a custom-made platform, with piglet carotid arteries used as controls. For biological response, HUVECs were seeded on luminal side of the tube and cadherin expression and shape of the cells were observed using confocal and hMSCs were seeded on the external surface.The confocal image of trachea material show that both layers are homogenously sealed all the way in the transversal section, with a porous homogenous layer on the external while the inner layer is smooth (Figure 1C). The TEM micrographs show dense collagen material with the typical striation of fibrillated collagen found in the extracellular matrix (Figure 1D). Confocal image of HUVECs display expression of cadherin implying junction formation between cells, which corresponds to the formation of an epithelium on the lumen (Figure 1E), while hMSCs penetrate the scaffold through the porosity of the matrix (Figure 1F). Longitudinal elongation measurements show that native artery’s Young’s modulus is around 80 kPa whereas our material’s is around 30 kPa (Figure 2A,B). Compliance, which values the radial deformation under pressure differences between diastole and systole, has been measured in hypotensive, normotensive and hypertensive regimes (Figure 2C). The compliance at 80-120 mmHg measured for the native artery is around 11% whereas for the scaffold the value is around 6%. Under inflation, scaffolds did not leak nor break until more than 200 mmHg.Smooth and porous layers are homogeneously adhesive to each other all the way through the sample. Fibrils are present in the scaffold, which means sample is highly concentrated and structured at the molecular level. Seeded cells have sufficient access to nutrients to colonize the substrate on the porous side and form an endothelium on the luminal side. Having a higher Young’s modulus, native artery is more resistant to the stretching compared to the non seeded vascular scaffold, which mechanical properties are only due to processing of collagen in non denaturing conditions, in the absence of cells. The double layered material has a Young’s modulus of 30 kPa which correlates with the values for the porous and non porous material, 20 kPa and 67 kPa respectively (4), which indicates that the double layer structure enables to combine the properties of each layer. Compliance is in the same range for the native artery and the double layer scaffold, which is of uttermost importance for vascular applications. For tracheal applications, the surgeons strategy is to use the scaffold with a stent during cell colonization and while cartilage forms, which would compensate these mechanical differences as in the actual procedures.The obtained tubular biomaterials, which display appropriate mechanical properties and promote cell colonization and endothelium formation, open an exciting pathway for obtaining off-the-shelf grafts for vascular and tracheal applications.(1) Rieu C et al, 2019, 10.1021/acsami.9b03219(2) Martinod E et al. 2010, 10.1016/j.rmr.2010.04.001(3) Martinod E et al. 2018, 10.1001/jama.2018.465(4) Martinier I et al. 2024, 10.1039/D3BM01808
Exposition Les Lucioles: art, culture et espoir dans les périphéries urbaines de Rio et de Paris
No full textExposition dans le cadre du projet de recherche financé par la MSH Paris NordInternational audienceThis exhibition presents the results of research conducted over more than two years by Silvia Capanema (Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Pléiade-Campus Condorcet) and Adriana Facina (National Museum-UFRJ), funded by MSH Paris Nord and Campus Condorcet in France, Faperj and CNPq in Brazil.Combining participant observation, documentary analysis, visual and audio sources, and numerous interviews, this research explores the forms of creation and resistance of cultural collectives in the northern and eastern suburbs of Rio de Janeiro and Paris (particularly Saint-Denis and Stains).The comparative dimension allows us to discover a diversity of activities and the existence of practices rooted in the territories, but also commonalities in terms of community involvement and strategies for overcoming the many difficulties surrounding cultural practices in cities on the margins of capitalist societies.Cultural collectives are a real beacon of hope. Their actions achieve much more than social cohesion and transmission. Inspired by the thinking of Didi-Huberman, we propose to think of these cultural collectives as ‘fireflies’, real ‘points of light’ in the urban peripheries that make up contemporary forms of social movement.Cette exposition présente les résultats d’une recherche menée pendant plus de deux ans par Silvia Capanema (université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Pléiade-Campus Condorcet) et Adriana Facina (Musée National-UFRJ), financée par la MSH Paris Nord et le Campus Condorcet en France, la Faperj et le CNPq au Brésil.Combinant l’observation participante, l’analyse documentaire, les sources visuelles et sonores, ainsi que de nombreux entretiens, cette recherche explore les formes de création et de résistance des collectifs culturels dans les territoires des banlieues Nord et Est de Rio de Janeiro et de Paris (plus particulièrement Saint-Denis et Stains).La dimension comparative nous permet de découvrir une diversité d’activités et l’existence des pratiques ancrées dans les territoires, mais aussi des points communs en termes d’engagement associatif et des stratégies pour surmonter les nombreuses difficultés qui entourent les pratiques culturelles dans les villes à la marge des sociétés capitalistes.Les collectifs culturels se configurent comme de véritables lumières d’espoir. Leur action concrétise bien plus que le lien social et la transmission. En nous inspirant de la pensée de Didi-Huberman, nous proposons de penser ces collectifs culturels comme à des “lucioles”, des véritables “points de lumière” dans les périphéries urbaines composant des formes contemporaines du mouvement social.Pasolini avait vu dans les lucioles les formes de résistance à la fascisation et à l’uniformisation du monde. Didi-Huberman (2016) emprunte cette figure pour imaginer les résistances qui persistent face à l’hégémonie et à la destruction capitaliste. Dans les périphéries urbaines, les collectifs culturels incarnent ces lumières, des points d’espoir d’enchantement même quand la nuit est sombre.Les lucioles ne sont pas cependant des points allumés dans la cartographie sensible des quartiers périphériques sans difficultés. Notre étude a montré une série de problèmes, tels que : le manque de financement, le désir de vivre du travail culturel, (parfois devenu réalité mais confronté à de nombreux obstacles), la difficulté dynamique des “appels à projets”, chronophage et instable pour ces collectifs, parfois vécue comme une forme d’imposition de directives politiques. La précarité s’impose souvent, notamment dans les moyennes et petites structures, mais parfois aussi pour les grandes. Nous sommes bien loin du potentiel suscité par les industries de la culture et de la création, qui représentent, en France, une activité économique sept fois plus importante que le secteur automobile et plus dynamique que l’industrie du luxe. Au Brésil, la mise en place des “points de culture” par le ministère de Gilberto Gil, à partir du début des années 2000 (Rubim, Barbalho, 2007) – favorisant la labellisation et le financement des centres et collectifs culturels – a rendu possible la création et le développement de nombreuses structures dans tout le territoire. Cependant, les faire vivre et réussir à faire survivre de leurs métiers les acteurs culturels reste une difficulté permanente, alliée à l’accélération de la précarité des emplois de manière générale, avec le phénomène qu’on appelle “ubérisation” du travail.Notre recherche a aussi montré le poids significatif du territoire, l’ancrage territorial comme l’un des principaux éléments structurants de l’activité des collectifs et des individus. Cet engagement avec le “local”, avec les expériences sensibles des habitantes et des habitants des quartiers, donne à ces collectifs un véritable rôle de porte-parole des citoyennes et des citoyens périphériques, palliant l’affaiblissement des syndicats, des partis traditionnels. Toutes les structures analysées portent des revendications concrètes, politiques, sur différents domaines de la vie en société (antiracistes, d’écologie urbaine, d’égalité de genre, dans le cadre du mouvement anti-asile, parfois anticapitalistes, pour l’émancipation humaine, pour l’éducation et la formation, en défense des migrants et des mémoires ancestrales…). Dans une certaine mesure, ils se consolident comme une forme contemporaine du mouvement social.Dans nos paysages urbains généralisés, nous cherchons les lucioles. En leur absence, les collectifs culturels sont capables de rallumer les étoiles, comme dans les vers d’Apollinaire. Autrement dit, ils contribuent à l’appel lancé par la philosophe afro-féministe brésilienne Sueli Carneiro lors de la Fête Littéraire des Périphéries Urbaines (FLUP) à Rio en 2024 : dans les temps sombres et difficiles que nous traversons aujourd’hui, il est indispensable de réenchanter le monde
Ce que la sexualité fait aux espaces de la santé : normes, pratiques et résistances
No full textInternational audienceComment les normes et pratiques sexuelles se révèlent-elles depuis les espaces de la médecine et du soin ? Telle est la question qui anime ce dossier dans lequel nous proposons de nous intéresser à l’articulation de la sexualité et du soin. La littérature scientifique qui s’est penchée sur cette intersection, de la sociologie à la santé publique, s’est le plus souvent concentrée sur les effets de la médecine – ses normes, ses savoirs, ses spécialités, ses institutions – sur la sexualité. Le geste auquel nous invitons retourne cette perspective : interroger les voies par lesquelles les normes sexuelles imprègnent la médecine et ses acteur·rices. Autrement dit, considérer que ce n’est pas seulement la médecine qui encadre les pratiques sexuelles, mais que le soin est lui aussi contraint par la sexualité et ses normes. Ce dossier est une invitation à ouvrir de nouveaux chantiers qui intègrent ce déplacement, et à réunir des initiatives dispersées dans une dynamique commune. Il appelle à décrire et analyser les façons dont les conceptions liées à la sexualité imprègnent les pratiques médicale
Impacts de la pandémie de Covid-19 sur la santé et les conditions de vie des immigrés et des natifs en France
No full textAlthough social inequalities in health persist in France (Cambois and Jusot, 2007), immigrants are more likely to experience precarious living conditions that can impact their health. Theoretically, however, the healthy migrant hypothesis suggests that immigrants have a health advantage (Khlat and Darmon, 2003; Jusot et al., 2009). During the Covid-19 pandemic, both immigrants and native-born individuals experienced the upheavals caused by the epidemic differently (Vandentorren et al., 2025). The prevalence of the virus and mortality related to the disease were both higher among immigrants (Warszawski et al., 2022). Although immigrants were better at following protective measures, poorer living conditions may explain the higher prevalence and mortality in this population. The pandemic has also affected mental health (Léon et al., 2023), which has since become a major public policy issue and has been designated a 'major national cause' for 2025. In this study, we analyse data from the 2021 Health Barometer to examine the perceived impact of the pandemic on health and living conditions among immigrants and native-born individuals. Using demographic and statistical analysis methods, we explore the links between pandemic experiences and living conditions.Alors que les inégalités sociales de santé persistent en France (Cambois et Jusot, 2007) on constate que les immigrés vivent plus souvent dans des conditions précaires susceptibles d’affecter leur état de santé. D’un point de vue théorique, l’hypothèse de l’effet migrant en bonne santé devrait pourtant suggérer un avantage en termes de santé des immigrés (Khlat et Darmon, 2003 ; Jusot et al, 2009). Dans le contexte de la pandémie de Covid-19, immigrés et natifs ont vécu différemment les bouleversements causés par l’épidémie (Vandentorren et al, 2025). On observe que la prévalence du virus a été supérieure chez les immigrés, tout comme la mortalité liée à la maladie (Warszawski et al, 2022). Même si l’application des gestes barrières a été mieux respectée par les immigrés (Gosselin et al, 2022), les conditions de vie plus dégradées peuvent expliquer la prévalence et la mortalité plus importante dans cette population. La santé mentale a été aussi influencé par la pandémie (Léon et al, 2023), devenue depuis un enjeu majeur des politiques publiques, puisqu’instituée comme « grande cause nationale » pour l’année 2025. Pour cette étude, nous mobilisons les données du Baromètre Santé 2021 et nous nous intéressons aux effets perçus de la pandémie sur la santé et les conditions de vie, chez les immigrés et les natifs. A partir de ces données, nous mobilisons les méthodes de l’analyse démographique et statistique pour comprendre les liens entre vécus de la pandémie et conditions de vie. Ce travail apporte des éléments nouveaux pour la compréhension du vécu de la pandémie chez les immigrés