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Fragments sensibles: Jeux, gestes et mémoire des lieux
No full textL’étude interroge la fragilité actuelle de ces espaces de transmission face aux mutations sociales et technologiques, tout en soulignant leur résilience et leur capacité à réinventer le lien entre générations. Ainsi, l’enfance apparaît comme un lieu de passage et de continuité, où le geste et le jeu deviennent les langages silencieux d’une culture vivante, reliant tradition et devenir.الملخص يستكشف هذا النص الروابط العميقة بين الطفولة والحرفة التقليدية في مدن المغرب العتيقة، وخاصة في تيزنيت. من خلال مقاربة تجمع بين السيرة الذاتية والتحليل الأنثروبولوجي، يعيد الكاتب قراءة مساره كابن حرفي لفهم ديناميات التعلم ونقل الخبرة والانتماء الثقافي. تتشابك في هذا العالم حركات الحرفيين وألعاب الأطفال وسرد الحكواتيين لتشكّل نسيجاً حياً يجمع بين الذاكرة والمهارة والخيال الجمعي. يتناول البحث هشاشة هذه الفضاءات التقليدية أمام التحولات الاجتماعية والتكنولوجية المتسارعة، لكنه يبرز في الوقت ذاته قدرتها على الصمود وإعادة خلق الروابط بين الأجيال. فالطفولة، في هذا السياق، تظهر كمجال عبور واستمرارية، حيث يتحول اللعب والحركة إلى لغتين صامتتين لثقافة حية تصل الماضي بالمستقبل، والتقليد بالتحولThis essay explores the intimate links between childhood and craftsmanship in Moroccan medinas, particularly in Tiznit. Through a combined autobiographical and anthropological lens, the author revisits his own upbringing as the child of an artisan to shed light on the subtle dynamics of transmission, learning, and cultural belonging. The gestures of artisans, children’s play, and storytellers’ narratives weave together a living fabric where memory, skill, and collective imagination coexist. The study examines the growing fragility of these spaces of transmission in the face of social and technological change, while emphasizing their resilience and ability to reinvent intergenerational bonds. Ultimately, childhood emerges as a liminal space of continuity, where gesture and play become the silent languages of a living culture—linking tradition and becoming.Ce texte explore les liens intimes entre l’enfance et l’artisanat dans les médinas marocaines, en particulier à Tiznit, au centre ouest du pays. À travers une approche à la fois autobiographique et anthropologique, l’auteur revisite son propre parcours d’enfant d’artisan pour éclairer les dynamiques de transmission, d’apprentissage et d’appartenance culturelle. Les gestes des artisans, les jeux des enfants et les récits des conteurs y composent une trame vivante où s’entrelacent mémoire, savoir-faire et imaginaire collectif. L’étude interroge la fragilité actuelle de ces espaces de transmission face aux mutations sociales et technologiques, tout en soulignant leur résilience et leur capacité à réinventer le lien entre générations. Ainsi, l’enfance apparaît comme un lieu de passage et de continuité, où le geste et le jeu deviennent les langages silencieux d’une culture vivante, reliant tradition et devenir
Assessment of cardiopulmonary risk in COPD patients: Expert opinion formalized using the Delphi method
No full textInternational audienceBackgroundCardiovascular (CV) comorbidities are frequent in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), increasing individual morbidity and mortality. This observation has given rise to the concept of cardiopulmonary risk. However, assessment and management of CV risk in COPD patients is highly variable in practice. Cardiologists' and pulmonologists' knowledge and understanding of cardiopulmonary risk and its assessment in COPD patients, along with the management of special situations, were analyzed using the Delphi consensus methodology.Study Design and MethodsA Steering Committee of ten experts (five cardiologists and five pulmonologists) developed a questionnaire covering 73 clinical situations grouped into 31 statements. This Steering Committee recommended a panel of expert respondents with clinical experience. The Delphi consensus methodology was applied in two rounds, with 74 respondents in the first round and 68 in the second. Consensus was defined as agreement or disagreement by >75 % of respondents.ResultsThe panel agreed that COPD patients face elevated CV risk independently of other risk factors. Consensus was reached on systematically assessing CV risk factors in COPD patients and the necessity for cardiological consultation and arterial imaging (coronary, supra-aortic trunks) if CV risk scores are high. The panel opposed routine Holter EKG use, but recommended both cardiological and pneumological investigations in cases of disproportionate dyspnea. Minor disagreements emerged between pulmonologists and cardiologists about abdominal aortic aneurysm screening, glycated hemoglobin testing, and specific CV assessments post COPD exacerbation.InterpretationThis Delphi report summarizes expert cardiologist and pulmonologist perspectives on CV risk assessment in COPD patients, emphasizing the need for integrated management of respiratory and CV conditions. These findings demonstrate the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and suggest that while some practical aspects of CV assessment in COPD patients are the subject of clear consensus, other areas require further research to develop precise protocols
Handgrip strength reference values and determinants of muscle weakness in French adults: results from the NutriNet-Santé study
No full textInternational audienceThe aim of this study was to determine sex-and age-specific handgrip strength percentiles in French adults and investigate sociodemographic and anthropometric variables associated with lower upper arm strength.Methods: A sample of 18,532 French adults (5,262 men, 13,090 women), aged 18-91, from the NutriNet-Santé cohort (2011-2014) was assessed for handgrip strength. For each hand, the maximum grip strength in kilograms was recorded. Grip strength was analyzed in absolute terms and relative units (relative to body weight and BMI). Percentiles (5th to 95th) were established by age and sex. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and anthropometric factors associated with low handgrip strength (<20 th percentile) were evaluated using logistic regression, considering age, education, income, smoking status, BMI, physical activity, and sitting time.Results: Low BMI was linked to low handgrip strength in both sexes, whereas overweight was protective in men (OR 0.77). In women, lower education correlated with higher odds of low strength (OR 0.78-0.84). Male former or current smokers had higher odds of low grip strength (OR 1.20-1.35), while women showed an inverse association (OR 0.86). Physical activity reduced risk in both sexes, particularly at high activity levels (men OR 0.74; women OR 0.73). Age was a key factor in women, with increased odds in the 45-49 and 55-59 age groups (OR 1.27 and 1.32). Conclusions:The reference values provide reference data for French adults, and these data should be useful in identifying populations at risk of low muscle strength and sarcopenia.</div
Development of nanopillars on mm² area of quantum-grade diamond membranes
No full textInternational audienceRecently, progress in diamond synthesis through plasma-assisted microwave chemical vapor deposition (CVD), along with post-treatments, has enabled the production of quantum-grade single-crystal diamond films with highly controlled densities of NV centers, ranging from a few parts per billion (ppb) to several parts per million (ppm) [1]. The excellent spin properties of this type of diamond allow the development of sensors that operate at room temperature, initialize, and optically read their quantum spin. However, beyond the perfect control of the quantum material, many challenges still lie in the insufficient development of micro- and nanometric diamond shaping processes.This work aims to process and handle diamond membranes with thicknesses of several tens of micrometers, featuring a forest of NV-doped nanopillars with a high aspect ratios, on their surface. These nanostructured membranes will be used for developing quantum technologies applications such as bio-sensing or to investigate solutions for sensing neuronal activity at the sub-micrometer scale. For this application, the NV-doped nanopillars array will serve as a scaffold for the growth of neuron branches that extend across the adjacent pillars [2]. It implies a millimeter-sized array on a diamond substrate, with 1 µm height, 2 µm periodicity, and around 400 nm diameters.To pattern materials, optical lithography is well-known but limited to micrometer-scale resolution. Electron-beam lithography offers higher resolution (nanometer-scale) but encounters long processing time on large areas (mm2) and charge effects on diamond. In this paper, we will present an original interferometric lithography that offers higher resolution (few hundred nanometers across several mm²) and short processing time. Results of selective resist insolation, followed by etching using ICP-RIE etching process, leading to a forest of nanopillars dimensionally adapted to neuronal culture will be presented and characterized.[1] Achard, J. et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2020. [2] Losero, E. et al., arXiv:2207.09903, 2022
Évaluation de l’accès aux soins prénatals chez les femmes afghanes migrantes, réfugiées et demandeuses d’asile en France : une étude méthodologique mixte
No full textInternational audienceDespite the growing number of Afghan women migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers (AWMRA) in France, little is known about their access to maternal healthcare services. This study examines AWMRA’s access to and experience of antenatal care (ANC) services in France. A convergent parallel mixed-methods design was employed, combining a quantitative online survey with qualitative in-depth semi-structured interviews and focus groups among AWMRA (18–49 years) who were pregnant or gave birth in France within the last 24 months. Data collection was conducted through snowball sampling supported by a participatory community network, involving 21 Afghan associations and over 100 community members. Framework analysis was applied to qualitative data, while quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The two data components were analyzed separately and then merged for integration. The findings suggested that limited information on pregnancy-related healthcare services left many women navigating the health system on their own. Nearly one-third of participants reported incomplete ANC visits, with adverse outcomes reported by 15 %. From the system's perspective, long waiting times were identified as a barrier to completing ANC. Additionally, the lack of culturally sensitive care, confusing administrative procedures, discrimination, and inadequate interpreter services exacerbated these challenges. Despite these obstacles, some healthcare workers’ efforts to ensure clear communication highlighted the potential for improving ANC completion. Improving access to linguistically and culturally tailored information, expanding interpreter services, and fostering culturally competent care are critical steps to support equitable ANC access for this population.Malgré le nombre croissant de femmes afghanes migrantes, réfugiées et demandeuses d’asile (FAMRDA) en France, peu de données existent sur leur accès aux soins de santé maternelle. Cette étude examine l’accès des FAMRDA aux soins prénatals (SPN) et leur expérience de ces services. Un design mixte parallèle convergent a été utilisé, combinant une enquête quantitative en ligne et des entretiens semi-directifs approfondis ainsi que des groupes de discussion qualitatifs auprès de FAMRDA (18–49 ans) enceintes ou ayant accouché en France au cours des 24 derniers mois. La collecte des données a reposé sur un échantillonnage boule de neige, soutenu par un réseau communautaire participatif impliquant 21 associations afghanes et plus de 100 membres de la communauté. Les données qualitatives ont été analysées par analyse thématique, et les données quantitatives par statistiques descriptives et inférentielles. Les deux jeux de données ont été analysés séparément avant d’être intégrés.Les résultats montrent qu’un manque d’informations sur les services liés à la grossesse conduit de nombreuses femmes à naviguer seules dans le système de santé. Près d’un tiers des participantes n’ont pas bénéficié de visites prénatales complètes, avec 15 % rapportant des issues défavorables. Du point de vue du système, de longs temps d’attente constituent un obstacle majeur, tandis que l’absence de soins culturellement adaptés, la complexité administrative, la discrimination et des services d’interprétation insuffisants aggravent les difficultés. Cependant, les efforts de certains professionnels de santé pour assurer une communication claire montrent le potentiel d’amélioration de l’adhésion aux SPN.Améliorer l’accès à des informations adaptées sur le plan linguistique et culturel, étendre les services d’interprétation et promouvoir des soins culturellement compétents sont essentiels pour garantir un accès équitable aux soins prénatals pour cette population
Generalizability and sample complexity of quadratic shallow neural networks under low-rank learning
No full textInternational audienceWe investigate the interplay between sample complexity and model complexity in low-rank learning of quadratic shallowneural networks (QSNN), within a novel doubly-correlated teacher-student framework that incorporates parameter correlationsto reflect real-world data properties. This framework generalizes existing theories for QSNN by analyzing the impact of samplesize on generalization loss for models under low-rank learning or exhibiting inherent bias. We observe a two-regime behavior inthe scaling law of generalization ability with respect to sample size and show that parameter correlations in the teacher modelsignificantly enhance the generalization of rank-reduced models. Extensive numerical simulations confirm the results and offertheoretical insights and practical guidance for designing efficient neural network architectures under low-rank learning.Ce travail examine les relations entre la complexité de l’échantillon et la complexité du modèle dans l’apprentissage àfaible rang des réseaux neuronaux quadratiques superficiels (QSNN). Nous proposons un nouveau cadre enseignant-étudiant àdouble corrélation qui intègre des corrélations entre paramètres pour mieux refléter les propriétés des données réelles. Ce cadre étendles théories existantes sur les QSNN en analysant l’influence de la taille d’échantillon sur l’erreur de généralisation pour des modèlesappris à faible rang ou présentants un biais intrinsèque. Nos résultats révèlent un comportement à deux phases dans les lois d’échellede la capacité de généralisation selon la taille d’échantillon, et démontrent que les corrélations paramétriques du modèle enseignantaméliorent considérablement la généralisation des modèles à rang réduit. Des simulations numériques étendues confirment cesrésultats et offrent des perspectives théoriques ainsi que des recommandations pratiques pour concevoir des architectures de réseauxneuronaux efficaces dans le contexte de l’apprentissage à faible rang
Analyser l’intersectionnalité par le prisme du concept d’articulation : le cas de la couverture journalistique des mères infanticides dans les JT français (1990-2018)
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Section 06 Sciences de l’information : fondements de l’informatique, calculs, algorithmes, représentations, exploitations: Rapport de conjoncture 2024
No full textLa section 6 du Comité national de la recherche scientifique est, avec la section 7, une des deux sections traitant de la science informatique, et plus précisément de l’algorithmique et de la combinatoire, du calcul, du logiciel, de la sécurité, des réseaux et systèmes distribuées, des données et connaissances, de l’intelligence artificielle et de l’aide à la décision, ainsi que de la bio-informatique et de l’informatique quantique. Ce rapport présente le périmètre thématique de la section, discute de la place des femmes ainsi que des évolutions récentes des pratiques de recherche, présente la conjoncture des différents thèmes de recherche et enfin décrit les carrières au CNRS des chercheurs et chercheuses de la section
Levofloxacin in Bone and Joint Infections: Development of an Application for Model‐Informed Precision Dosing
No full textInternational audienceLevofloxacin is a valuable antibiotic in the treatment of bone and joint infections. Due to the known risk of treatment failure and bacterial resistance, the development of tools facilitating pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameter monitoring to inform precision dosing is needed. Therefore, we assessed the use of Bayesian estimation to predict AUC0–24 and Cmax of levofloxacin under various sampling scenarios realistic in clinical routine. Furthermore, we developed a free web‐based application allowing model‐informed precision dosing. All published population pharmacokinetic models of ofloxacin and levofloxacin in bone and joint infections were researched and their predictive performance was compared using a real‐life data cohort. We used simulated data to validate the robustness of various scenarios for Bayesian estimation of AUC0–24 and Cmax with up to three samples, including the potential impact of an incorrectly reported sampling time at peak concentration. Relative bias and relative root mean square error were estimated to assess accuracy and precision, respectively. One of the three published levofloxacin models showed negligible mean relative prediction error (0.02 ± 0.09). We modified it to a closed form approximation to facilitate the implementation in the application. The 2‐sample scenario (T0h‐T3h) allowed accurate and precise AUC0–24 estimations for 500 mg q12h and 750 mg q24h dosing regimens. None of the tested scenarios allowed a satisfactory estimation of Cmax. We finally developed and validated a free web‐based application (https://levoshiny.iame‐research.center/) using the selected model. The Shiny application will be useful in clinical practice to individualize dose regimens based on the AUC0–24 obtained using the proposed limited sampling strategy
Magnetic and transport properties of cubic Fe1-xZnxO solid solutions with a rock salt structure synthesized at high pressure
No full textInternational audienceMetastable cubic Fe1-xZnxO solid solutions (0 < x ≤ 0.5) with a rock salt structure (Fm-3m) have been synthesized by a solid-phase reaction between wurtzite ZnO and cubic FeO at 7.7 GPa and 1500 K. The magnetic and transport properties of these solid solutions were studied at ambient pressure over the temperature range of 4.2–300 K, and the presence of antiferromagnetic order has been revealed with a decrease of the N´eel temperature from 112 K for Fe0.7Zn0.3O down to 45 K for Fe0.5Zn0.5O. Synthesized rock salt Fe1-xZnxO solid solutions exhibit semiconducting behavior with low electrical resistivity (at 300 K, from 0.37 Ohm•cm for x = 0 to 28 Ohm•cm for x = 0.5) and p-type conductivity due to the presence of a deep defect level with an activation energy of 105–144 meV located above the top of the valence band