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Efficient Client Selection for Asynchronous Federated Learning for Adaptive Bitrate Streaming
No full textInternational audienceRecently, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been applied to enhance the quality-of-experience (QoE) of adaptive bitrate streaming (ABR) by adjusting the video quality level in real time based on instantaneous network conditions. To build a state-of-the-art DRL-based ABR (DRLABR) algorithm, it must learn from the clients’ actual network and video streaming behavior. However, collecting such data directly from clients introduces several challenges, including privacy concerns, high bandwidth consumption, and the straggler effect—where poor network conditions of certain clients delay the training process, as DRLABR’s performance is highly dependent on network interactions. To overcome these limitations, we propose a decentralized training approach for DRLABR using a Federated Learning (FL) framework. Instead of gathering raw data, clients train their local DRLABR models independently and send only model updates to the central server. To address the straggler issue, we propose to desynchronize the FL update rules, allowing clients to contribute their model updates at their own pace, regardless of varying network conditions. In addition, we design a DRL-based client selection mechanism to prevent oversampling of high-bandwidth clients, which could lead to model divergence, thereby ensuring balanced participation and improving the overall training efficiency. We validate our approach through a comprehensive simulation encompassing diverse video content and real-world network traces, simulating a wide range of streaming activities. Our results show that the proposed framework significantly outperforms conventional FedAvg and FedAsync methods, achieving the highest average QoE score of 2.02 and reducing the total training latency by 21.26%
Prise en charge thérapeutique des grossesses extra-utérines tubaires. Recommandations pour la pratique clinique du CNGOF et de la SCGP
No full textInternational audience• Ectopic Pregnancy is defined as the presence of a pregnancy or pregnancy residue outside the uterine cavity, with a prevalence of approximately 2%. Tubal ectopic pregnancy is defined as the presence of a pregnancy or pregnancy residue in the extra-myometrial portion of the fallopian tube (isthmus, ampulla, or fimbriae), and accounts for 96 to 99% of ectopic pregnancy locations. Management of tubal ectopic pregnancy should depend on both its activity and whether it is symptomatic or not. • Regarding emergency management of tubal ectopic pregnancy, it is recommended not to consider expectant management for patients with symptomatic tubal ectopic pregnancy, nor for patients with active tubal ectopic pregnancy (Strong recommendation, low quality of evidence). It is recommended to offer expectant management as an alternative to medical treatment with MTX (methotrexate) for patients with non-active and asymptomatic tubal ectopic pregnancy (Strong recommendation, low quality of evidence). It is recommended to offer expectant management as an alternative to surgical treatment for patients with non-active and asymptomatic tubal ectopic pregnancy (Strong recommendation, very low quality of evidence). In cases of expectant management of tubal ectopic pregnancy, it is strongly recommended to systematically re-evaluate the patient clinically and biologically at 48 hours (Strong recommendation, low quality of evidence). If hCG levels decrease by more than 15% at 48 hours, it is recommended to continue monitoring weekly until negativity, provided there are no signs of symptomatic tubal ectopic pregnancy (Strong recommendation, very low quality of evidence). If an expectant approach is chosen, and there is an increase in hCG levels of more than 15% at 48 hours or the tubal ectopic pregnancy becomes symptomatic, it is recommended to discontinue expectant management (Strong recommendation, low quality of evidence). • Regarding medical treatment of tubal ectopic pregnancy, it is recommended not to favor a multi-dose protocol over a single-dose protocol to increase the success rate of MTX treatment (Strong recommendation, moderate quality of evidence). It is recommended to prefer the single-dose MTX protocol over the multi-dose protocol to limit the risk of adverse effects (Strong recommendation, high quality of evidence). It is also recommended not to systematically combine mifepristone treatment with an MTX injection to improve the efficacy of medical treatment for tubal ectopic pregnancy (Strong recommendation, high quality of evidence). • Regarding surgical management, in a patient with tubal ectopic pregnancy, it is recommended to perform either salpingotomy or salpingectomy with regard to fertility (Strong recommendation, high quality of evidence). It is recommended not to perform tubal expression in order to reduce morbidity compared to salpingotomy (Strong recommendation, very low quality of evidence).La Grossesse Extra-Utérine (GEU) est définie par la présence d’une grossesse ou d’un résidu de grossesse en dehors de la cavité utérine sa prévalence est d’environ 2%. La GEU tubaire est définie comme la présence d’une grossesse ou d’un résidu de grossesse dans la portion extra-myométriale de la trompe (isthme, ampoule ou pavillon) et représente 96 à 99% des localisations de GEU. La prise en charge de la GEU tubaire doit dépendre à la fois de son activité et de son caractère symptomatique ou non. Concernant la prise en charge en urgence d’une GEU tubaire, Il est recommandé de ne pas envisager une attitude expectative pour des patientes présentant une GEU tubaire symptomatique, ni pour pour des patientes présentant une GEU tubaire active (Recommandation forte, qualité de la preuve basse). Il est recommandé de proposer une attitude expectative comme alternative au traitement médical par méthotrexate (MTX) aux patientes présentant une GEU tubaire non active et asymptomatique (Recommandation forte, qualité de la preuve basse). Il est recommandé de proposer une attitude expectative comme alternative au traitement chirurgical aux patientes présentant une GEU tubaire non active et asymptomatique ( Recommandation forte, qualité de la preuve très basse). Il est recommandé, en cas de prise en charge d’une GEU tubaire par expectative, de réévaluer systématiquement cliniquement et biologiquement la patiente à 48 heures (Recommandation forte, qualité de la preuve basse) et en cas de décroissance des HCG >15% à 48h, il est recommandé de poursuivre la surveillance de la décroissance une fois par semaine jusqu’à négativation en l’absence de signes de GEU tubaire symptomatique (Recommandation forte, qualité de la preuve très basse), Si une attitude d’expectative est retenue, en cas d’augmentation des HCG > 15% à 48h ou en cas de GEU tubaire devenant symptomatique, il est recommandé de ne pas poursuivre l’attitude expectative (Recommandation forte, qualité de la preuve basse). Concernant les modalités du traitement médical de la GEU tubaire, Il est recommandé de ne pas privilégier un protocole multidose par rapport à un protocole monodose afin d’augmenter le taux de succès d’un traitement par MTX. (Recommandation forte, qualité de la preuve modérée). Il est recommandé de privilégier le traitement monodose de MTX au protocole multidose afin de limiter le risque d’effets indésirables (Recommandation forte, qualité de la preuve élévée). . il est recommandé de ne pas associer systématiquement un traitement par mifépristone à une injection de MTX pour augmenter l’efficacité du traitement médical d’une GEU tubaire (Recommandation forte, qualité de la preuve élevée). Concernant la prise en charge chirurgicale, chez une patiente présentant une GEU tubaire, il est recommandé de réaliser soit une salpingotomie soit une salpingectomie pour la fertilité. (Recommandation forte, qualité de la preuve élévée). Il est recommandé de ne pas pratiquer une expression tubaire pour diminuer la morbidité par rapport à la salpingotomie (Recommandation forte, qualité de la preuve très basse)
Silhouettes and generic properties of subgroups of the modular group
No full textInternational audienceWe show that the probability for a finitely generated subgroup of the modular group, of size n , to be almost malnormal or non-parabolic, tends to 0 as n tends to infinity – where the notion of the size of a subgroup is based on a natural graph-theoretic representation of the subgroup. The proofs of these results rely on the combinatorial and asymptotic study of a natural map, which associates with any finitely generated subgroup of \mathsf{PSL}_{2}(\mathbb{Z}) a graph which we call its silhouette, which can be interpreted as a conjugacy class of free finite index subgroups of \mathsf{PSL}_{2}(\mathbb{Z})
On the disjunctive rational closure of a conditional knowledge base
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Epidemiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Senegal
No full textInternational audienceAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children, characterized by persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that significantly impair development and daily functioning. This study aimed to examine the epidemiology and associated risk factors of ADHD among children and adolescents aged 5 to 14 years in Senegal. A cross-sectional, observational, and analytical study was conducted between July and August 2023 using a nationally representative sample of randomly selected households, proportionally distributed according to regional demographic weight. ADHD community screening was conducted through parent-reported assessments in household settings. Data were collected via Open Data Kit (ODK) and analyzed using R software. Ethical approval was obtained from the National Ethics Committee for Health Research in Senegal (SEN/2023/31). Out of 364 children surveyed (median age: 10 years; IQR: 7–13; male-to-female ratio: 1.14), the overall prevalence of ADHD was 32.96%. Inattentive-type ADHD affected 12.36%, hyperactivity 15.93%, oppositional defiant disorder 19.23%, and conduct disorder 27.19%. Prolonged exposure to screens (more than 2 hours per day) was significantly associated with ADHD (adjusted OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.27–3.48, p = 0.004). These findings underscore the urgent need for integrated, multisectoral strategies including prevention, early detection, and enhanced educational and healthcare interventions to improve the management of ADHD in Senega
On Medical Domination
No full textInternational audienceIn this article, I propose and define the concept of medical domination by combining insights from political sociology, Bourdieu's theory of domination, and intersectional perspectives. Drawing on a multi-sited ethnographic study of abortion services in France, I analyse how a set of legitimised and institutionalised power practices shape access to care despite growing emphasis on patient autonomy. This conceptualisation helps explain disparities in healthcare access and quality, showing how medical interactions reproduce social hierarchies beyond the clinical setting. The paper contributes to political sociology of health by examining both structural foundations of medical power and the socialisation processes through which professionals learn to exercise authority and patients learn to submit to it.</div
Violences patriarcales ou violences intrafamiliales ? Une action publique façonnée par le culturalisme en Polynésie française
No full textInternational audienceThe fight against intrafamilial violence is a priority of public action in French Polynesia. The inclusion of this issue on the policy agenda has been based on a contextualization of violence in light of the colonial situation, as well as so-called cultural specificities. We show that this culturalist reading of violence tends to sideline the patriarchal perspective. Violence perpetrated by men, women, and children is addressed collectively, as a symptom of an identity crisis and a dysfunction of the family institution, without reference to overarching power dynamics based on gender and age. This narrative construction aligns with policies oriented toward restoring the so-called traditional asymmetry between genders and generations, rather than deconstructing it.La lutte contre les violences intrafamiliales est une priorité de l’action publique en Polynésie française. La mise à l’agenda du problème s’est appuyée sur une contextualisation des violences à l’aune du passé colonial mais aussi de « spécificités culturelles ». Cette lecture culturaliste des violences tend à évincer la lecture patriarcale. Les violences des hommes, des femmes et des enfants sont appréhendées de front comme le symptôme d’une crise identitaire et d’un dysfonctionnement de l’institution familiale, sans référence aux rapports de domination fondés sur le genre et sur l’âge. Cette mise en récit s’articule avec une orientation des politiques vers la restauration de l’asymétrie dite traditionnelle entre les sexes et les âges, plutôt que vers sa déconstruction
When Travelling Across Borders Meant Developing International Relations
No full textInternational audienceThis paper examines the making of “international relations” during the interwar period.Today, individuals are no longer said to have international relations, but less than a century ago, the notion of “international relations” was still applied to individuals. Travelling across borders were often described as a way to “facilitate international relations” (between the peoples). Conversely, passports and visas were described as a “hindrance to international relations”. Not only tourist associations, but also professional and political organisations kept calling for the abolition of passports after the WWI.This paper has two aims. First, it shows that this wording was not uncommon, using examples from newspapers published in interwar period (1919-1939) in France, United States, and Great Britain. Then, it argues that the disappearance of any reference to personal international relations from our vocabulary is linked to the development of technologies for border control
Triggers of viral encephalitis: a brain teaser to be solved!
No full textInternational audienceAlthough viral encephalitis is an uncommon cause of admission to hospital, its morbidity and mortality burden is disproportionately high [...]. Over the years, a large panel of viruses associated with encephalitis have been identified; however, in more than half of the cases, the causative infectious agent remains unidentified and its nature varies depending on the geographical location. The reasons why a viral infection causes encephalitis remain poorly understood [...]