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Forward Indifference Pricing
No full textThis paper studies forward indifference prices for financial claims. Indifference prices measure the compensation required to offset the risk associated with providing or receiving a claim based on a utility criterion. Our approach relies on the framework of consistent dynamic utilities -also called forward utilities -which allows us to account for changes in the preferences as well as any uncertain evolution of the financial and economic environment. The indifference price is determined by equalizing the value function of a standard optimization problems of utility of terminal wealth, with the value function of another optimization problem that integrates the claim in the portfolio. We first determine the optimal strategy for the latter, in the context of consistent dynamic utilities. Then the indifference price is characterized as a solution of a backward stochastic differential equation of quadratic type. As an example, the case of consistent exponential utility is studied
Épreuves d’autorité
No full textInternational audienceDe quoi sont faites les relations entre employé•es et patron•nes, administré•es et administrateur•rices, accusé•es et juges, fidèles et clergé, enfants et parents, patient•es et soignant•es, élèves et enseignant•es, etc. ? Ce numéro de Tracés propose de repartir d’une notion centrale de notre modernité politique, l’autorité, et d’en explorer la dimension relationnelle en privilégiant une approche interactionnelle. Par relation d’autorité, nous entendons une relation sociale structurée par des statuts de participation a priori asymétriques, où la chance de se voir obéi repose précisément sur la reconnaissance de tels statuts. Il s’agit de ce point de vue d’une forme particulière de relation de pouvoir. Selon les lieux et les époques, ces asymétries peuvent être inscrites dans la loi (comme l’autorité des parents sur les enfants), dans des dispositions contractuelles (comme le lien hiérarchique entre employé•es et patron•nes), dans des formes d’exercice du pouvoir politique (gouvernant•es et gouverné•es), dans des dispositifs institutionnels qui délèguent à un type d’acteur•rice un pouvoir sur la vie d’autres individus (juges et accusé•es, clergé et fidèles, fonctionnaires et administré•es) ou encore dans des situations de maîtrise quasi unilatérale de la force physique (terroristes et otages).Ces situations ne sont ni limitatives, ni exclusives, ni attachées par nature à certaines configurations. Surtout, l’asymétrie de statuts n’y est jamais entièrement acquise. Le parti pris de ce dossier est d’analyser, à différentes époques et dans différents mondes sociaux, les moments critiques qui construisent, stabilisent, redéfinissent ou renversent les relations d’autorité, ainsi que les dispositifs matériels, spatiaux, langagiers et moraux dans lesquels elles s’inscrivent. Ces moments constituent, dans le vocabulaire des sociologies d’inspiration pragmatique et pragmatiste, des épreuves (Blic et Lemieux, 2005 ; Boltanski, 2009 ; Chateauraynaud, 2015).Cette introduction propose de dégager trois perspectives analytiques pour saisir les relations d’autorité : l’autorité comme travail relationnel ; la mise à l’épreuve de l’autorité ; les expériences sensibles de la relation d’autorité. Ces perspectives alimentent toutes à leur façon une question plus générale, que ce dossier soulève in fine, à savoir l’articulation de l’étude des relations d’autorité et des rapports de domination
Community human-to-human transmission of multidrug resistant Enterobacterales in high-income countries: a systematic review
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Human-to-human transmission of multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales (MDRE) in community settings of high-income countries (HICs) is poorly documentedObjectives: This systematic review examines current available evidence regarding (i) human reservoirs of MDRE in community settings of HICs, (ii) dynamics of human-to-human transmission, and (iii) intervention opportunities.Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science was searched up to end 2024. Articles related to community-acquired MDRE, human transmission, fecal carriage, antimicrobial resistance were included. We excluded articles on low and middle-income countries, on nursing homes and hospital-based studies.Results: A total of 105 articles were included. Prevalence estimates of Extended Spectrum BetaLactamases-Enterobacteriaceae carriage in the community increased over time (from 3.2% [IQR 2.1] (median [interquartile range]) in 2002-2009, to 19.3% [IQR 9.8] in 2018-2021), and the highest prevalence were reported in Eastern Mediterranean countries (13.5% [IQR 1.2]), followed by Western Pacific Regions (12.5% [IQR 15.2]). Prevalence of carriage among household members of an index carrier ranged from 8-37%. Few data were reported on infection control interventions to prevent community MDRE transmission. The impact of antimicrobial stewardship programs on antimicrobial resistance is unknown.Conclusion: Data on dynamics of MDRE transmission in the community of HICs are scarce. Targeted studies, and evaluation of interventions, are needed in the community
Sociabilités urbaines autour du jeu à Paris et Dakar
No full textPoster created as part of the ‘Marges créatrices’ exhibition organised by the Pléiade laboratory (UR 7338).Photograph (top): view from the pavement opposite PMU City Beaubourg, Paris (Nicolas Brun, 08/09/2023)Photograph (bottom): LONASE kiosk, Dakar (Nicolas Brun, 02/10/2023)Planche réalisé dans le cadre de l'exposition "Marges créatrices" organisé par le laboratoire Pléiade (UR 7338).Photographie (haut) : vu depuis le trottoir en face du PMU City Beaubourg, Paris (Nicolas Brun, le 08/09/2023)Photographie (bas) : Kiosque LONASE, Dakar (Nicolas Brun, 02/10/2023
Extracting Pediatric Information from Summaries of Product Characterics with a Large Language Model and No-Code
No full textInternational audienceAccurate medication information is important for children, as dosing errors can have severe consequences compared to adults. We propose an automated method to extract pediatric information from Summaries of Product Characteristics (SPC). We used AirOps, a commercial and no-code visual editor to implement a processing chain with large language model GPT-4o mini on 50 SPCs. The task focused on evaluating pediatric indications and we extracted relevant sentences from all segments with a 95% recall rate and 78% precision rate. The results suggest the model can reliably classify drugs according to their pediatric indications. A no-code approach made it possible to implement the task for a healthcare professional with no training in information technology
Development of a checklist for systematic screening of precipitating factors in older patients admitted to hospital with delirium
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Objectives Causes of delirium are often multiple in older people and a significant number of them are missed at the initial assessment. We wanted to develop a checklist to help clinicians to systematically screen for the most frequent and important causes of delirium in this population. Methods Three investigators, based on previous studies, drafted three possible checklist base models, comprising 18–29 items. A panel of 12 experts voted to choose one of the models, and then followed a modified Delphi consensus method to review each item and further develop the checklist. The consensus checklist was then tested in a small group of patients. The target population was older patients with delirium arriving to the emergency department or to a medical hospital ward. Results The longest of the three drafts was unanimously chosen by the panel. After three rounds, a consensus was reached and a final checklist agreed. It is composed by 27 items organized in five groups of causes: infections, hydro-electrolytic disturbances, drugs, acute neurological conditions, and other acute diseases. A pilot study conducted by 15 physicians in 21 consecutive patients showed that the checklist was easy to complete, quick (mean 4 min) and most clinicians, though it helped them through the initial diagnostic work. Conclusions We have developed and pilot tested a checklist for screening for acute precipitants of delirium in older patients, aimed to facilitate early recognition and treatment of the multiple causes that often coexists in this population
Effect of long‐term treatment with memantine on mortality in patients with major cognitive disorders: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
No full textInternational audienceAbstract BACKGROUND Dementia is responsible for a reduction in life expectancy, and the effect of memantine on mortality is still poorly understood. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of long‐term treatment with memantine on all‐cause mortality. METHODS In this systematic review and meta‐analysis, we searched five databases from their creation to June 2024. RESULTS We found 12 randomized trials ( n = 4266) and 7 observational studies ( n = 20,216). Treatment with memantine was associated with a reduction in all‐cause mortality (risk ratios [RRs] 0.81, 95% CI: 0.72–0.92, p = 0.001). In the sensitivity analysis, the pooled RR was similar for randomized controlled trials (RCT) (RR 0.86) and non‐randomized studies (RR 0.81) but pooled results from RCTs did not reach statistical significance (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59–1.26, p = 0.45), while they did for observational studies (95% CI: 0.70–0.95, p = 0.008), so we consider the overall evidence as of low certainty. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the use of memantine in patients with dementia may be associated with a reduction in all‐cause mortality. Highlights Dementia reduces patients’ survival and the effect of long‐term use of memantine on all‐cause mortality is not well known. This systematic review and metanalysis included 19 studies including more than 24000 patients. We found that memantine in patients with dementia may be associated with a reduction in all‐cause mortality
L’affaire Clochemerle : une satire de la rivalité entre catholiques et laïques à censurer ?
No full textInternational audienc
Le documenteur : le canular comme moyen et pratique d’analyse et de de construction des images
No full textInternational audienceWe can define mockumentary as fiction dressed up as documentary. Although this definition is broad, ranging from found footage to misleading and conspiracy-theory documentaries, researchers who have studied these works generally reduce it to the notion of hoax (Delaunoy, 2008) or trompe l'oeil (Niney, 2009).Bringing together films such as Opération Lune (William Karel, 2002), Forgotten Silver (Peter Jackson, 1995) and Zelig (Woody Allen, 1983), the mockumentary, through its format, attracts the attention of teachers and researchers to the issue of image education. Several educational projects and numerous films made by learners have already been produced. It seems to be an ideal tool for addressing issues of discourse through images using a practical and active approach based on project-based teaching methods through the creation of a fun audiovisual object. It thus allows for a constructive and then deconstructive approach to the mechanisms of deception, encouraging students to develop a reflexivity about the nature of the images they encounter on a daily basis.In light of previous experiences and scientific literature, this paper proposes to study the potential and limitations of using mockumentary to develop students' critical thinking skills based on a year-long project (currently underway) with first-year CGEA vocational students at an agricultural high school.Nous pouvons définir le documenteur comme une fiction s’habillant des apparts du documentaire. Bien que cette définition soit large pouvant aller du found-foutage aux documentaires mensongers et complotistes, les chercheurs ayant travaillé sur ces objets la réduisent généralement à la notion de canular (Delaunoy, 2008) ou de trompe l’oeil (Niney, 2009).Réunissant des films comme Opération Lune (William Karel, 2002), Forgotten Silver (Peter Jackson, 1995) ou encore Zelig (Woody Allen, 1983), le documenteur par son dispositif attire les regards des enseignants et des chercheurs sur la question de l’éducation aux images. Plusieurs projets éducatifs et de nombreux films réalisés par des apprenants ont déjà vu le jour. Il semble être un outil idéal permettant d’aborder les problématiques des discours par les images à travers une approche pratique et active issue des pédagogies de projet par la création d’un objet audiovisuel ludique. Il permettrait ainsi une approche constructive puis déconstructive des mécanismes du mensonge poussant de fait les élèves à développer une réflexivité sur la nature des images qu’ils croisent au quotidien.A la lumière des expériences précédentes et de la littérature scientifique, cette communication propose d’étudier les potentiels et les limites de l’emploi du documenteur afin de développer l’esprit critique des élèves à partir d’un projet de réalisation d’un an (en cours) avec des élèves de première professionnelle CGEA en lycée agricole