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“Un très vieux récit se frayait un chemin dans le temps”. Dante et les écrivain.es contemporain.es
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Nanoprecipitation and nanoemulsification: A focus on the strategies to control hybrid nanoparticle morphology
No full textInternational audienceIn this short review, we seek to illustrate how nanoprecipitation can be used as a simple (often one-pot) though powerful method to elaborate nanoparticles with a designed shape or composition. We focus on the case of hybrid organic/inorganic materials, and make the parallel with the more familiar case of polymer-based nanoparticles, leading to either full or core-shell particles. The mechanisms and strategies that allow control of the morphology are discussed. In addition, we connect the concepts of spontaneous emulsification, which was developed in the framework of the nanoprecipitation of organic compounds and polymers, and of co-precipitation related to the synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles
Living the End of Beauty. Threatened Landscapes and the Politics of Aesthetic Emotions
No full textInternational audienceThis article demonstrates how aesthetic emotions, such as wonder, awe, grief, and enchantment, transform into practical judgments that guide care and politics in threatened landscapes. Drawing on multi-year ethnographic research conducted at two sites that we place “in dialogue” rather than in strict comparison – the rapidly warming Alps (France, Italy, and Switzerland) and a conservation complex at Empire Ranch in Arizona – we demonstrate how invocations of beauty and ugliness render ecological change tangible and morally significant. In the Alps, mountaineers, guides, and glaciologists observe the “darkening” and retreat of ice, reworking their attachments as they learn to recognize – or reject – new forms of beauty. In Arizona, volunteers, scientists, and neighboring communities actively promote beauty through restoration practices, where scientific metrics and often unspoken aesthetics quietly co-produce decisions about species, histories, and futures. In both locations, aesthetic judgments are not epiphenomenal; they are situated social practices that authorize certain feelings, mute others, and establish particular orders of care. By foregrounding ordinary conversations about beauty, we contribute to anthropologies of the environment, affect, and aesthetics, showing how people experience ecological crises through sensory value, how loss is apprehended and negotiated through aesthetics judgement, and how these values become claims about what must endure.Cet article montre comment les émotions esthétiques — telles que l’émerveillement, l’admiration, le deuil ou l’enchantement – se transforment en jugements pratiques qui orientent les manières d’être et d’agir dans des espaces menacés. À partir de deux enquêtes ethnographiques mises en relation dialogique – conduites sur des glaciers alpins et sur un ranch en Arizona — nous montrons comment les références à la beauté et à la laideur donnent une épaisseur sensible et morale aux transformations écologiques. Dans les Alpes, alpinistes, guides et glaciologues font le deuil des glaciers, reconfigurant leurs attachements à mesure qu’ils apprennent à reconnaître – ou à rejeter – de nouvelles formes de beauté. En Arizona, des bénévoles, des scientifiques et des communautés locales s’emploient à restaurer des paysages dégradés, où indicateurs scientifiques et esthétiques tacites co-produisent des décisions concernant les futurs à promouvoir. Ces deux terrains soulignent l’importance des jugements esthétiques, compris comme des pratiques sociales qui autorisent certaines émotions, en inhibent d’autres et instituent des ordres spécifiques du care. En étudiant les évaluations ordinaires de la beauté, l’article montre ainsi la manière dont la crise écologique est vécue à travers des sensibilités situées, participant à déterminer ce qui doit être abandonné ou sauvegardé
Pre-existing β-lactamase gene diversity is associated with lower risk of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales colonization in patients exposed to ceftriaxone
No full textInternational audienceExposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics, particularly to third-generation cephalosporins (3GC), increases the risk of colonization by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E). While clinical risk factors for ESBL-E acquisition are well established, the role of the gut microbiome and resistome remains unclear. We conducted a prospective study of patients with suspected bacterial infections receiving ceftriaxone to identify microbiome and resistome features associated with ESBL-E acquisition. Rectal samples collected before antibiotic administration, during treatment, and 30 d after initiation were analyzed by shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Among 80 patients, 12 (15%) acquired ESBL-E colonization by day 30. Ceftriaxone exposure induced a profound and sustained reduction in microbial richness and diversity across all patients. However, no specific taxonomic signature predicted subsequent ESBL-E colonization. In contrast, patients who did not acquire ESBL-E displayed a significantly richer and more diverse repertoire of β-lactamase-encoding genes at baseline, which was independently associated with protection against colonization. Moreover, patients exposed to multiple antibiotics experienced greater and more sustained microbiome disruption compared with those receiving ceftriaxone alone. These findings provide the first real-world evidence that pre-existing β-lactamasome diversity may confer ecological protection against antibiotic-driven colonization by ESBL-E in infected patients, highlighting the importance of functional resistome diversity over taxonomic composition in colonization resistance
Développement Professionnel Continue : Les déterminants de non-adhésion des médecins généralistes au plan triennal
No full textIntroduction: The mandatory Continuing Professional Development (CPD) program, implemented in 2016, shows poor uptake among general practitioners, with only 47% enrolled in 2021 for the 2019-2022 triennial period, especially in underserved Seine-Saint-Denis.Methods: Interpretative phenomenological qualitative study with 12 liberal GPs using semi-structured interviews (face-to-face/remote), recorded, transcribed, and analyzed via iterative thematic coding (reflexivity via field journal).Results: Key barriers: time constraints/workload, inadequate training offer for practical needs, poor device awareness, preference for self-training/internet; levers: flexible formats (online), targeted communication, enhanced financial incentives.Discussion: System ill-suited to liberal practice despite remuneration; ANDPC recommendations: tailored offers, strengthened outreach; limitations: local non-probabilistic sample.Introduction : Le Développement Professionnel Continu (DPC) obligatoire depuis 2016 peine à mobiliser les médecins généralistes libéraux, avec seulement 47% d'inscrits en 2021 pour la triennale 2019-2022, particulièrement en Seine-Saint-Denis (faible densité médicale).Méthodes : Étude qualitative phénoménologique interprétative auprès de 12 généralistes libéraux via entretiens semi-directifs (présentiel/distanciel), enregistrés, retranscrits et analysés par codage thématique itératif (journal de bord pour réflexivité).Résultats : Freins majeurs identifiés : manque de temps/surcharge, offre inadaptée aux besoins pratiques, méconnaissance du dispositif, préférence autoformation/internet ; leviers : formations flexibles (distance), communication ciblée, incitations financières renforcées.Discussion : Dispositif mal approprié aux contraintes libérales malgré indemnisation ; recommandations pour ANDPC : personnalisation offre, pédagogie renforcée ; limites : échantillon local non probabilist
Non-Aspergillus invasive mould infections in liver transplant recipients : a French national retrospective case-control study, 2007 to 2021
No full textInternational audienceBACKGROUND: Non-Aspergillus invasive mould infections (IMIs) are emerging in immunocompromised patients and liver is the second most commonly organ transplanted worldwide. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter retrospective case-control (1:1) study of liver transplant recipients diagnosed with non-Aspergillus IMIs in France between January 2007 and December 2021. RESULTS: We identified 27/14,332 (0.18%) LT recipients with non-Aspergillus IMIs. Mucorales spp. (48%) were the most common pathogens, followed by Scedosporium spp. (14%), Fusarium spp. (14%), and other IMIs (25%). Lungs were the primary infection site, followed by soft tissues, abdomen, brain, sinuses, heart, and bone. Multivariate analysis showed that a MELD score > 20 prior to transplantation and primary antifungal prophylaxis (with echinocandins or fluconazole) tended to increase the risk of non-Aspergillus IMIs by nearly threefold ((aOR: 3.73, 95% CI [0.90-15.45], p = 0.07) and (aOR: 3.93; 95% CI [0.94-16.42], p = 0.06) respectively). The 6-month mortality rate was 55%. In a Cox survival model, non-Aspergillus IMIs were associated with a threefold increase in mortality risk ((HR: 3.82 [2.01-7.26] p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Non-Aspergillus IMIs are rare but highly fatal infections whose early diagnosis in high-risk liver-transplanted patients is essential. Whether or not recently available molecular tools for diagnosing non-Aspergillus IMIs will improve their prognosis in the liver transplantation setting remains to be studied
La "commémoration audiovisuelle". La Guerre d’Algérie sous tous ses formats documentaires
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« 'C'est l'enterrer que de le nommer Conseiller de préfecture !'. Les stages administratifs de Georges Maringer, qui fut président de section au Conseil d'Etat (1884-1890) »
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Retourner le scalpel : d’une stérilisation d’État à l’exercice d’un libre choix ? Usages et discours sur les opérations génitales transmasculines internes
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Scientific integrity from a meta-ethical perspective: more contextualization and research ethics committees? A preliminary meta-ethics study
No full textInternational audienceA thematic analysis of secondary information extracted from this sample enabled us to identify three principal themes in scientific integrity: its institutionalization, definition and applicability. And these themes, with their subthemes, highlighted two trends. On the one hand, scientific morality tends towards moral absolutism, whereas, on the other, it tends towards moral relativism. In other words, context does not, morally, justify anything in the first case, but can, ethically, justify certain things in the second. We think that it would be questionable to formalize scientific integrity as a moral absolutism, but this does not necessarily tip the balance in favor of radical moral relativism either. Scientific integrity should allow a contextualization of certain scientific practices within the framework of the activities of research ethics committees applying pragmatist ethical theories