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Repenser la régulation du capitalisme avec Castoriadis
No full textThis article explores the fruitfulness of Cornelius Castoriadis' thinking for the analysis of economic institutions and regulations, in dialogue with regulation theory. Drawing on his definition of an institution as an imaginary creation, we show that economic regimes are based not only on the coherence of institutional forms, but also on imaginary social meanings that ensure the stability of social compromises. Capitalism is interpreted as an economic regime centered on the goal of unlimited expansion of rationality, in accordance with modernity. Opposing this is another meaning, that of autonomy, which comes into conflict with it. These imaginary meanings contribute to the specificity of the form of the state and the Fordist wage system, which in turn create a new type of being through the embodiment of these meanings in a certain type of goods: domestic consumer goods. But this privatization of the individual will spread during the crisis of Fordism, and will continue and strengthen in the institutional reconfigurations of post-Fordist capitalism. We can therefore demonstrate that the stability of the post-Fordist system lies, as in Fordism, in individuals' adherence to the continuation of the system, through the ever-increasing expansion of domestic consumer goods.Cet article explore la fécondité de la pensée de Cornelius Castoriadis pour l’analyse des institutions et des régulations économiques, en dialogue avec la théorie de la régulation. En s’appuyant sur sa définition d’une institution comme création imaginaire, nous montrons que les régimes économiques ne reposent pas seulement sur la mise en cohérence des formes institutionnels, mais aussi sur des significations imaginaires sociales qui assurent la stabilité des compromis sociaux. Le capitalisme est interprété comme un régime économique centré sur la visée de l’expansion illimitée de la rationalité, conformément à la modernité. Face à lui, une autre signification, celle de l’autonomie, rentre en conflit. Ces significations imaginaires instituantes vont concourir à la spécificité de la forme de l’État et du régime salarial fordiste, qui en retour, vont fabriquer un type d’être nouveau, à travers l’incarnation de ces significations dans un certain type de biens : les biens de consommation domestiques. Mais cette privatisation de l’individu va s’étendre pendant la crise du fordisme, et va perdurer et se renforcer dans les reconfigurations institutionnelles du capitalisme postfordiste. On démontre alors que la stabilité du régime postfordiste réside, comme le fordisme, dans une adhésion des individus à la perduration du système, à travers l’expansion toujours plus intense des biens de consommation domestiques
Comment découper le gâteau ? Ou la répartition équitable de ressources
No full textInternational audience– « On t’a dit trois parts, Obélix ». – « Eh bien, j’ai coupé trois parts! »Dans un extrait culte de la BD Astérix et Cléopâtre, Obélix découpe en trois parts le gâteau empoisonné. Et même si Obélix fait sourire en découpant trois parts de tailles fort différentes, ses deux compagnons trouvent finalement acceptable la différence de taille des parts, car Astérix et Panoramix ont des parts largement suffisantes pour leurs appétits
Anger is Exhausted. Discouragement in the Anti-AIDS Movement Facing Xenophobic Migration Laws in France (2010s-2020s)
No full textInternational audienceResearch objectivesIn the 1990s in France, AIDS NGOs (community-based) organised against the deportation of undocumented immigrants living with HIV/AIDS. This mobilisation led, in 1998, to the creation of a residence permit allowing foreigners suffering from a serious illness to be regularised on medical grounds. Almost unique in the world, this status is gradually being threatened by the tightening of French and European migration policies. Since the 2000s, France has witnessed a significant concentration of the HIV epidemic within the foreign-born population. Administrative and social insecurity is increasing with the rise of repressive migration policies. This is a challenge for activists who are no longer able to have an impact on policy. Anchored in anthropological research, this proposal analyses the emotional state of discouragement that activists experience in an unfavourable context of repressive migration. The present study will focus on the group of advocates in the inter-associative space of HIV/AIDS advocacy organisations.MethodThe data collected is based on a two-year ethnography carried out in the inter-associative space of HIV/AIDS advocacy organisations in France. The observations are complemented by 80 semi-directive interviews and the study of some 200 documents from the archives of associations dating from 1984 to 2023. This material enables a detailed analysis of the emotional progression of discouragement among activists, and the ways in which they articulate and express this sentiment.ResultsUntil the 2000s, HIV/AIDS was employed by advocates to secure rights and combat discrimination. However, increasingly repressive migration reforms mandated by far-right groups have placed HIV- positive foreigners at risk of deportation. It appears that the classic strategies of militancy - advocacy and protest - are losing their effectiveness. On an individual level, advocates are working to overcome the emotional impact of defeats and are downgrading their political goals. Collectively, they are anticipating the effects of the far-right coming to power to preserve possible gains. The prevailing sentiment of discouragement is attributed to the rigidification of migration policy, both in legal terms and symbolically; the latter being characterised by the normalisation of xenophobic rhetoric in public discourse and media outlets. Moreover, the experience of discouragement is subject to variability based on individual trajectories, political representations, and militant cultures. The profound sense of despair and the intensity of the ordeal have been the focus of extensive research during the so-called "plague years" in the Global North. In contrast, this proposal conceptualises discouragement as a state that originates in the diminution of the capacity to act and engenders a numbing of sensitivity.DiscussionOn a global scale, the proliferation of nationalist policies, and their subsequent impact on health policies and the rights of racial, sexual and gender minorities, raises key questions. These relate to the conditions under which HIV/AIDS advocacy organisations can continue to use health to access rights and to resist discrimination. This issue has become a major concern for public health and AIDS campaigners
Deep modelling of electric field distribution for clinical electroporation ablation therapies
No full textInternational audienceElectroporation ablation is a promising non-surgical and minimally invasive tumor ablation technique. The objective of this paper is to propose a deep learning strategy for fast and accurate 3D computation of the electric field distribution during the ablation procedure. The computation of the electrostatic potential is accelerated using a well-designed convolutional neural network, which serves to initialize the iterative solver for matrix inversion. The proposed approach, which combine deep learning and more standard numerical strategies, is compared with state-of-the-art numerical schemes, evaluating its performance in terms of error on the solution, residuals of the numerical scheme, and computation time. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate its potential on a clinical case of electroporation ablation of a liver tumor, showing that the proposed approach can be advantageously combined with clinical data to provide real-time insights into the effective electroporation ablation
Absolute intersection motive
No full text42 pagesInternational audienceThe purpose of this article is to define and study the notion of absolute intersection motive
Phonographies politiques
No full textRecorded sound and its media – in short phonography –, were used for political propaganda from the moment they first appeared at the end of the 19th century, and continued to be used for decades. In doing so, their mediations changed propaganda practices by bringing a new sonic and technical dimension to them.This special issue focuses on political phonograph, understood as the set of phonographic practices that bring together strategies and new forms of propaganda or exchange in the service of political, partisan, militant, anti-colonialist, or ecological projects. While phonograms have long been the subject of aesthetic, historical, cultural, and media analysis, they are still too rarely considered as political objects. This issue embraces multiple aspects of this new field of study: political speeches and politically engaged music, the materiality of the medium, recording, the mediations of production, distribution, and uses, as well as sound art. It is as much concerned with what politics does to records (selection of repertoires, contextual adaptation of the medium, methods of militant dissemination) as it is with the reverse: the transformation of discourse on media, the feedback of recording standards on the sonic dimension of propaganda, and the reconfiguration of activism through mass culture. This collection brings together research on a variety of institutions, spaces, periods, and modes of dissemination, offering a rich and international overview of the political uses of phonography, and vice versa.Le son enregistré et ses media, en un mot la phonographie, ont été utilisés pour la propagande politique dès les premiers moments de leur apparition à la fin du XIXe siècle, et n’ont plus cessé de l’être pendant de nombreuses décennies. Ce faisant, ils ont changé les pratiques de propagande en leur apportant, par leurs médiations, une nouvelle dimension sonore et technique.Ce dossier se focalise sur ces phonographies politiques, entendues comme l’ensemble des pratiques phonographiques agrégeant autour d’elles des stratégies et de nouveaux actes de propagande ou d’échanges au service de projets politiques, partisans mais aussi militants, anticolonialistes ou écologiques. Si les phonogrammes font depuis longtemps l’objet d’analyses esthétiques, historiques, culturelles, médiatiques, ils ne sont encore que trop rarement pensés comme objet politique. Ce dossier embrasse de multiples aspects de ce nouveau champ d’études : discours politiques et musiques engagées, matérialité du support, enregistrement, médiations de la production, de la distribution et des usages, mais aussi création sonore. Il s’intéresse autant à ce que la politique fait au disque (sélection des répertoires, adaptation du medium aux contextes, modalités de la diffusion militante) qu’à l’inverse : transformation des discours sur les supports, rétroaction des normes d’enregistrement sur la dimension sonore de la propagande, reconfiguration du militantisme par la culture de masse. Sont réunies ici des recherches portant sur une diversité d’institutions, d’espaces, de périodes et de modes de diffusion, afin de proposer un panorama riche et international des usages politiques de la phonographie, et inversement
Introduction of fruit juice and sugar-sweetened beverages before 6 months of age and early childhood caries at 3.5 years: the ELFE cohort study
No full textInternational audienceThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between the introduction of fruit juice or sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) before the age of 6 months and the presence of early childhood caries (ECC) at 3.5 years of age. The study is based on data from the population-based nationwide prospective cohort study ELFE (French Longitudinal Study of Children). Children were recruited at birth in 2011 in France. Detailed data on the children’s diets, as well as socio-economic characteristics and dental caries at 3.5 years, were prospectively collected through online questionnaires and telephone interviews of the parents. The primary outcome was the presence of ECC reported by the parents at 3.5 years. The main exposure was the introduction of fruit juice or SSBs before the age of 6 months into the child’s diet. Among the 10,921 children included, 1955 (19.5%) were exposed to fruit juice or SSBs before 6 months of age and 229 (3.0%) had ECC; 53 (4.7%) of exposed children and 176 (2.5%) of those not exposed had ECC at 3.5 years of age. Based on multivariable analysis, introduction of fruit juice or SSBs before 6 months of age was associated with ECC at 3.5 years (adjusted OR = 1.5, 95% CI [1.1, 2.2]).Conclusion: This study indicates that early introduction of fruit juice or SBBs is associated with an increased risk of developing ECC, highlighting the need for early prevention by childhood professionals and nationwide prevention campaigns
