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Differential Source Marking in the languages of Europe
Get PDFThe article deals with encoding Source arguments of the predicate ‘take’ in the languages of Europe and identifies factors involved in Differential Source Marking. Animacy turns out to play the crucial role in this respect: while the encoding of animate Sources is rather homogeneous, inanimate Sources are encoded in different ways depending on the localization. The encoding of animate source can coincide with that of one of the two (or both) basic localizations: IN or ON or be different from it. Differential Marking of animate Sources is attested in Central Europe and implies recipient-like vs. ablative-like alternation where the encoding depends on whether something is taken for good or not and whether some extra force is applied or not. Differential Marking of inanimate Sources occurs in quite a number of European languages with different localizations; it is not always symmetrical to Differential Translocation Marking and can depend on the topicality on the argument or its semantic type
O seraficznej strzale Teresy i Michałowej tarczy. Wiersz ks. Dominika Zabłockiego OP z okazji imienin hrabiny Teresy Barbary z Radziwiłłów Pacowej (1767)
Get PDFIn the second half of the eighteenth century a lot of occasional poems were published in Vilnius. Their authors were often representatives of various orders: the Piarists, the Jesuits, the Basilians, the Dominicans. Name day poems enjoyed great popularity, which was influenced by the intensive development of various forms of social life. Name day poems were part of “home muse” or family poetry. The authors often addressed their works to representatives of the political and official elite of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, who played an important role in the public and political life of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The poems were more often devoted to the representatives of the male lineage due to their social status and functions, although it happened that women, especially representatives of influential families in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, were also the recipients of these poems. The article discusses an occasional work by a priest Dominik Zabłocki, Dominican friar, devoted to Countess Teresa Barbara Pacowa of the Dukes of Radziwills – a lady of the Austrian Order of the Starry Cross. The poem describes her personal merits, the merits of her husband and family, referring to the rich symbolism of the coat of arms of the Pac, the Radziwill and the Zawisza families from which Teresa Pacowa’s mother was descended. This piece of work undoubtedly belongs to the group of texts that were addressed to a wider audience and performed a political and propaganda function.Apie Teresės serafimo strėlę ir Mykolo skydą. Kunigo Dominyko Zablockio OP eilėraštis, skirtas grafienės Teresės Barboros Pacienės (1767) vardadienio progai
XVIII amžiaus antroje pusėje Vilniuje išleista nemažai proginių eilėraščių, kurie priskiriami skirtingų ordinų, pijorų, jėzuitų, bazilijonų, dominikonų ir kitų vienuolijų atstovams. Tuomet paplito vardadienio eilėraščiai, ir tam įtakos turėjo skirtingų visuomenės bendravimo formų atsiradimas. Vardo dienos progai sukurti eilėraščiai priskiriami „namų mūzos“ arba šeimos poezijos žanrui. Autoriai savo kūrinius neretai dedikuodavo Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės politiniam elitui, kuris vaidino svarbų vaidmenį viešajame ir politiniame LDK ir visos Abiejų Tautų Respublikos gyvenime. Dauguma eilėraščių adresatų, atsižvelgiant į jų socialinę padėtį ir užimamas pareigas, buvo įtakingųjų giminių, pagal vyriškąją liniją, atstovai. Tačiau proginės poezijos kūriniais būdavo šlovinamos ir moterys, taip pat įtakingų LDK giminių atstovės.Straipsnyje aptariamas kun. Dominyko Zablockio OP proginis eilėraštis, parašytas grafienei Teresei Barborai Pacienei iš kunigaikščių Radvilų, Austrijos Žvaigždės kryžiaus ordino damai. Nemažas dėmesys skiriamas eilėraštyje aprašomoms šios aristokratės asmeninėms savybėms, taip pat sutuoktinio ir giminės nuopelnams, pasiremiant turtinga herbų simbolika, siejama su Pacų, Radvilų ir Zavišų giminėmis, su kuriomis giminiavosi Teresės Pacienės motina. Neabejotinai kūrinys priklauso tekstų grupei, kurie skirti plačiajam skaitytojų ratui ir atliko politinę bei propagandinę funkcijas
Šnekamosios kalbos identifikavimas
Get PDFŠiame straipsnyje gilinamasi į skirtingų autorių naudojamus šnekamosios kalbos identifikavimo metodus ir pasiektus rezultatus. Tiriamos jau egzistuojančios atviro kodo sistemos. Bandoma jas optimizuoti, apjungti naudojant bendrą duomenų rinkinį, atlikti kryžminį sistemų patikrinimą ir apjungti gautus rezultatus naudojant meta-klasifikatorių [1]. Taip pat, didesniam klasifikavimo tikslumui išgauti yra panaudojamas šnekos atpažinimo servisas, gauti rezultatai yra sujungiami su atviro kodo sistemų rezultatais naudojant meta-klasifikatorių. Tyrime yra atlikti 4 eksperimentai, kurių pagalba buvo pasiektas statistiškai reikšmingas klasifikavimo tikslumo pagerinimas
Influence of Human Resource Management Policy on Customer Loyalty
Get PDFThe business would not be able to achieve the set goals without qualified specialists. Therefore human resource management is one of the most important processes to an organisation. HRM policy aspects – employee motivation and job satisfaction – directly contribute to customer satisfaction and loyalty. The problem is that in today’s business environment, where there is a big rivalry, maintaining customer loyalty becomes a huge task for the business. The aim of this article is to evaluate the impact of human resource management policy on customer loyalty. The article analyses concept of human resource management, evaluates the development of loyal customer behaviour, distinguishes traditional and innovative concepts of human resource management. Also, the article notices a relationship between employee satisfaction and customer satisfaction. Analysis of empirical research level shows the impact of human resource management policy on customer loyalty and provides a research model
Is Lithuanian a polysynthetic language?
Get PDFThis paper reviews the definitions and operationalisations of the notion of “polysynthesis” proposed in the typological literature and applies them to Lithuanian (verbal) morphology. It is shown that while Lithuanian falls short of polysynthesis in terms of morphemes-to-words ratio and lacks such features as polypersonalism and incorporation, it still possesses certain properties associated with polysynthesis. These include the so-called lexical affixes (it is argued that Lithuanian verbal prefixes are an example of these) and, to a limited extent, “productive non-inflectional concatenation”, i.e. morphemes with a high combinatory potential and compositional meanings, including successively applying verbalisers and nominalisers. These observations not only shed novel light on some well-known facts of Lithuanian grammar, but also further underscore the multifactorial and vague nature of polysynthesis
Curatives in the Old-Lithuanian Bible translations
Get PDFThe subject of the paper is curatives, a special type of causative verbs in Lithuanian, in the Bible translations by Johannes Bretke (1579–1590), Samuel Boguslaw Chylinski (1660), Samuel Bythner (1701), Philipp Ruhig (1727) and Juozapas Arnulfas Giedraitis (1816). Curatives are a special type of causation implementing the causee-suppressing valency (CSP) pattern. In the analyzed texts, one can notice several morphological, semantic or syntactic features coinciding with contemporary curative constructions. However, in addition to the morphology and semantics of curatives, the article discusses also some rare and interesting cases that can be interpreted as expressing the causee and includes remarks on the lexicalization processes
Obligatory features of Lithuanian verbal inflection classes
Get PDFLithuanian verbal inflection classes are defined by tense suffixes, stem‑forming affixes, vowel and consonant alternations, and accentuation patterns. I make a distinction between obligatory features that are relevant for every verb and non‑obligatory features that characterize only part of the verbs. I argue that the obligatory features are the present and the past tense suffixes combined with mobile and immobile accentuation patterns, while the rest of the features are optional. When only the obligatory features are taken into account, three types of the present tense (‑a‑, ‑i‑, ‑o‑) and two types of the past tense (‑ė‑, ‑o‑) suffixes are found in five combinations (‑a‑/‑ė‑, ‑a‑/‑o‑, ‑i‑/‑o‑, ‑o‑/‑ė‑, ‑o‑/‑o‑) with further variants defined by two types of mobile and one type of immobile accentuation, resulting in eighteen suffixal‑accentual combinations in standard Lithuanian. The combinations of features characterizing the present and the past stems support the view of inflection classes as classes of stems rather than of lexemes (Stump 2016)
Phrasematic Introduction to Dialectal Axiolinguistics
No full textThe current works related to analysing value in Polish dialects have been presented in the article. The author has selected six types of values. For each of them, two opposite values in the form of adjectives have been chosen. The author has shown how these values are expressed by dialectal phrasemes.Cognitive values: wise (e. g. mądry jak Salomon [as wise as Solomon]) – stupid (e. g. głupi jak motyka [as stupid as a hoe]).Moral values: good (e. g. dobry jak lato [as good as summer]) – evil (e. g. zły jak czart [as bad as the devil]).Vital values: healthy (e. g. zdrowy jak dzwon [as healthy as a bell]) – ill (e. g. chory na śmierć [ill with death]).Values of feelings: satiated (e. g. wiatrem syt [satiated with wind]) – hungry (e. g. głodny jak Żydowa kobyła [as hungry as a Jew’s horse]).Aesthetic values: beautiful (e. g. piękny jak z obrazka [as beautiful as from a picture]) – ugly (e. g. brzydki jak papuga [as ugly as a parrot]).Economic values: rich (e. g. bogaty jak patyk w lesie [as rich as a stick in the forest]) – poor (e. g. biedny jak mysz [as poor as a mouse]).Artykuł pokazuje, jak frazemy gwarowe wyrażają wartościowanie. Dla sześciu typów wartości wybrano po dwie wartości opozycyjne – pozytywną i negatywną: poznawcze (mądry – głupi), moralne (dobry – zły), witalne (zdrowy – chory), odczuciowe (syty – głodny), estetyczne (piękny – brzydki), ekonomiczne (bogaty – biedny)
Istoty mitologiczne w dyskursie codzienności Żmudzinów z drugiej połowy XX wieku
Get PDFThe article presents an overview of the contexts and functions of using the names of mythological creatures found in the Samogitian daily discourse of the second half of the twentieth century, paying attention to the dual – rational or subconscious – nature of naming a mythological creature. The overview is based on the material provided by the Samogitian dialect dictionaries (see Aleksandravičius 2011, Vanagienė 2014–2015) and by the collection of authentic Samogitian speech texts (see Girdenis 1996). Special attention is paid to the types of expressions formed with the name of the devil. In the Samogitian daily discourse the name of the devil (or the name of another mythological creature subordinate to the devil) is used not only in cursing but also to show one’s ignorance (the type of constructions ‘the devil knows what’ is very popular), to convey comparisons, epithets, to reinforce the meaning of certain words. The word vel’(n’)s ‘the devil’ and some of its synonyms are chosen as a distinctive, but quite common substitute for a personal name or are used as an address (addressing a person). Usually, such descriptions are related to a person’s energy and otherness or changes in his/her behaviour patterns.W artykule został przedstawiony opis występujących w dyskursie codziennym Żmudzinów z drugiej połowy XX w. nazw istot mitycznych, wraz z analizą kontekstów ich użycia i funkcji, jakie one pełnią. Autorka zwraca uwagę na podwójny – racjonalny lub irracjonalny – sposób nazywania istoty mitycznej. Omawia również typy stałych zwrotów z nazwami diabła oraz możliwości wariantywne ich użycia. Materiał źródłowy pochodzi ze słowników gwary żmudzkiej (zob. Aleksandravičius 2011, Vanagienė 2014–2015) oraz zbioru autentycznych tekstów mówionych Taip šneka tirkšliškiai (‘Tak mówią mieszkańcy Tirkšliai’, zob. Girdenis 1996)