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Pamatinės teisės idėjos kaip bendrieji teisės principai ir konstituciniai principai
Full text linkThe article aims at the analysis of the general principles of law in the international law and the constitutional law: the general principles of law in the case law of the International Court of Justice and the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania as well as their interplay. The concept of the general principles of law as underlying ideas identifiable in each legal system, as well as their types, functions and specifics are examined. Systematic and comparative research reveals the role of the general principles of law in the international law and the constitutional law of the Republic of Lithuania demonstrating their peculiarities in the said two legal systems, including the extent of coincidence and interrelation. The article emphasizes the significance of the general principles in both legal systems, including their role in construing, creating (developing) and applying law, as well as filling in gaps, recognizes their universality and commonness of their purpose and differences stipulated by the nature of each legal system. The analysis of the case law of the International Court of Justice reflects the discussion on the identification of the general principles of law and their recognition as such in the international law as well as the Court’s creativity in applying and construing them as the general principles of law, while the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania refers to both, the general principles of law and the constitutional principles, both being interconnected – although retaining their autonomy. It is highlighted that the general principles of law, reflecting the essential ideas and fundamental values of law, retain their unique significance despite their possible overlap with or reflection in other principles or rules. 
Solidarumo principo vaidmuo ir reikšmė, aiškinant Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijoje įtvirtintą teisę į valstybės laiduojamą sveikatos apsaugą
Full text linkThis article analyses the commitments of Lithuania in the field of health care and the instruments used by the State to implement these commitments. It also analyses the case law of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania and the Court of Justice of the European Union, which is necessary to reveal the implications of the chosen measures for the rights and obligations of society and individuals. This right to health protection, as a constitutional right, and the peculiarities of its enforcement are the main subject of the analysis of this article. 
Ordalijos kaip įrodinėjimo priemonė teismų procese
Full text linkFrom today’s human perspective, trial by ordeal might seem barbaric, if not stupid. However, given the technological and social circumstances of the time, it was a quick, cheap and easy way to resolve complex cases and thus to ensure that justice was done in the medieval judicial process.The paper discusses the reasons for the emergence and disappearance of trial by ordeal in medieval Christian Europe, as well as the use of ordeals in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the legacy of the institute of trial by ordeal in the present-day judicial process in the Republic of Lithuania. The modern institution of the oath in the judicial proceedings of the Republic of Lithuania is examined as a legacy of the ritual oath of the Middle Ages. The hypothesis of the return of the institution of ordinals to the present-day Lithuanian law and why it would be impossible is also put forward.Iš šių dienų žmogaus perspektyvos ordalijos atrodo barbariškos, kvailos. Tačiau atsižvelgiant į tuometines technologines bei socialines aplinkybes, tai buvo greitas, pigus ir paprastas būdas išspręsti sudėtingas bylas ir taip užtikrinti teisingumo įgyvendinimą Viduramžių teismo procese.Darbe aptariamos ordalijų atsiradimo bei išnykimo priežastys Viduramžių krikščioniškoje Europoje, taip pat aptariamos ordalijos Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje bei ordalijų instituto palikimas šiandieniniame Lietuvos Respublikos teismo procese. Nagrinėjamas šiuolaikinis priesaikos institutas Lietuvos Respublikos teismų procese kaip Viduramžiais egzistavusios ritualinės priesaikos palikimas. Taip pat iškeliama hipotezė apie ordalijų instituto sugrąžinimą į dabartinę Lietuvos teisę bei kodėl tai būtų neįmanomą
Представления города Норильска от советской индустриальной утопии до современной никелевой легенды
Full text linkNorilsk is a polar city in Russia, located to the South of the Taimyr Peninsula in the Arctic Circle. The city’s surroundings are rich in unique deposits of polymetallic ores, and life in the city is organised around metal extraction. This is a reason why Norilsk is an interesting object for analysis of the social representation of the city’s image. Social representation is a fairly new socio-philosophical concept. By the word ‘representation’ we mean perceptions that are formed on the basis of reality. In the case of Norilsk, it is the result of all perceptions of the city and its environment. The study is based on contemporary documentary films, geographical, historical and journalistic documents. The analysis of perceptions of Norilsk allows us to understand the reasons for ideological debates around the history of Russia, such as discussions about memorials to victims of political repressions. Statements about Norilsk are contradictory. Negative statements are related to negative perceptions of the city, while positive statements are related to the residents’ love for their city. The analysis of representations related to the architecture of Norilsk allows us to identify gaps in the official discourse about the foundation of the city and explore its historical background. The study has revealed that the Soviet architectural heritage is well-preserved and documented, while statements about buildings associated with the Gulag are relegated to a marginalised space. Consideration of external and local representations of Norilsk allows us to understand the process of rewriting the history of the city.Норильск – заполярный город в России, который находится на Таймыре, в Арктике. Окрестности города богаты уникальными месторождениями полиметаллических руд, и жизнь в городе организована вокруг добычи металлов. В связи с этим Норильск является удобным объектом для анализа социального представления об образе города. Социальное представление – достаточно новый социально-философский концепт. Под словом «представление» имеются в виду восприятия, которые складываются на основании реальности. В случае Норильска – это результат всех восприятий города и его среды. Исследование проведено на материале современного документального кино, географических, исторических и журналистских документов. Анализ представлений о городе Норильске позволяет понять причины идеологических дебатов, связанных с историей России, например, дискуссий о мемориалах жертвам политических репрессий. Высказывания о Норильске являются противоречивыми. Негативные высказывания связаны с отрицательным представлением о городе, а положительные – с любовью жителей к их городу. Анализ представлений, связанных с архитектурой Норильска, позволяет устранить пробелы в официальном дискурсе об основании города и исследовать его историческую подоплеку. Исследование позволило установить, что советское архитектурное наследие хорошо сохранено и документировано, тогда как высказывания о строениях, связанные с ГУЛАГом, отодвинуты в маргинальное пространство. Рассмотрение иностранных и местных представлений о Норильске позволяет понять, как происходит процесс переписывания истории города
Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės viešieji notarai XVI amžiaus kryžkelėse: nuo 1512 metų Europos notariato nuostatų iki Antrojo Lietuvos Statuto
Full text linkThe Imperial Notary Ordinance, which began being written in the late fifteenth century, not only further cemented the statements set forth in Ars notariae, but also fundamentally transformed the status of notariat, declaring the notariat a governmental institution. According to the opinion of Notariat experts, this Ordinance that was declared in 1512 is fundamental for having the main professional characteristics of the contemporary Latin notariat. This similarity also outlines the continuity of modern European notariat.Lithuanian society in the beginning of the sixteenth century lived with a notariat that was not fully developed, since, only after receiving the right from the Pope in 1501, public notaries began being nominated in the Vilnius diocese. During the first half of the sixteenth century, the development of notariat was visible particularly in the dioceses of GDL. This was to be expected, knowing that the notariat was established in GDL through the Church. Notariat developed in the secular government only as much as there was cooperation with and participation of diocesal notaries public, by serving in the office of a ruler or a voivod. We can observe a tendency in the beginning of the sixteenth century of secularization of the notaries public – they would switch to service in a purely secular office after leaving the clergy and/or becoming supporters of the Reformation. At the same time, similarly to Poland, in the later half of fifteenth century and onwards, Lithuania saw the rise of notaries with apostolic mandate, which declared the primacy of the Pope’s rule. We think, that the Notary Ordinance of 1512, could have had impact (negative?) to the further development of GDL notariat. Firstly by raising the questions of political loyalty and personal choice in regards to which highest authority to obey – the Pope’s or the emperor’s, ecclesiastical or secular.During research we acknowledge that both the First and the Second Statutes of Lithuania could have been partially influenced by the Notary Ordinance by notaries public participating in their conception. Thanks to them, articles regarding the Roman law have been created. The removal of Latin language as the written language of the courts by the Second Statute was not beneficial to the Roman notariat and a serious challenge to the notaries public and to the further development of notariat in GDL. The New Statute became an opportunity for the secular notariat to form as a legal institute. However, for it to happen there had to be further political decisions in support of it, there had to have been the right conditions and enough time to prepare qualified specialists and for the society to be prepared to trust those specialists
Napisać przestępstwo lub odróżnić „sprawę kryminalną” od „krzywdy prostej” (Wołyń w ostatnim trzydziestoleciu XVI – na początku XVII wieku)
Full text linkThe article analyzes the rhetoric of Volhynian court records based on accusations of criminal offences. The focus is on how these sources were constructed by the interested parties, and on how the szlachta culture of violence affected this process. The author explores the arguments that the noblemen presented to reclassify criminal offences as “regular offences.” Concomitantly, she analyzes the performativity of trials as the public stage where the values treasured by the community were articulated, debated and relayed to the interested parties. This constructed “reality” formed the vision of the norm and possible life strategies of noblemen. Circulating in the court and the community, it affected the proceedings of trials and the actors’ actions outside courtroom, for example, by forcing the accused whose honor was insulted by the accusations to react according to the conventions accepted by the community. In the culture where any offence, be it real or imagined, demanded defending one’s honor, a trial was just a part of a conflict and its resolution
„Našlaičiams vaikams reikalinga pagalba“: pamestinukų žindyvės Vilniuje XVIII amžiaus antrojoje pusėje
Full text linkThe article focuses on the wet-nurses for foundlings in Vilnius in the second half of the eighteenth century when the number of children abandoned by their parents grew significantly. Wet-nurses who nursed foundlings have already received some attention in previous historiography, however, there have been no attempts to more thoroughly explore who were the women employed by hospitals and other charitable institutions as wet-nurses, what were the conditions of their employment, and how important could the income earned from this work have been in supporting their households. The research, based primarily on two distinct lists of foundlings and wet-nurses from 1789 and 1790 (see apendices), reveals that the wet-nurses were married Catholic women who had given birth several months earlier. The sources show that, throughout the second half of the eighteenth century, their monthly payment of 8 złotys remained unchanged despite inflation or other economic processes as well as the the increase in demand of women able and willing to work as wet-nurses for foundlings when the numbers of abandoned children grew significantly. Nevertheless, such employment provided women with, albeit low, but permanent and–if the nursling did not perish early–lasting income. The research demonstrates that at least some of the wet-nurses were married to artisans and merchants, and resided in Vilnius and its suburbs, not, as was usual in other European regions, the countryside, although there are indications in later sources that foundlings were actually placed with nurses of the surrounding countryside. The registers of baptisms and marriages reveal that at least some of these women were married, baptized their own children at the parish church of St John, and acted as godmothers to the children of other parishioners. However, the data on the social status of women employed as wet-nurses for foundlings is insufficient to confirm that–just like in other European cities–they were destitute and came from the lowest strata of society
Method for Determining the Level of Centralization in BTC Lightning Nodes: A Centrality Analysis of the Lightning Network
Full text linkThis study explores the Bitcoin Lightning Network (BLN), a Layer 2 solution for faster and cheaper transactions. Concerns about centralization have emerged due to the increasing concentration of power among specific nodes, named “hubs.” Statistical measures like the Gini coefficient reveal a trend towards centralization, challenging the LN’s decentralized nature. Consequently, further research is necessary to address this issue and ensure the integrity of the LN architecture. This paper aims to establish a method for determining the level of centralization within the BLN by applying centrality analysis techniques. Study revealed that over the six-year period Gini coefficient increased from 0.87 to 0.955, indicating significant inequality and apparent centralization of BLN nodes