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Konstitucinis teisėjo ir teismų nepriklausomumo principas: tarp konstitucinio imperatyvo ir gyvenimo realybės
Full text linkThe independence of the judiciary as a fundamental constitutional imperative has expressis verbis been enshrined in Paragraph 2 of Article 109 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania adopted in the Referendum of 25 October 1992. In the presently mentioned Article, it is emphasized that “When administering justice, judges and courts shall be independent.”
The Constitutional Court has held more than once that the independence of judges and courts is one of the essential principles of a democratic State under the rule of Law: while administering justice, courts must ensure the implementation of the right embodied in the Constitution, laws and other legal acts, guarantee the supremacy of Law, and protect human rights and freedoms.
Already in the Ruling of 6 December 1995, the Constitutional Court held that one of the fundamental distinguishing characteristics of a democratic State is the principle of the independence of the judiciary. All democratic States adhere to this principle, and, as the historical facts illustrate, the denial of this principle is an immanent feature of totalitarian and authoritarian regimes.
The independence of judges and courts is not an end in itself: this is a necessary condition of the protection of the human rights and freedoms, not a privilege but one of the main duties of a judge and courts arising from the right of every person who believes that his rights or freedoms have been violated to an independent and impartial arbiter of the dispute, which, under the Constitution and laws, would in essence solve the dispute at law, guaranteed in the Constitution (inter alia, in Paragraph 2 of Article 109, as well as in Paragraph 1 of Article 30, in which it is prescribed that the person whose constitutional rights or freedoms are violated shall have the right to apply to court) (see, among many others, the Constitutional Court’s rulings of 6 December 1995, 1 October 1997, 8 May 2000, 4 March 2003, 17 August 2004, 29 December 2004, 28 March 2006, 9 May 2006)
Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo jurisprudencijos įtaka žaliosios ekonomikos įgyvendinimui Lietuvoje
Full text linkThe objective of this interdisciplinary legal and economic article is to examine how the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania, which has evolved over three decades, impacts the implementation of the green economy in Lithuania. To accomplish this aim, the article first explains the concept of the green economy in line with the economic and legal doctrine. The article analyses the constitutional bases of freedom of individual economic activity and environmental protection established in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania. It then explores how the Constitutional Court aims to reconcile environmental demands and freedom of individual economic activity, and how this case law supports the deployment of the green economy. 
Ar Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo jurisprudencijos kontekste lis pendens turėtų būti konstituciniu principu?
Full text linkThe Constitutional Court of Lithuania is the watchdog of the Constitution which has been forming its official constitutional doctrine for over thirty years and has decided on many important legal issues. However, at least at the Constitutional Court’s level, it is still to be discussed whether lis pendens should be treated as the constitutional principle. It is widely accepted that it is undesirable to have a situation where parallel proceedings involving the same parties and the same cause of action are continuing in different countries simultaneously. When there is at least one final court decision on the merits, the res iudicata principle engages and prevents the possibility of a concurring decision. It is also recognized on the international level and at the level of the Constitutional Court of Lithuania that the res iudicata principle is, respectively, universal and constitutional. However, before the res iudiata protection steps in, lis pendens should prevent the parallel proceedings. This article argues whether lis pendens and res iudicata are, in principle, the two sides of the same coin and, if so, whether lis pendens, along with res iudicata, could have the status of a constitutional principle. 
Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo doktrinos savininko teisių apsaugos klausimais įvairovės suderinamumas
Full text linkThis article examines the doctrine of protection of the rights of the owner developed by the Constitutional Court over three decades. This goes back to the origins of the doctrine in the cases of constitutional justice which examined the constitutionality of the legal rules governing restitution relations. The following is a coherent and systematic disclosure of key doctrinal provisions, including those relating to the taking of property for public use and the limitation of the rights of the owner. The above-mentioned analysis of this article is also aimed to determine whether the constitutional justice cases, in which the constitutionality of the provisions of the law providing for limited restitution was decided upon, had any grounds for deciding on the constitutionality of the provisions of the law with respect to the provisions of Article 23(3) of the Constitution. 
Ar skiriant bausmę yra pakankamai atsižvelgiama į asmens patirtus teisių ir laisvių suvaržymus baudžiamojo proceso metu?
Full text linkThe article examines the challenges of ensuring proper protection of human rights, that occur due to criminal procedure constraints, also their evaluation during the implementation of criminal liability (imposition of a penalty). The aim of the study is to thoroughly analyse the evaluation of challenges of ensuring the protection of human rights, caused by the criminal procedure constraints during the implementation of criminal liability. Consequently, various sources of information were examined, including the current legislation, case law, legal doctrine and statistical data. As a result, it was concluded that the realization of the right to criminal proceedings within a reasonable time and the imposition of coercive measures, particularly – of detention, are the most significant aspects of the subject matter. Therefore, person’s right to criminal proceedings within a reasonable time is the most important feature of criminal procedure that is evaluated by the court when implementing criminal liability, while considering not only the factual length of proceedings, but also various other circumstances, consequently, if this right has been violated, the imposed penalty should be reduced or suspended. Meanwhile, the coercive measures imposed during the criminal proceedings are not evaluated as much – detention is the only measure that is taken into account when imposing penalty. The analysis of statistical data has revealed positive trends towards rapid criminal proceedings and rarer detention of suspects. Finally, the conducted survey of law practitioners and theorists revealed that, according to their opinion, the importance of the subject matter is exceptionally significant and it is often desired to change or improve the existing legislation or case law in order to evaluate the constraints of human rights that are experienced by a person during the criminal proceedings more carefully.Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjami baudžiamojo proceso metu asmens patiriamų suvaržymų keliami žmogaus teisių ir laisvių užtikrinimo iššūkiai bei jų vertinimas taikant baudžiamąją atsakomybę (skiriant bausmę). Siekiant darbo tikslo - visapusiškai išnagrinėti baudžiamojo proceso metu asmens patiriamų suvaržymų keliamų žmogaus teisių ir laisvių užtikrinimo iššūkių vertinimą taikant baudžiamąją atsakomybę - buvo detaliai analizuojamas galiojantis teisinis reglamentavimas, teismų praktika, teisės doktrina, statistiniai duomenys ir kiti šaltiniai bei atlikta ekspertų apklausa. Darbe buvo atskleista, kad didžiausią reikšmę vertinant baudžiamojo proceso metu asmens patiriamus teisių ir laisvių suvaržymus ir jų įtaką baudžiamosios atsakomybės taikymui turi asmens teisės į baudžiamąjį procesą per kuo trumpiausią laiką įgyvendinimas bei procesinės prievartos priemonių, ypač – suėmimo, taikymas. Antai, asmens teisė į baudžiamąjį procesą per kuo trumpiausią laiką yra pagrindinis baudžiamojo proceso veiksnys, kuris, atsižvelgiant tiek į pernelyg ilgą proceso trukmę, tiek ir į ją lėmusias aplinkybes, teismų yra vertinamas taikant baudžiamąją atsakomybę. Paprastai teismas, konstatavęs tokios teisės pažeidimą skiriamą bausmę švelnina ar atideda jos vykdymą. Tuo tarpu asmeniui taikytoms procesinėms prievartos priemonėms teismai skiria mažesnį dėmesį, iš esmės, apsiribodami suėmimo įskaitymu į bausmę. Statistinių duomenų apie ikiteisminių tyrimų ir teisminio baudžiamųjų bylų nagrinėjimo trukmę bei suėmimo taikymo dinamiką analizė rodo daugeliu atveju teigiamas tendencijas link greitesnio baudžiamojo proceso ir retesnio įtariamųjų bei kaltinamųjų suėmimo. Galiausiai, atlikta teisės praktikų ir teoretikų apklausa parodė, jog apklausti teisės ekspertai sutinka su nagrinėjamos darbe problematikos aktualumu ir, dažnu atveju, įžvelgia poreikį tobulinti esamą teisinį reguliavimą ar teismų praktiką tam, kad būtų aktyviau atsižvelgiama į baudžiamojo proceso metu asmens patiriamus suvaržymus
Smurto ir priekabiavimo samprata ir prevencija darbo santykiuose
Full text linkThis article analyses issues related to violence and harassment in employment relationships. This topic is widely addressed internationally, but in the national context the issue of violence and harassment in employment relations has not been fully and thoroughly analysed, although it is of great importance for society. Individuals exposed to violence and harassment can suffer not only physical but also emotional experiences and, as a result, long-term negative consequences. In this context, appropriate legislative regulations are important and the 2022 amendments to the Labour Code of the Republic of Lithuania are therefore of particular relevance and are examined in this paper. The development of appropriate preventive measures is a particularly relevant aspect, which is why this paper delves into the development of effective preventive measures in the workplace that can help to ensure the effective protection of workers. The article also contains analysis of the mechanism for redressing workers’ rights.Šiame straipsnyje yra analizuojami klausimai susiję su smurtu ir priekabiavimu darbo santykiuose.Ši tema yra plačiai nagrinėjama tarptautiniu mastu, tačiau nacionaliniame kontekste smurto ir priekabiavimo problema darbo santykiuose nėra visapusiškai ir kruopščiai išnagrinėta, nors yra labai svarbi visuomenės atžvilgiu. Asmenys susiduriantys su smurtu ir priekabiavimu gali patirti ne tik fizinius bet ir emocinius išgyvenimus, todėl ir ilgalaikes neigiamas pasekmes. Šiame kontekste svarbus tinkamas įstatyminis reguliavimas, todėl 2022 m. Lietuvos Respublikos darbo kodekso pakeitimai yra ypatingai reikšmingi ir nagrinėjami šiame darbe. Itin aktualus aspektas - tinkamų prevencijos priemonių kūrimas, dėl to darbe gilinamasi į efektyvių prevencijos priemonių kūrimą darbo vietose, kuris gali padėti užtikrinti veiksmingą darbuotojų apsaugą. Analizuojamas darbuotojų teisių gynimo mechanizmas
Slavica Vilnensia I–II
Full text linkTarptautiniai Pirmieji ir Antrieji studentų skaitymai. Mokslinių straipsnių rinkinysTarptautiniai Pirmieji ir Antrieji studentų skaitymai. Mokslinių straipsnių rinkiny
О взаимоотношениях грамматических кодификаций сербского и «иллирийского» литературных языков у Караджича (1818) и Бабукича (1836): плагиат и адаптация
Full text linkContemporary debates regarding whether or not the Croatian literary language is equal to the Serbian literary language seldom touch upon the matter of the Illyrian national revival and its organiser, Ljudevit Gaj (German: Ludwig von Gay). Their Illyrian literary language, whose purpose was to become the common literary language of all Southern Slavs, was codified in Zagreb in the Osnova slovnice slavjanske narěčja ilirskoga by the Croatian linguist Vjekoslav Babukić, first published in the mouthpiece of the Illyrian movement Danica ilirska in 1836. This short grammatical sketch corresponds to Karadžić’s grammar in his dictionary Српски рјечник (1818) far more than it does not, and this fact is dealt with awkwardly in the histories of the Croatian language. In essence, the differences in Babukić’s text with respect to the source text consist in Slovene-Kajkavian lexemes and grammatemes, but they are not great in number. In this article, we propose to analyse the claim that Babukić’s short grammatical sketch constitutes a case of plagiarism and of adaptation with regard to the grammar appended to Karadžić’s dictionary, as seen through the scientific literature covering the Illyrian National Movement.В дебатах о том, является ли хорватский литературный язык по сути сербским, редко упоминают период иллиризма и личность Людевита Гая. В самый ранний период развития хорватского стандартного языка (сер. 1835–1843/1848 гг.) хорватский иллирист, соратник вождя иллиризма Людевита Гая, Богослав Шулек и Вук Стефанович Караджич недвусмысленно утверждали, что «иллирийский» язык иллиристов и сербский язык В. Караджича – это одно и то же. «Иллирийский» литературный язык, создававшийся для того, чтобы сделать его литературным языком всех южных славян, был кодифицирован в работе хорватского лингвиста Векослава Бабукича „Osnova slovnice slavjanske narěčja ilirskoga”, первоначально опубликованной в печатном издании „Danica ilirska” в 1836 г. (Загреб). Эта краткая грамматика «иллирийского» гораздо в большей степени соответствует, нежели не соответствует, грамматике сербского языка, изложенной в труде В. Караджича «Српски рјечник» (1818), что часто игнорируется в работах по истории хорватского литературного языка. Различия по отношению к тексту-источнику состоят в местных словенских-кайкавских чертах в языке иллиристов, но их относительно немного. В данной статье на материале научной литературы о периоде иллирийского народного движения предлагается анализ утверждения о том, что работа „Osnova slovnice slavjanske narěčja ilirskoga” является плагиатом и адаптацией грамматики, изложенной в «Српски рјечник»
Объектно-ориентированная парадигма как метод формализации свойств персонажей в вымышленных вселенных (на примере воплощений образа Нехлюдова из романа Л. Н. Толстого «Воскресение»)
Full text linkThe article explores the possibility of applying the object-oriented paradigm (a term sourced from computer science) to formalize various implementations of characters in fictional universes. Examples are provided based on the implementations of the character of Nekhlyudov from Tolstoy’s novel Resurrection. Possible applications of the discussed approach are examined for analyzing the relationships between different implementations of the same character, as well as for generating new characters based on the individual preferences of the reader (or viewer, user).В статье рассмотрена возможность применения объектно-ориентированной парадигмы (термин компьютерной науки) для формализации различных имплементаций персонажа в вымышленных вселенных. Приведены примеры на основе воплощений образа Нехлюдова из романа Л. Н. Толстого «Воскресение». Рассмотрены возможные приложения обсуждаемого подхода для анализа взаимосвязей различных имплементаций одного и того же персонажа, а также для генерации новых персонажей на основе индивидуальных пред почтений читателя (зрителя, пользователя)
Союз лингвистики и промпт-инжиниринга: лингвистические особенности запросов к нейросети
Full text linkThis article offers a linguistic perspective on the study of the interaction between humans and Artificial Intelligence. The focus of the work is on analyzing human communication with neural networks which generate textual content. With the advent of text-based interfaces for neural networks, where programming skills are no longer required for human-AI communication, and it is sufficient to create text queries (prompts), one of the key skills for prompt engineers (specialists in prompt creation) has become the ability to ‘program’ and obtain AI responses corresponding to the query while using natural language resources. This work is aimed at studying, identifying, and describing the linguistic features of prompts and their parameters that influence the stylistic correctness of the generated responses by the neural networks