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Baudžiamoji atsakomybė už transporto priemonės vairavimą esant neblaiviam. Lietuvos ir Lenkijos patirtis: teisinės lyginamosios įžvalgos
Full text linkReliginiai medalikėliai Lietuvos archeologinėje medžiagoje: chronologija, paplitimas, tipologija
Full text linkThe subject of this research paper is religious medals in Lithuanian archeological material that had been found during archeological excavations in Lithuania during the period of 2009–2019. The abundance and variety of religious medals found during archeological excavations as of yet has not been studied. In general, the extent and diversity of these finds in museum collections has not yet been systematically assessed. The main methodological problem that derived this research to be done is the lack of papers written about this subject not only in the field of archeology but in other fields of research as well. There is only a small number of articles analyzing religious medals. This archeological material is a little-known source of history of Lithuanian culture, and systematized data on these findings would be useful for archeologists to date and describe other findings found during the archeological excavations.
The main goals of this research paper are to introduce the historical evolution of religious medals; determine main finding sites of religious medals in Lithuania; determine main types of religious medals, found during archeological excavations in Lithuania; analyze and interpret religious medals found in Lithuania; determine their prevalence and development.
The main findings of this research. A total of 241 religious medals have been analyzed in this study, that are kept in several different museums in Lithuania. Due to the rapidly increasing amount of this kind of archeological material available for research, it can be concluded that there is a great potential for further study into religious medals. The first religious medals were made for the miraculous paintings of the Virgin Mary. Religious medals began to be produced in Rome, Italy, and spread successfully around the world and prevailed in the Christian Europe. During archeological excavations, religious medals are found in cemeteries in churches and near them (11 sites), in burials of old cemeteries – 12 sites, in church and monastery complexes (where religious medals had been found in burials in the territory of monasteries) – 3 sites, and residential type sites (where medals had been found outside of burials) – 51 sites. A total of 77 sites were analyzed in this research. In the typology, religious medals have been grouped into 7 main types: medals of Jesus Christ; medals of the St. Virgin Mary; medals of Holy Orders; medals of Saints; medals of Sobriety fraternities; medals of monograms and “non-specific” medals. These types, if needed, were then broken down into smaller subtypes. The majority of religious medals in this research are of 19th century – 52, of 17th century – 24, 18th century – 24, 18th–19th century – 5, 19th–20th century – 32, 20th century – 9. The earliest ones, found in Lithuania, are from the year of 1625. Religious medals were made using two types of technology – they were minted or cast. Mostly made of copper alloy. There are known medals made in Lithuania of Lithuanian goldsmiths and there are known imported medals from Russia (17th–18th/19th centuries), Italy (17th–18th centuries), Spain (17th–18th centuries), Austria (18th– 19th centuries) and Poland (19th–20th centuries). The highest number of medals were found in burials near churches, least – in city’s cultural layers.Straipsnyje aptariami religiniai medalikėliai, randami XVI–XX a. archeologiniuose objektuose. Tai itin gausi ir įvairi archeologinė medžiaga, retai sulaukianti tyrėjų dėmesio. Šie pamaldumo simboliai mažai žinomi kaip Lietuvos kultūros istorijos šaltinis, radinių mastas ir įvairovė muziejų rinkiniuose dar nėra sistemingai įvertinta. Straipsnio tikslas – aptarti religinius medalikėlius archeologinėje medžiagoje, pristatyti jų istorinę raidą, nustatyti pagrindines radavietes, chronologiją, paplitimą ir tipus.
Remiantis archeologinių tyrimų medžiaga, 2009–2019 m. rastas 241 religinis medalikėlis. Sudaryta 186 medalikėlių (77 %) tipologija. Daugiausia medalikėlių rasta vykdant tyrimus laidojimo paminkluose Vilniuje ir Vilniaus rajone. Dažniausiai randama religinių medalikėlių, vaizduojančių Švč. Mergelę Mariją ar Jėzų Kristų, taip pat Šv. Benediktą.
Religiniai medalikėliai mažai pažįstamas Lietuvos kultūros istorijos šaltinis. Susisteminti duomenys apie šiuos radinius archeologams gali būti naudingi datuojant ir aprašant tyrimų metu aptiktus radinius
Devintojo dešimtmečio lietuviško kino negalių patirtys, įžvalgos ir refleksijos kritikos diskurse
Full text linkThe narrative of the Lithuanian cinema development attempts to present the Soviet period in a coherent way, focusing on the impact of the Soviet system. However, a broader range of reasons for the malaise of Lithuanian cinema can be found in the criticism of the Lithuanian film cultural field participants. The object of this study is the critical thoughts on the Lithuanian film industry, production, and culture in the 1980s, as captured in the press. Various representatives of the film world and other cultural spheres were involved in the reflection on the poor state of Lithuanian cinema. They gave a radical negative description of the cinema condition and offered different points of view about its reasons. Even though the incompleteness of the thoughts testifies the critical discourse’s dependence on the Soviet system, the argumentative criticism offers a more diverse approach to the Lithuanian cinema in the 1980s.Lietuvos kino raidos naratyve bandoma nuosekliai pristatyti sovietinį laikotarpį, sutelkiant dėmesį į sovietinės sistemos žalą. Tačiau Lietuvos kino kultūros lauko dalyvių kritikoje galima aptikti ir platesnį spektrą priežasčių, lėmusių Lietuvos kino negalias. Šio tyrimo objektas – 9-ojo dešimtmečio spaudoje užfiksuotos kritinės mintys apie tuometę lietuviško kino industriją, produkciją ir kultūrą. Į prastos Lietuvos kino būklės apmąstymus įsitraukė įvairūs kino pasaulio ir kitų kultūros sričių atstovai. Amžininkai radikaliai neigiamai apibūdino kino būklę, pateikė skirtingų požiūrių apie to priežastis, diskutavo anuomet aktualiais klausimais apie mūsų kino praeitį, dabartį ir ateitį. Nors minčių neišbaigtumas liudija kritinio diskurso priklausomybę nuo sovietinės sistemos, tačiau argumentuota kritika leidžia įvairiapusiškiau pažvelgti į 9-ojo dešimtmečio lietuvių kino negalių priežastis
Žmonos, dukterys ir seserys: kilmingos moterys Viduramžių Lietuvoje (XIII–XV amžiai)
Full text linkThe history of medieval women in Lithuania a little-known topic. This is due to two reasons. Firstly, the long-dominant research tradition, which has given the main role to the history of “great men”, has undoubtedly left women on the margins of studies. Secondly, the state of research has been, and continues to be, largely determined by the availability of the sources. Of all the rulers of Lithuania during the pagan period, only the names of Mindaugas’ wife and both of Algirdas’ wives are known with certainty. Sensing this gap, some of the rulers’ wives were “given” names by later chroniclers.The situation concerning the sources regarding the wives and daughters of the nobility is similar. For example, of the 26 most influential nobles of the time of Grand Duke Vytautas, in 14 cases, we do not know the name or origin of the wife. Nevertheless, the processing and compilation of the rather scattered material on the Lithuanian noble women allows us to draw some conclusions about the political and social system of the Lithuanian medieval state.Women played an important role in the world of the nobility. As wives, daughters, and sisters, they established and maintained ties between relatives, both at home and (in the case of rulers) abroad. Successful marriages often determined the trajectories of men’s careers, and sometimes even of individual families. However, they mostly remained in the silence of the sources and, thanks to the conjuncture of the sources, they appear before us first of all as pious foundresses, preservers of the memory of the family, and guardians of children
Vilniaus teisminė autonomija ir 1566 m. sausio 16 d. Žygimanto Augusto privilegija – savivaldos teisių garantas teismo reformos metu
Full text linkIn 1387, Jogaila’s privilege granted Vilnius the Magdeburg law and guaranteed the judicial autonomy of its citizens. Vilnius citizens had the right and the obligation to conduct their legal affairs in the courts of the Vaitas, the Bench judges and the Council, which started to function from the moment the privilege of self-governance was granted or shortly afterwards, and to be governed by Magdeburg law. The preservation of judicial autonomy had to be constantly taken care of, and the Vilnius city authorities did this by securing confirmatory privileges of self-governance and, if necessary, the ruler’s injunctions against their violation by the Vilnius Palatine and Bishop, whose courts some times violated the judicial autonomy of Vilnius. In this respect, one of the critical moments was the reform of the courts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the renewal of the Statute of Lithuania in the pre-union period (the 1560s). During the reign of Sigismund Augustus, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, the City of Vilnius was granted as many as three Confirmation privileges, which renewed the rights of self-governance and ensured the inviolability of the city’s legal autonomy during the period of judicial reform and the adoption of the Second Lithuanian Statute. The last one, on 16 January 1566, crowned the intense struggle of Vilnius citizens during the years of great changes in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Mašininio mokymosi pritaikymas reklamų aptikimui YouTube įrašuose
Full text linkŠiame straipsnyje aprašyta kaip tyrimų metu buvo bandoma pritaikyti mašininį mokymąsi reklamų aptikimui YouTube vaizdo įrašuose naudojant transkribuotą tekstą. Reklamų aptikimas buvo laikomas teksto klasifikavimo užduotimi ir todėl buvo naudojamas BERT šeimos mašininio mokymosi modelis, kuris pasiekia aukštus rezultatus sprendžiant teksto analizės uždavinius. Tačiau šiam modeliui dėl įvairių priežasčių buvo sunku pasiekti aukštą tikslumo lygį. Bet naudojant antrą straipsnyje pasiūlytą klasifikavimo žingsnį, kuris atsižvelgia į BERT modelio klasifikavimą tam tikram laiko tarpe, rezultatai buvo pagerinti
Unit Test Generation Using Large Language Models: A Systematic Literature Review
Full text linkUnit testing is a fundamental aspect of software development, ensuring the correctness and robustness of code implementations. Traditionally, unit tests are manually crafted by developers based on their understanding of the code and its requirements. However, this process can be time-consuming, errorprone, and may overlook certain edge cases. In recent years, there has been growing interest in leveraging large language models (LLMs) for automating the generation of unit tests. LLMs, such as GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer), CodeT5, StarCoder, LLaMA, have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding and code generation tasks. By using LLMs, researchers aim to develop techniques that automatically generate unit tests from code snippets or specifications, thus optimizing the software testing process. This paper presents a literature review of articles that use LLMs for unit test generation tasks. It also discusses the history of the most commonly used large language models and their parameters, including the first time they have been used for code generation tasks. The result of this study presents the large language models for code and unit test generation tasks and their increasing popularity in code generation domain, indicating a great promise for the future of unit test generation using LLMs
How to turn a state into the tool of revolution: the creation of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Lithuania and Belarus in 1919
Full text linkSoviet Socialist Republic of Lithuania and Belarus (SSR LiB) is one of the strangest and least understood periods in a turbulent history of Lithuania of the beginning of the 20th century. This paper aims to tackle stereotypes surrounding the Litbel, which are not always able to explain some of the more puzzling elements of the life of the puppet republic. The soviet quasi–state is examined primarily through the lens of the role of instrument of revolution assigned to it. One can distinguish several different ways in which the Bolsheviks hoped to use the territory of Lithuania and Belarus, to which a state–like organizational form was given. Although the Bolsheviks originally brought the SSR LiB to life as a diplomatic weapon for the protection of Soviet Russia, communist leaders were quick to exploit the territory of the new soviet republic for their strategic, military, as well as economic gains. The pursuit of the aforementioned gains was not in the least compatible with the interests and needs of the local population. However, the specific communist thinking, which viewed all political units almost solely as instruments of revolution, did not allow for even a slightest comparison between local problems and the ultimate goal of victory for the socialist revolution, which was viewed as infinitely more valuable.Lietuvos ir Baltarusijos Sovietų Socialistinė Respublika (LiBSSR) – vienas iš keisčiausių audringos XX a. pradžios Lietuvos istorijos tarpsnių. Šiame straipsnyje bandoma atsiplėšti nuo Litbelą supančių stereotipų, negebančių paaiškinti kai kurių sudėtingesnių trumpo marionetinės respublikos gyvavimo elementų. Sovietinė kvazivalstybė nagrinėjama visų pirma remiantis jai skirtu revoliucijos įrankio vaidmeniu. Galima nurodyti kelis būdus, kuriais bolševikinis sąjūdis tikėjosi pasinaudoti naujos sovietinės respublikos teritorija. Nors LiBSSR buvo kurta siekiant ją panaudoti tarptautinėje arenoje kaip Sovietų Rusijos diplomatinį ginklą, komunistų vadai netruko naujos sovietinės respublikos teritoriją panaudoti savo strateginiams, kariniams ir ekonominiams tikslams. Šių tikslų siekimas buvo visiškai nesuderinamas su vietinių gyventojų interesais, tačiau pagal specifinę komunistinę mąstyseną, traktuojančią politinius vienetus išimtinai kaip daugialypius revoliucijos įrankius, visos vietinės problemos nublankdavo prieš daug svarbesnį revoliucijos pergalės tikslą
