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От образа к откровению: интерпретация апокалипсиса в романе «Идиот» Ф. М. Достоевского и в фильме «Сталкер» А. А. Тарковского
Full text linkIn the literature dedicated to Andrei Tarkovsky, parallels between the protagonist of the film Stalker and the main character of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s novel The Idiot, Prince Myshkin, have been repeatedly drawn. The aim of this study, based on the analysis of the novel and the film, is to show how Tarkovsky attempted to rethink the main philosophical and religious problems of The Idiot in Stalker, centred on the image, and the meaning of the Apocalypse. The starting point of our study is Hans Holbein the Younger’s painting The Body of the Dead Christ in the Tomb, which appears in both works: as an ekphrasis in the novel and as a visual quotation in the film. The painting and its interpretation play an important role in the formation of apocalyptic images in the inner world of the characters.В литературе, посвященной Андрею Тарковскому, неоднократно проводились параллели между главным героем фильма «Сталкер» и героем романа Федора Достоевского «Идиот», князем Мышкиным. Цель настоящего исследования – показать на основе анализа романа и фильма, как Тарковский пытался переосмыслить важные для него философские и религиозные проблемы, учитывая значение темы Апокалипсиса для писателя и режиссера. Исходным пунктом исследования служит картина Ганса Гольбейна Младшего «Мертвый Христос в гробу», которая появляется в обоих произведениях: в виде экфрасиса в романе и в виде визуальной цитаты в фильме. Картина и ее интерпретация играют важную роль в формировании апокалиптических образов во внутреннем мире героев
Konstitucinio Teismo jurisprudencijos įtaka ir reikšmė moderniosios baudžiamosios politikos formavimuisi
Full text linkThe aim of this article is to review some of the (more important) aspects of the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court and its influence on the formulation of the modern criminal policy. It assesses the relationship between the quality of criminal laws and the impact of the Constitution on their enactment, the content of the constitutional conditions for the restriction of individual rights, and the influence of the Constitutional Court’s jurisprudence on the modern cassation process.  
Individualus konstitucinis skundas ir „Romuvos“ byla
Full text linkThe article deals with the legal basis for and the procedure of granting the status of State-recognised religious association to religious communities in Lithuania. It is based on the case study of the negative experience of the Ancient Baltic religious association Romuva, which was not granted, by the Parliament, the said status. Subsequently, the association won its case in the European Court of Human Rights (8 June 2021), the Lithuanian Constitutional Court adopted the ruling (7 September 2021), whereby it approved as constitutional the legislation on which the association’s request to be granted this status was based, and the relevant statute was amended to ensure greater transparency of the granting procedure. Despite that, the Parliament repeatedly refused to grant the said status to the association involved. The article explores in great detail the parliamentary debate during the examination of both the first and the second requests. The authors explore the possibilities for the association to pursue further litigation in the Lithuanian courts, including making use of the individual constitutional complaint to the Constitutional Court, the new measure introduced in the Lithuanian legislation only in 2019. It is demonstrated that the case-law of the Constitutional Court itself (of 2010, as well as post-2019) prevents the association from making effective use of that measure, thus leaving it with no other alternative than lodging a new application to the European Court of Human Rights, which then would have to decide on whether, in the cases like this, an individual constitutional complaint is to be considered an effective measure within the meaning of Article 35 of the European Convention on Human Rights which has to be exhausted at the domestic level. 
Darbas, nesustodavęs net Viešpaties dieną. Zigmanto I darbadieniai Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės teisme 1506–1544 metais
Full text linkThe selection of the judicial acts of Sigismund I preserved in the Lithuanian Metrica showed that when conducting investigations of the ruler’s employment at court, we must take into account the uneven nature of the documents. We can distinguish 4 types of judicial acts: judgments or sentences, ordinances (orders), pre-trial or post-trial documents and minutes (drafts). 3081 acts were selected for this study, only about half of which are recorded in court record books, and the rest in books of inscriptions. The most numerous types of acts are ordinances, which make up more than half of all the judicial acts (1629) of Sigismund I.Due to the breadth of the ruler’s judicial functions and their interweaving with other types of activities, the methodology of selecting and sorting judicial documents is not protected from the subjective decisions of the researcher. Therefore, the quantitative expressions achieved by the research must be understood as relative. However, they also allow us to see the dynamics of the ruler’s judicial activity: in the first half of the reign of Sigismund I (1506–1521), the ruler’s judicial activity was not active, but from 1522 it began to grow noticeably, reaching its apogee in 1533. Later, the activity steadily decreased.Judging by the ruler of Lithuania (probably not only Sigismund I) took place in two different phases: during the ruler’s residence in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, when his judicial activity became more active, and in the Crown, when his activity weakened. Almost always, the most active time of the first phase coincided with the Seim of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. However, during the penultimate visit, Sigismund I handled most of the cases outside the Seim time. The dynamics of judicial documents in general and judgments in particular (i.e. the resolution of cases) show that starting from 1523 he was increasingly active as a judge in the cases of residents of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania while he was in Poland. Despite the resulting protests and in 1542 the ruler’s promise not to judge “Lithuanian cases” in Poland, this practice continued even later, but it was not significant.The accounting of Sigismund I’s working days per year showed the chaotic nature of the activity of the ruler-judge. Quantitative analysis of judicial acts preserved in Lithuanian Metrics does not allow us to claim that the ruler’s agenda was overloaded with the obligation to judge. However, qualitative factors (judging on Sundays, during Holy Week and during Christmas) testify to the constant pressure exerted by the litigating authorities on the person of the ruler. This was the essence of the ruler’s burden of judging
Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės raštininkų karjera ir ją lėmę veiksniai 1566–1623 metų Lietuvos Metrikos duomenimis
Full text linkThe article examines what influence the number of signed documents had on the careers of GDL scribes. In order to do this, a statistical method is used in this article. The statistical data (see appendices no. 2 and 3) lead to the conclusion that persons who were active in their daily work were more successful in climbing the career ladder. These are Leonas Sapiega, Gabrielius Vaina, Eustachijus Valavičius (the future bishop of Vilnius) and Aleksandras Gosievskis. These individuals have one thing in common – they all started working in the office at a relatively young age. The conducted research allows to see a connection between a person’s education, his professional activity and a more successful career. However, it is important not to forget the informavo influence as well. For example, M. Vaina was one of the most active scribes of the LDK office, but he did not have an impressive career. The importance and influence of education on the career of a scribe is also illustrated by the case of Valavičius brothers. E. Valavičius surpassed his older brother Jeronimas with having a better education, being more active in the chancellery which allowed him to reach the post of chancellor sooner. This case shows that it didn’t matter how long a person had worked in the office before moving up the career ladder. Consequently, education, activity and the ability to maintain good relations with the social environment were more important for the career of a scribe than the work experience
Constitutions of the Chapter of Samogitian Cathedral: Letter, Spirit, Life
No full textThe aim of the paper is to examine implementation of the laws of the cathedral chapter of the diocese of Samogitia according to the acts of the general sessions of the chapter (for the period from 1613 to 1913). The corpus of the constitutions, or statutes of the chapter was created in 1561–62 by the famous mid-16th century Lithuanian lawyers, Canon Pedro Ruiz de Moros (Petrus Roysius) and Bishop Joannes Domanowski. Despite the fact that already in 1637 Bishop Georgius Tyszkiewicz added some new constitutions (published in the annex of the paper), and there were subsequent attempts to ‘modernize’ the old corpus of the constitutions in the late 18th – early 19th century, the Roysian statutes retained their validity and exceptional authority in the life of the Samogitian cathedral chapter as long as 1925 when the old statutes were fundamentally revised.The constitutions predominantly influenced decisions of the chapter via hearing and memory. Due to the limited copies of the text which had to be not too much multiplicated in order to preserve secrecy, majority of canons were aware of the contents of the constitutions from reading aloud (usually, in fragments than in extenso) during the general sessions of the chapter. Perhaps this could explain occasional cases of erroneous allusion to the text of the constitutions in the decisions of the chapter. In some other cases, aspiration to ground the decisions of the chapter with solid arguments could inspire canons to invoke hardly definable ‘spirit’ (mens) of the constitutions. However, usually the constitutions were quoted correctly; the cases of clear reference to specific articles of the constitutions found in the acts of the general sesssions of the chapter are listed and described in the final part of the paper
Navigating the Legal Landscape of Cybersecurity Regulation in Lithuania
Full text linkThis article provides a detailed assessment of legislative cybersecurity issues and challenges that Lithuanian authorities are facing and might face in the future. To achieve this purpose, Lithuanian cybersecurity legislation is evaluated and compared with European Union law. This study draws attention to and assesses the problematic aspects related to cybersecurity regulation. After analysing all sources, it can be concluded that Lithuania needs to improve its legal instruments to ensure that they are robust, adaptable and in line with new cybersecurity threats and technological advances because cybercrime remains a persistent issue. The balance between security and privacy, flexibility and capabilities of entities and individuals must be maintained. The Republic of Lithuania law on Cyber Security and The National Cyber Security Strategy sets out the main guidelines to ensure the prevention and investigation of cybercrime. Even though from a theoretical point of view, it seems that the law adjusted the aims of risk management, the organisational and technical requirements for cybersecurity and Cyber Security Strategy sets out the main objectives for the country’s cybersecurity efforts, both in the public and private sectors. But on the practical part, the picture is completely different
The Right to Historical Truth and Modern Narrations
Full text linkPresented research paper analyzes the right to truth, its scope within the modern legal system and its protection within different storytelling practices. As it is discussed in the paper modern narrations tend to avoid past and try to hide some uncomfortable or shameful aspects of history which at some point breaches the right to historical truth therefore there is an ongoing discussion that the scope of the right to truth should be broader and it should be considered as a collective right of groups to have the access to truth about historical aspects.During the work on this topic, it became clear that the “artistic license” which allows artists to be free to choose the methods or ways to portray some historical aspects may at some point breach the right to historical truth and conveying the altered historical facts sometimes affect the way people view current reality or make important choices.Presented research also discusses the book banning process in the US school systems which resulted in removing many widely famous books from the library shelves. Based on the research, the US Supreme court’s comments can be considered agreeable. In particular, putting an end to racial discrimination should be achieved by other proper solutions rather than book banning methods. As it is mentioned in the research, access to information is essential for developing critical thinking and it is closely related to the right to truth of individuals.This article also discusses some psychological research and analyzes how the alteration of facts influence the vision and future choices of individuals. Mentioned examples also underline the importance of the right to historical truth and access to accurate historical aspects.Based on the research, it can be assumed that the right to truth should protect broader areas of individual’s lives since the access to accurate past events at some point ensure the development of critical thinking of individuals and may guarantee that members of society will take right steps regarding the modern political or social situations