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Išgyvenusiųjų politines represijas potrauminės simptomatikos ir trauminės patirties, demografinių, somatinių veiksnių bei vidinės darnos sąsajos
No full textBackground: During Nazi and Soviet occupations in the years 1940–1958 one third of Lithuanian population were killed or deported to Siberia. Almost 300,000 people were deported to highly remote regions of Siberia. Former political prisoners and deportees experienced prolonged torture and persecutions, even after release from prison. Little is known in traumatic stress literature about effects of such extreme and prolonged traumatisation. The aim of the present study was to find out predictors of posttraumatic reactions in the group of survivors of political imprisonment. Methods: Former political prisoners (n = 724) were randomly selected from the national registry of Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania. All former political prisoners are officially acknowledged as victims of Soviet repression by Lithuanian laws and are fully rehabilitated. The mean age of political prisoners was 75.8 (SD = 5,8) years. Questionnaires covering questions about lifetime traumatic experiences, exposure to political violence, posttraumatic symptoms as well as possible mediating factors between trauma and consequences have been mailed to participants of the study. Posttraumatic reactions were assessed using Lithuanian version of Traumatic Symptom Checklist (TSC-35). Results: Posttraumatic reactions correlated with demographic factors (gender, level of education), health effects, traumatic experiences and sense of coherence. Variables using hierarchical stepwise model were entered into multiple regression analysis. Demographic factors explained 8.1 % of posttraumatic reactions variance. Both health effects and demographic variables explained 19.6 % of variance. Traumatic experiences increased prediction of posttraumatic reactions to 31.6 %. Final equation, with sense of coherence entered on the fourth step, explained 43.7 % of posttraumatic symptom variance. Significant predictors of posttraumatic reactions among former Lithuanian political prisoners were: accumulative lifetime traumatic experiences, sense of coherence, gender (women showing higher levels of victimization), death of spouse, somatic complains immediately after imprisonment or forced deportation, and attribution of current poor health status to experienced political violence.Tyrime dalyvavo 724 buvę politiniai kaliniai, nukentėję nuo komunistinių represijų. Potrauminė simptomatika buvo matuojama Traumos simptomų klausimynu (TSK-35). Tyrimo duomenų analizė atlikta naudojant hierarchinę daugialypę regresiją. Potrauminę simptomatiką geriausiai prognozavo: traumų, patirtų per visą gyvenimą, kiekis, vidinė darna, sutuoktinio mirtis, lytis, sveikatos pablogėjimas po represijų ir dabartinės sveikatos siejimas su represijų patirtimi. Galutinė regresijos lygtis paaiškino 43,7 proc. traumos simptomų klausimyno rezultatų variacijos. Tyrimo rezultatai patvirtino traumų psichologijos teorinį teiginį, kad traumos intensyvumas geriausiai paaiškina jos psichologinius padarinius, tačiau tyrimas taip pat parodė, kad prognozuojant potrauminę simptomatiką būtina atsižvelgti į daugiau veiksnių
Rizikingo seksualinio studentų elgesio ir jų psichosocialinių savybių ryšys
Get PDFA study was conducted to asses relationship between risky sex behaviors, aspects of ego-identity, and quality of relationships with friends and parents among freshman and sophomore students. A total of 240 students participated in the study, including 170 women and 70 men. All subjects were between 18 and 20 years of age.Subjects were asked about age of their first intercourse, experience of one-time intercourse, and use of condoms. Relationships with parents and parents and friends were assessed using Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, while aspects of ego-identity were measured using the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status.75.7% of men and 58.8% of women indicated having had intercourse. Mean age at the first intercourse was 17.59 for women and 16.44 for men. Both difference in the prevalence of intercourse experience and difference in the mean age at the first experience between men and women was significant.Out of those subjects, who indicated having had intercourse, 70% of men and 48% of women admitted having had experience of one-time intercourse. This difference between women and men was statistically significant. 64.7% of men and 52.0% of women admitted having intercourse without a condom with at least one partner. Among sexually experienced students, 34% of women and 48% of men indicated having had both one-time intercourse and intercourse without a condom. However, these differences were not statistically significant.Students scoring higher on interpersonal diffusion tended to have their first intercourse experience at a younger age. Furthermore, interpersonal diffusion scores were higher for those with one-time intercourse experience than for those without such experience. Interestingly, subjects scoring higher on interpersonal foreclosure scale tended to start their sexual life younger. For women, higher scores on both ideological and interpersonal foreclosure scales were related to intercourse without using condom and to particularly risky sexual behavior (i.e. both having one-time intercourse and sex without using a condom). This result suggests that authority-oriented upbringing resulting in foreclosure may not be effective in forming safe sexual practices among women.Higher quality of relationship with the mother was related to older age at the first intercourse. The same was true of quality of relationships with peers. Furthermore, those subjects, who had never had sex without a condom, reported higher quality of relationships with peers than those who had sex without a condom with one or more partners. This result indicates that social skills training and improved relationship with peers may indeed result in safer sex practices.Studentų seksualinio elgesio rodiklių ryšio su jų tapatumo ypatumais bei santykių su draugais ir tėvais kokybe tyrime dalyvavo 240 tiriamųjų, 170 merginų ir 70 vaikinų. Visų tiriamųjų amžius svyravo nuo 18 iki 20 metų.Lytinių santykių nurodė turėję 75,7% vaikinų ir 58,8% merginų. Merginos lytiškai santykiauti pradėjo būdamos vidutiniškai 17,59 metų, vaikinai – 16,44 metų. Vienkartinių lytinių santykių turėję nurodė 70% lytinių santykių turėjusių vaikinų (3 neatsakė) ir 48% lytinių santykių turėjusių merginų. 64,7% vaikinų ir 52,0% merginų nurodė bent su vienu partneriu mylėjęsi be prezervatyvo. 34% merginų ir 48% vaikinų nurodė ir turėję vienkartinių lytinių santykių, ir lytinių santykių be prezervatyvo.Didesne sumaištimi ir stipresniu prisiimtu tapatumu tarpasmeniniuose santykiuose pasižymintys jaunuoliai buvo linkę anksčiau pradėti lytinį gyvenimą. Vienkartinių lytinių santykių turėjusių jaunuolių tarpasmeninės sumaišties skalės balai buvo reikšmingai aukštesni už vienkartinių lytinių santykių neturėjusių jaunuolių balus. Tiek ideologinėje, tiek tarpasmeninėje srityje merginų prisiimto tapatumo skalių balai buvo susiję tiek su lytinių santykių be prezervatyvo turėjimu, tiek su ypač rizikingų lytinių santykių (t. y. ir vienkartinių, ir be prezervatyvo) turėjimu.Santykių su mama kokybė buvo susijusi su vėlesniu lytinio gyvenimo pradžios amžiumi, kuris teigiamai koreliavo ir su santykių su draugais kokybe. Be to, nė su vienu partneriu be prezervatyvo nesimylėjusių jaunuolių santykių su draugais kokybė buvo geresnė nei tų, kurie be prezervatyvo mylėjosi su vienu ar daugiau partnerių
Pokyčio pastebėjimas: pateikiamo dalyko savybės ir dalyko sudėtingumo vaidmuo
No full textThis study has investigated the claim that detection of change for spatial configuration is inherently easier than for object identity. Specifically, it looked at whether a difference in complexity, which was much greater in object than in configuration stimuli, might have mediated the difference in performance. In order to assess this possibility, participants were asked to detect change both for object and configuration stimulus pairs at two levels of complexity: simple and complex. The results showed that participants were much better at detecting change for simple stimuli than for complex stimuli, regardless of the type of stimulus involved. These findings, then, do not support a special status for configuration, rather they point to stimulus complexity as playing a determinate role in change detection.Simons (1996) manė aptikęs, kad pateikto pavidalo pokytis yra daug greičiau pastebimas negu pateikto daikto pokytis. Tačiau kritiškiau pažvelgus į šį atradimą darosi neaišku, kiek šis skirtumas yra susijęs su pateiktais dalykais: pavidalu ir daiktu, kiek su pateikto dalyko sudėtingumu, kuris daiktų atžvilgiu buvo gerokai didesnis negu pavidalo atžvilgiu. Mat daiktų vaizdą sudarė penki skirtingi daiktų paveikslai, o pavidalo vaizdą sudarė penkių išdėstytų daiktų vientisa forma.Šio tyrimo tikslas buvo patikrinti, ar sudėtingumas kartais nebus suvaidinęs svarbaus vaidmens pastebint pateiktų dalykų pokyčius. Tam buvo paruošti keturių pobūdžių pateikiamieji dalykai, susidedantys, kaip ir Simons tyrime, iš penkių vienetų, kurie buvo atsitiktinai išdėstyti 3 × 3 lentelės langeliuose. Paprastą daiktų pateikimą sudarė penki to paties daikto paveikslai (pvz., kriaušė), sudėtingą daiktų pateikimą sudarė penki skirtingi daiktų paveikslai (pvz., kriaušė, vėžlys, rašomasis stalas, žvaigždė, lėktuvas). Paprasto pavidalo pateikimą sudarė penkių taškų rinkinys, sudėtingo pavidalo pateikimą sudarė penkių taškų grupių, kurių kiekviena buvo sudaryta iš penkių taškų, rinkinys. Tiriamiesiems iš viso buvo pateikta 120 dalykų porų kurių pusė nesikeisdavo ir pusė pasikeisdavo. Pakeitimas daiktų poroje buvo daromas pakeičiant vieną daiktą visai nauju daiktu, o pavidalą pateikiančioje poroje – perkeliant vieną kurį tašką į šalimais stovintį langelį.Tiriamieji buvo tikrinami atskirai. Jiems visos atsitiktinai išdėstytos 120 daiktų poros buvo pateiktos 18 colių kompiuterio ekrane. Porų pateikimą valdė Cedrus „Super Lab“ kompiuterio programa. Pirmasis poros vaizdas pasirodydavo 2 s, tada buvo daromas 4,3 s tarpelis, po kurio pasirodydavo tapatus ar pakeistas antrosios poros vaizdas. Dalyvio užduotis buvo nuspręsti, ar pateikti poros vaizdai yra „tokie patys“, ar „skirtingi“, paspaudžiant atitinkamą mygtuką ant priešais stovinčios dėžutės.Įvertinus tyrimo duomenis, nepasitvirtino tariamai didesnis pavidalo imlumas pokyčio pastebėjimui, nes skirtumo tarp pateiktų daiktų porų ir pavidalų porų pokyčio pastebėjimo atžvilgiu nebūta. Tačiau aptikta, kad pateiktų daiktų sudėtingumas turi ypač didelį poveikį pokyčio pastebėjimui: paprastų dalykų porose pokytis buvo kur kas lengviau pastebimas negu sudėtingų dalykų porose.
 
Vaizdo formos suvokimo aprašomasis modelis
Get PDFThere is a descriptive model of form perception being analyzed in the article, and there has been used a small number of invariant samples for it. These are the samples that would not depend on various image transformations.The data for analysis has been received through tests and analysis of works of imitative arts after there had been an assumption made that imitative arts reflect the system of form perception. It means that the artist expresses the form of thing in already simplified proportions of dimensions. The article analyzes just the perception of form of the objects that are in the frontal projection, or that are plane.There was one of the features analyzed – orientation of outline fragments and their situation in the space. There were ignored such factors as texture, color of object, etc. Besides, while making the model of image formation, we have ignored such an effect of normalization, where the orientation of the object in space is corrected with respect to vertical and horizontal axes.In the perception system that is analyzed in the article the form of the thing is perceived (determined) by the comparison of particular parameters. There have been excluded three main ways of determination: 1) determination of angular values; 2) determination of linear values (distances); 3) determination of curves. In all the cases separate parameters are compared with a module. The determination module of angular values is angle of 90° (right) and its multiples, i.e. angles of 180°, 270° and 360°. In other cases the module is the biggest value of object’s gabarit that is parallel to the symmetric axis. The parameter is determined (perceived) as the ratio of value and module. The main module of the object plays a crucial role in excluding the object from environment.The recognition process consists of fragmentation of figure (separation to single parts), while the figure is defined by the set of fundamental elements. However, the question remains how to perform fragmentation and to join separate fragments into one set that makes the object. If the fragmentation is performed by attributing separate lines (parameters) to some adequation type, then the crucial role in fragmentjoining to one-piece object is played by main linear module. The exclusion of main module and its usage in the proportions while perceiving the image are the items that allow seeing the object as one set.The values of determined proportions are round down the close ratios of small whole numbers. In such a way the amount of processed information is diminished as well. Thus when the form of the object is perceived, any parameter is perceived as its closest parameter that forms a ration with main module, which is expressed in the smallest possible nature numbers.The model of form perception that is introduced in the article is close to the structuralism – one of the oldest hypotheses of perception. The main drawback of this system is the usage of big amount of the elements that form an image. The elements that form an image are the regular geometrical figures. These are traditional figures: spheres, cylinders, cones. When their image is being made their form cannot change a lot. Only the general size and proportions of gabarits may change. The authors describe these figures in purely mathematical algorithms that do not have any connection to the image. Therefore it is difficult to assemble various forms from these figures. Besides, a big number of variants of elements is needed for such a purpose.The elements that are presented in the article as the ones that form an image are dynamic figures made from the types of differently determined lines. The values that describe the figures are the parameters that are clearly perceived in the image. Moreover, main module – a parameter that integrates the object’s image – is used in the adequation of parameters. It allows describing any form of especially small amount of samples. Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas daikto (objekto) formos suvokimas. Daikto forma suvokiama (determinuojama) sulyginant atskirus jo parametrus. Išskirti trys pagrindiniai suvokimo būdai: 1) kampinių dydžių; 2) linijinių dydžių (atstumų); 3) kreivių.Visais atvejais, suvokiant formą, atskiri parametrai lyginami su moduliu. Kampinių dydžių suvokimo modulis yra 90° (status) kampas ir jo kartotiniai, t. y. 180°, 270° ir 360° kampai. Kitais dviem atvejais modulis yra didžiausias objekto gabarito matmuo, lygiagretus su simetrijos ašimi. Parametras suvokiamas kaip artimas matmeniui modulio dalmuo. Pagrindinis objekto modulis turi lemiamą reikšmę išskiriant objektą iš aplinkos, tai yra suvokimo procese atliekant fragmentaciją ir sujungiant atskirus fragmentus į visumą. Suvokiamų proporcijų dydžiai yra suapvalinami iki artimų nedidelių sveikųjų skaičių santykių. Taip sumažinamas apdorojamos informacijos kiekis. Duomenys analizei gauti atliekant bandymus ir analizuojant vaizduojamojo meno kūrinius, padarius prielaidą, kad vaizduojamasis menas atspindi formos suvokimo sistemą, t. y. menininkas vaizduoja daikto formą jau supaprastintomis parametrų proporcijomis. Straipsnyje išnagrinėtas frontalinėje projekcijoje esančių (arba plokštuminių) objektų formos suvokimas pasitelkus parametrų proporcijas
Verslo organizacijų klimato įvertinimo galimybės
Get PDFOrganizational climate has been widely discussed in the literature since the concept of social climate was proposed. They perceived organizational climate as a set of properties of the working environment which can be measured. In the article we present three set of theories of organizational climate concepts, which were found in the literature.The wide spectrum of organizational climate and performance surveys suggests that there are relationship between the climate dimensions and all kind of organizational performance indicators. It is suggested, that for a plan of activities for improving effectiveness of all organization may be used climate surveys.The purpose of this survey is to evaluate organizational climate is Lithuanian business organizations using the questionnaire which was created by the author of the article.Sample: 6 Lithuanian organizations from the service business sector, total of 591 employees. All organizations are among the firs seventh leaders of their practice field.Method: Organizational climate questionnaire (constructed by author of the article) was used in this survey. Factorial analysis distinguishes eight factors (scales): evaluations of employee attempts and performance; interrelations and respect; flexibility and quality of organization performance; employee struggle; goals knowledge; organization magnitude; cooperation; work organization. The research has been carried out in 2003–2004.Results of this survey shows, that all organizations have common peculiarities of organizational climate. Perceived as the best organizational climate aspects are organization magnitude, employee struggle, interrelations and respect; perceived as the worst organizational climate aspects are evaluation of employee attempts and performance and work organization. There was found significant differences in perceived organization conditions between managers and employees and between business departments and business support departments, what request more in depth survey. Organizational climate of two organizations are described in detail. It is suggested, that created questionnaire can be used to asses organizational climate and be useful tool for the organizational development practitioner and researcher. Practical implications and suggestions for future research are proposed.Daugelio tyrimų rezultatai rodo, kad organizacijos klimatas ir jos veiklos rezultatai yra susiję. Organizacijos klimato matavimas gali būti atspirties taškas planuojant veiklos tobulinimo, siekiant didesnio efektyvumo, pokyčius. Straipsnyje pristatytos trys organizacijos klimato teorijų grupės ir atliktas tyrimas, siekiant aprašyti Lietuvos verslo organizacijų klimatą. Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti Lietuvos verslo organizacijų klimatą taikant tam sukurtą metodiką. Tyrimui keliami uždaviniai: 1) parengti organizacijos klimato vertinimo metodiką; 2) išanalizuoti organizacijos klimato ypatybes, būdingas Lietuvos verslo organizacijoms. Gauti rezultatai rodo, kad Lietuvos verslo organizacijų klimatas turi bendrų ypatumų: geriausiai yra vertinama organizacijos svarba darbuotojams (didžiavimasis organizacija), darbuotojų pastangos ir tarpusavio santykiai bei pagarba, o blogiausiai – darbuotojų veiklos ir pastangų įvertinimas bei darbo organizavimas. Sukurta metodika patikrinta tiriant Lietuvos verslo organizacijas. Ji leidžia įvertinti bei aprašyti organizacijos klimatą ir gali būti pagrindas aiškinantis, kokia yra organizacijos būklė
Motinos lūkesčių, jausmų ir paramos vaikui sąryšis su turinčių mokymosi negalę vaikų elgesio bei emociniais sunkumais
Get PDFThough psychological studies reveal that children with learning disabilities are at greater risk for behavioral and emotional disturbances than other children are little is known about factors related to behavioral and emotional difficulties in these children. It has been claimed that the psychological difficulties faced by children with learning problems are not necessarily simple linear correlates of their academic deficits, social information processing or organic dysfunctions. Recently a need to explore a role of family on behavioral – emotional problems in learning disabled children has been stressed. Maternal expectations and child’s goodness of fit within these expectations, mother’s involvement with child’s learning as well as mother’s disappointment and other emotional reactions toward a child have been hypothesized as contributing to the level of emotional and behavioral problems in children with learning disabilities.The aim of this study was to explore the interplay between behavioral and emotional problems and mother – child interactions, as measured by child’s goodness of fit level with maternal expectations, mother’s positive feelings, negative feelings toward child and feelings of dissatisfaction, involvement with child’s learning (support for homework, negative control of homework, encouragement of child, mother – child discussions about school and learning activities) in children with learning disabilities. The experimental group consisted of 102 children with learning disabilities. Subjects in the control group were average chieving children selected from the same classes that contained learning disabled children. Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL 4/18; Achenbach, 1991) was used to collect data on children’s emotional and behavioral problems. Child’s goodness of fit within maternal expectations was assessed via Goodness of Fit Questionnaire (Feagans et al., 1991). Measures on mother’s feelings toward child and involvement with child’s learning were obtained via Scale of Parents’ Feelings toward child and Involvement with Child Learning Questionnaire, respectively.Comparative analysis of behavioral – emotional problems in the groups revealed that children with learning disabilities scored significantly higher on internalizing problems and total problems score but not on externalizing problems. As it was expected groups differed on mother – child interaction aspects: children with learning disabilities had lower goodness of fit level with maternal expectations, their mothers reported higher levels of negative feelings and more intensive dissatisfaction with themselves. In contrary, positive feelings did not differ between groups. Mothers of learning disabled children were more involved with their children learning: they provided more support, encouragement and negative control. Mother – child interactions variables had significant associations with problem behaviors in children with learning disabilities. Child’s level of goodness of fit with maternal expectations was significantly related to all CBCL 4/18 scores indicating that children with poorer fit had more behavioral – emotional problems. Mother’s negative feelings were the second consistent correlate of behavioral – emotional problems in both groups. As it was predicted, measures of mother’s involvement also correlated with problem behaviors in children with learning disabilities. Specifically, negative control was related to total problem scores on CBCL 4/18, and higher scores on mother – child discussions subscale were associated with lower scores on internalizing problems, externalizing problems and total problems.Straipsnyje nagrinėjama veiksnių, susijusių su turinčių mokymosi negalę vaikų elgesio bei emociniais sunkumais, problema. Tyrimas buvo skirtas įvertinti vaikų, turinčių mokymosi negalę, elgesio bei emocinių problemų ypatumus, vaiko atitikimo motinos lūkesčius laipsnį, motinos jausmų, įsitraukimo į vaiko mokymosi veiklą pobūdį ir šių kintamųjų tarpusavio sąryšį. Eksperimentinę grupę sudarė turinčių mokymosi negalę, kontrolinę – vidutiniškai besimokančių vaikų šeimos. Tyrimo duomenys rodo, kad turintys mokymosi negalę vaikai pasižymi didesne nei jų bendraamžiai emocinio pobūdžio sunkumų rizika bei aukštesniu bendru elgesio ir emocinių problemų lygiu. Eksperimentinėje grupėje motinos ir vaiko tarpusavio santykiams būdingas prastesnis vaiko atitikimas motinos lūkesčius, stipresni motinų neigiami jausmai vaikui ir nepasitenkinimas savimi, didesnis įsitraukimo į vaiko mokymosi veiklą laipsnis, tačiau teigiami motinų jausmai vaikui tiriamųjų grupėse nesiskyrė. Didesni turinčių mokymosi negalę vaikų elgesio ir emociniai sunkumai susiję su mažesniu atitikimo motinos lūkesčius laipsniu, stipresniais jos neigiamais jausmais vaikui, didesne negatyvia namų darbų atlikimo kontrole bei retesniais motinos ir vaiko pokalbiais apie mokymąsi ir mokyklą
Emociniai asmenybės bruožų koreliatai
Get PDFMost previous research has demonstrated relatively high correlations between two main traits – Extraversion and Neuroticism – and personality emotional predispositions. It has been shown that Extraversion and Emotional stability are predictors of positive emotions, while Introversion and Neuroticism are predictors of negative emotions (Costa & McCrae, 1980; Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985; Wilson & Gullone, 1999). However, some other research reveals the complexity and certain discrepancy of the above-mentioned links (Williams, 1993; McFatter, 1994; Matthews, 1998). The main aim of the present research is particularization of parameters of everyday emotional life in structures of two personality super factors: Extraversion and Neuroticism, i.e. examination the relationships between daily emotions indices and basic traits and types of personality. The second aim is to find out what influence the kind and character of everyday activity has on the relation between personality and emotions. In other words, the hypothesis of the research is that Extraversion and Neuroticism influence the modality structure of emotions, experienced during the concrete everyday activity.The method of chronological registration of everyday emotions, or „emotional diary“, has been used. For 2–4 weeks the 80 subjects (university students, aged 17–24 years) using special form have been chronologically registering the kind of everyday activity (learning, chores, aesthetic, spiritual activity, etc.), the sign, modality (joy, anger, fear, grief), intensity and duration of emotions. Personality traits were examined by EPI.Considerable emotional differences were found in subjects having high and low score in the both two scales. There were no significant differences between extraverts and introverts. Studying dynamics of subjects’ everyday emotions we found no correlation between neuroticism and index of emotional stability we obtained. Research revealed the specificity of the emotional regulation of kinds of everyday activities determined by the personality traits. However, they are not so expressed as it was expected. The most significant differences in the most kind of activities are revealed between stable extraverts and unstable introverts. Also, some important parameters of everyday emotional life (stability, intensity, hedonic level) and their relation with the basic personality traits are being discussed. The conclusion of the present research is as follows: the kind and character of everyday activities do not have a significant influence on the relation between the two personality super-factors – Extraversion and Neuroticism – and everyday emotions. The research has revealed that the link between the basic personality traits and everyday emotions tends to be stable enough, that is why it is little influenced by the character and specificity of everyday activity.Tyrimų, skirtų asmenybės ir emocijų problemai, rezultatai rodo įtikinamą dviejų pagrindinių bruožų – ekstraversijos ir neurotizmo – ryšį su emocinėmis asmenybės predispozicijomis. Įrodyta, kad ekstraversija yra teigiamų emocijų prediktorius, o neurotizmas – neigiamų (Costa and McCrae, 1980; Eysenck H. J., Eysenck M. W., 1985). Kiti tyrimai atskleidžia minėtų ryšių sudėtingumą ir nevienareikšmiškumą (Matthews, 1997; Williams, 1993). Šio tyrimo tikslas – taikant originalią emocinių išgyvenimų įvertinimo metodiką papildyti naujais faktais, sukonkretinti (analizuojant platų emocinių parametrų spektrą) minėtų ryšių pobūdį ir įsitikinti jų priklausomybe nuo kasdienės veiklos rūšies. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė stiprias emocinių parametrų sąsajas su neurotizmo matmeniu, o su ekstraversijos matmeniu reikšmingų ryšių neaptikta. Palyginamoji asmenybių tipų analizė patvirtino daugelyje tyrimų konstatuotus ryškius emocinius skirtumus tarp stabilių ekstravertų ir nestabilių introvertų, taip pat tarp emociškai stabilių ir nestabilių tipų. Gauti duomenys apie šiems asmenybės tipams būdingus emocinių išgyvenimų modalinius skirtumus, kurių pasireiškimas priklauso nuo kasdienės veiklos rūšies, tačiau šie skirtumai yra nedideli ir dauguma statistiškai nereikšmingi
Kas yra kalba? Kodėl tik žmonės kalba?
No full textTranslated from English by Eglė RimkutėIš anglų kalbos vertė Eglė Rimkut
Studentų kūrybiškumo ir intelekto gebėjimų sąsajos
No full textThe aim of this study was to reveal some interactions between creative and intellectual abilities as well as interactions of creative abilities variation after training of creativity and intellectual abilities.Creativity in this study is understood in terms of cognitive abilities of creative thinking expressed by divergent thinking components as fluency, flexibility and originality (Guilford, 1950; Torrance, 1974; Sternberg and O’Hara, 1999). Divergent thinking is the one component of creative thought understood as the distinct capacity to generate multiple alternative solutions as opposed the one correct solution. Divergent thinking is assessed through open-ended tests such as consequences and alternative uses, where responses are scored for fluency (number of responses), flexibility (category shifts in responses) and originality (uniqueness of response).There were 160 students (mean age 23) from Vilnius Pedagogical University. E. P. Torrance test (verbal, form A, 1974) was used to identify cognitive abilities of creative thinking (fluency, flexibility and originality). R. Amthauer test (IST-70) was used to measure intellectual capabilities. The subjects were randomly assigned to two experimental (n = 80) and control groups (n = 80). The experimental group took part in creativity training program during four months (32 hours).The special program of creativity training was used once a week for four months (32 hours). The program was made-up for the developing cognitive abilities of creative thinking (fluency, flexibility and originality). Special methods (brain storming, ideas generation, drama, divergent tasks etc.) were used to develop students’ creative abilities. The experimental group took part in creativity training program.The study revealed the interactions between creative abilities evaluated by Torrance test (TTCT, verbal A form) and intellectual abilities evaluated by Amthauer IST. Weak interactions were revealed between flexibility and BE subtest of abstract verbal ability (r = 0,24, p < 0,01), as well as originality and BE subtest of abstract verbal ability (r = 0,22, p < 0,01). There are some weak links between all cognitive parameters of creativity (fluency, flexibility and originality) and the results of Sentence Supplement (SP) subtest (r = 0,17, p < 0,05) as well as between fluency, flexibility and ability to percept language meaning (ŽI) subtest (r = 0,18, p < 0,05; r = 0,16; p < 0,05). No such tendency was found between other creative and intellectual abilities.Though there were no significant interactions between increase of creative abilities and intellectual abilities, clear links were found between originality and abstract verbal ability (BE) and spatial imagination (KU) (r 0, BE = 0,41; r 0, KU = 0,38; r 0,05 = 0,53).Tyrimo objektas – studentų kūrybiškumo kognityvinių ir intelekto gebėjimų struktūrinių ypatumų santykis. E. P. Torrance’o testu (TCT verbalinės dalies A forma) ir R. Amthauerio IST-70 B forma ištirta 160 Vilniaus pedagoginio universiteto studentų. Koreliacine analize nustatytas statistiškai reikšmingas sąryšis tarp mąstymo lankstumo bei originalumo ir aukščiausio lygmens kalbinių intelekto gebėjimų, matuojamų BE subtestu, taip pat tarp mąstymo sklandumo, lankstumo bei originalumo ir sakinio papildymo (SP) bei žodžių išrinkimo (ŽI) subtestų įvertinimų. Statistiškai reikšmingos priklausomybės tarp kūrybiškumo kognityvinių gebėjimų pokyčio mokantis pagal specialią kūrybiškumo ugdymo programą ir intelekto struktūros profilio nerasta, tačiau ryški originalumo padidėjimo sąsaja su kalbinių intelekto gebėjimų (BE), konstrukcinio mąstymo (KU) subtestų įvertinimais ir originalumo bei sklandumo pokyčio sąsaja su loginio-algebrinio mąstymo (SE) subtesto įvertinimais
Paauglių raida ir psichikos sutrikimai ego psichologijos požiūriu
Get PDFPeriod of adolescence is specific because a very rapid development is going but there is also a period when serious mental disorders begin – schizophrenia, depression, personality disorders, etc. Although many psychological theories study the reasons of psychopathology manifestation in adolescence, yet psychodynamic paradigm which emphasizes a meaning of internal processes towards personality functioning may help to answer a question what are the underlying reasons which encourage the beginning of one or another dysfunction. One of the reasons may be a disturbance of Ego functioning. Hartmann (1964) asserts that Ego is responsible for an adaptation and mental health, its development is very rapid during adolescence (Blos, 1962), so two questions are analysed in this article: normal Ego development and disturbances of Ego functioning during adolescence. We are trying to answer these questions both reviewing classical attitude towards Ego development during adolescence (with reference of S. Freud, A. Freud, H. Hartmann, E. Erikson, P. Blos works) and analyzing empirical researches of late years. P. Blos (1962) gives nearly the most consistent attitude towards developmental processes running during adolescence. By his opinion, the process of individuation-separation repeats itself during adolescence, i.e. adolescent seeks to separate from his/her parents and to create his/her own feeling of identity. Oscillation of regress and progress is typical characteristic of Ego development, but psychopathology shows off when regress of Ego towards early developmental fixations is very pronounced and subsequent development comes to a dead lock (Blos, 1967).Current researches of adolescents’ Ego can be divided into three big groups: normal Ego development is investigated on J. Loevinger’s (1977) Ego development theory basis, where she distinguishes several separates stages of Ego development based on both the theoretical concepts of psychodynamic paradigm and ideas of other psychology trends (for example, humanistic psychology). The second group of researches analyses the development of identity feeling during adolescence based on theory of E. Erikson. Results of researches demonstrate that development of identity feeling goes on both during early adolescence and after adolescence is over and different aspects of identity feeling develop during different developmental periods. The third group of researches includes Ego function researches of separate mental disorders cases. Probably mostly investigatable are adolescents with borderline personality and behavioural disorders. It is established that disturbance of Ego functions is unequal in cases of different mental disorders, besides disturbance of Ego functions is related to disturbance of identity feeling, for example there is a very close relation between disturbance of identity feeling and disturbance of thought processes. If psychodynamic paradigm gives us some insights about the significance of Ego on mental disorders manifestation during adolescence but still there is a lack of empirical researches which might more clearly define development of separate Ego functions during adolescence, relation between Ego and identity feeling, the disturbance of Ego functioning in cases of mental disorders, etc.Pastaruoju metu psichodinaminė paradigma vis daugiau dėmesio kreipia į paauglystės amžiaus tarpsnį, manoma, kad čia vykstantys raidos procesai gali būti labai svarbūs psichopatologijos pasireiškimui. Paauglystėje vyksta itin sparti Ego raida, o Ego yra asmenybės darinys, kuris visų pirma atsako už adaptaciją ir psichinę sveikatą (Hartmann, 1964). Todėl straipsnyje daug dėmesio skiriama normaliai Ego raidai paauglystėje, analizuojant tiek klasikinį požiūrį, tiek naujesnę P. Blos (1962) teoriją, taip pat aptariant šiuo metu atliekamus Ego raidos tyrimus, kuriuos galima suskirstyti į tris dideles grupes: tyrimus, atliekamus remiantis J. Loevinger (1977) teorija, tapatumo jausmo tyrimus ir Ego funkcijų tyrimus įvairių psichikos sutrikimų metu