Psichologija
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Sinergija tarp suvokiamų regimųjų ir akustinių stimulų, esant binokulinei konkurencijai
No full textWhen the two eyes view dissimilar images, the observer experiences alternations in perceptual dominance between the two stimuli, with the individual durations of dominance varying randomly throughout a prolonged sequence of alternations. In this study, we paired an amplitude-modulated sound with a flickering rival grating and found that the sound had a small but statistically reliable influence on the durations of dominance of the flickering grating: those durations were longer, on average, when the flickering grating and the sound were coincident. An effect of sound was not observed during suppression phases of the flickering grating, nor was it found when the tone was steady. This bisensory interaction represents yet another example of neural interactions between vision and audition.Kai abiejų akių tinklainėse yra skirtingų objektų vaizdai, tiriamasis suvokia tai vieną, tai kitą vaizdą, t. y. suvokiant dominuoja tai vienas, tai kitas vaizdas. Tiek suvokiamų vaizdų kaita, tiek matomo vaizdo dominavimo trukmė yra atsitiktinė. Šiame darbe aprašomas bandymas, kai kartu su konkuruojančiomis mirksinčiomis regimosiomis gardelėmis tiriamajam buvo pateikiamas tam tikru dažniu moduliuojamas garsas. Jei garso moduliavimo dažnis sutapo su suvokiamos gardelės mirksėjimo dažniu, tai šios gardelės vidutinis domina vimo laikas, nors ir nedaug, bet statistiškai reikšmingai pailgėdavo. Jeigu garsas buvo įjungiamas tuo momentu, kai sinchroniškai su juo mirksinti regimoji gardelė buvo nematoma (nukonkuruota), tai jokios įtakos dominavimo laikui tas garsas neturėjo. Nemoduliuotas garsas taip pat neturėjo įtakos vaizdų konkurencijai. Tokia dviejų skirtingo modalumo stimulų sąveika yra dar vienas regos ir klausos neuroninės sąveikos pavyzdys
Moterų ir vyrų pakeistų veido elementų atpažinimo tikslumas
Get PDFThe article represents peculiarities of face elements recognition of different sexes. The goals of the research are: 1) to establish the accuracy and time of recognition of modified face elements and compare the results with the estimation of face typicality / distinctiveness; 2) to establish whether differences between sexes identifying modified face elements exist.With the help of computer-based photofit program there were target faces of two men and two women shaped. Research participants were supposed to memorize them. Replacing some particular elements of a target face (hair, eyes, lips and ears) with another ones there were new faces shaped. The research experts have selected five stimuli faces for the each target face. In the course of the research it was recorded whether the subjects (30 men and 30 women) noticed that the displayed faces differed from the target ones. While the created faces were being demonstrated the answers of the participants were registered with the help of the implemented computer program. In the end of the research, applying the 5 and 7 points scale, the participants assessed the easiness of recognition of face elements and the similarity among each other. Moreover, they indicated their strategy to identify modified elements of faces.The results showed that men as well as women were more accurate and fast in recognizing elements of modified faces of men, not those of women, which is statistically significant. A more accurate recognition of modified face elements might have been determined by a greater distinctiveness of target faces of men. Hair and eyes were recognized most accurately and quickly, after that proceeded lips and noses, while ears happened to be the most difficult elements to identify. The research also proved that the different speed and accuracy of recognition of modified face elements are connected: 1) with the strategy the participants applied (the correct answers were mostly presented applying a simultaneous recognition strategy); 2) with the subjective evaluation of the easiness of face elements recognition (the participants indicated most accurately those elements that were attributed to the easiest to recognize); 3) with the assessment of faces similarity (a higher level of perceived similarity of faces impedes the recognition of modified elements of a target face). Moreover, it was established that women in comparison with men are quicker and more accurate in recognizing modified elements of a target face.Straipsnyje analizuojami skirtingos lyties tiriamųjų vyrų ir moterų veidų elementų atpažinimo ypatumai. Tyrimo metu buvo fiksuojama, ar tiriamieji (30 vyrų ir 30 moterų) pastebi, kad demonstruojami veidai skiriasi nuo įsimintojo etaloninio veido. Gauti rezultatai parodė, kad tiek vyrai, tiek moterys, stebėdami kompiuterio ekrane demonstruojamus veidus, statistiškai reikšmingai tiksliau ir greičiau atpažino pakeistus vyrų, o ne moterų etaloninių veidų elementus. Tiksliausiai ir greičiausiai buvo atpažįstami pakeisti plaukai ir akys. Nustatyta, kad nevienodas veido elementų atpažinimo tikslumas ir greitis susijęs su tiriamųjų taikyta atpažinimo strategija, subjektyviu veido elementų atpažinimo lengvumo ir veidų tarpusavio panašumo vertinimu. Be to, buvo atskleista tendencija, kad moterys, palyginti su vyrais, tiksliau ir greičiau atpažįsta pakeistus etaloninių veidų elementus
Raveno spalvotų progresuojančių matricų standartizacija Lietuvoje
Get PDFThis study established for the first time a Lithuanian standardisation of the Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM) a nonverbal instrument widely used in the world to assess productive abilities of young children. A representative sample of 1067 Lithuanian children between ages six and eleventh was tested after selecting a stratified sample of schools/kindergartens by place of residence and language of instruction in year 2004. Within schools, sampling was carried out randomly within age and gender groups including special needs children receiving education services within mainstream schools. The sample for age 6 included children who were not attending school as well as those who were at school or in kindergartens. Social demographic and academic information on children was gathered using parents questionnaire. Means and Standard deviations were generated at half a year intervals between age 5 years and 9 months to 11 years 2 months. Based on these calculations, smoothed percentile scores by age were derived. Data analysis based on methods of internal consistency, item analysis and comparison of data between different groups of children showed adequate psychometric properties of the Raven’s CPM. The variables of gender, age and SES were used for the data analysis. The gender differences in CPM scores were minimal and not significant. The significant correlation between age and CPM means confirmed expectation that raw scores of children should increase with age. Factors affecting CPM results were place of residence and level of parent’s education. The means of CPM scores of children groups living in different areas showed that rural children were lower than the group living in the big towns. A progressive increase in CPM score means according to parents educational level was obtained. These data suggest looking at SES variables in home and school environment that may affect the opportunity to develop child’s cognitive abilities. Using current data the CPM appears to be reliable and valid instrument for use in screening Lithuanian children.J. C. Raveno 1947 metais sukurtos Spalvotos progresuojančios matricos (Coloured Progressive Matrices, toliau CPM) plačiai taikomos pasaulyje 5–11 metų vaikų neverbaliniams arba produktyviesiems gebėjimams vertinti. Šiame straipsnyje, remdamosi 2004 metais atlikto reprezentacinės 6–11 metų Lietuvos vaikų imties (n = 1067) tyrimo rezultatais, pirmą kartą pristatome lietuviškąsias CPM normas, kurios skiriasi nuo britiškų bei amerikietiškų. Atliekant CPM standartizaciją dalijimo pusiau ir vidinio suderinamumo metodu buvo patvirtintas CPM patikimumas ir turinio validumas. Įvertindamos veiksnius, galėjusius turėti įtakos CPM rezultatams, nustatėme, kad aplinkos veiksniai (vaiko gyvenamoji vieta ir tėvų išsilavinimas) yra kur kas reikšmingesni vaiko neverbalinių gebėjimų raidai nei biologinis lyties veiksnys. Straipsnyje pristatomi rezultatai leidžia teigti, kad sudarytas CPM normas galima naudoti vaiko neverbaliniams gebėjimams vertinti formalizuotos atrankos tikslais
Užburtame rate: savižudybių paplitimas Lietuvoje po nepriklausomybės atkūrimo
No full textDuring the last 80 years suicide mortality in Lithuania has shown great variation. Nowadays Lithuania has the highest registered suicide rate in the world besides the other Baltic countries and Russia. After the sharp decrease in the mid-80’s, since 1991 the suicide rates start to rise again. In 2002 1551 suicide occurred in Lithuania (44.7 per 100.000 persons). The ratio of male to female rates was 4.5–6.1 in 1990–2002, in the young and middle age it reached 8–10. The suicides are more widespread in rural areas. Among rural men they occur twice as often as among the urban and among women – 1.4 times. By age the highest suicide risk is for middle-aged men. Among the males aged 45–54 years suicide rate reaches 154.6. The most common method of suicide remains hanging, both for males and females.The dramatic increase in suicide rates of the early 1990s corresponds to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the regaining of the independence of Lithuania and other Baltic states. Heavy transition from the system based on communist ideology to the open society and market economy was ensuing. However analysis of the trends of suicide mortality in Eastern Europe and in the „newly independent states“ of the former Soviet Union showed that rapid transformations of society do not per se necessarily produce more suicides. Neither the absolute economic changes, nor the level of prosperity in itself correlates significantly with the changes in suicide rates. Intermediate role of culture should be also taken into consideration.The undercurrent reasons of the incredible suicide spread in Lithuania lie in the long lasting effects of the 50 years under the communist regime on the ability of individuals and groups to manage psychosocial stress and changes. „Soviet“ mortality pattern, which is characterized by very high level of premature mortality and growth of urban-rural mortality differences, has not changed during transition period. This leads to vicious circle when the spread of suicides and helpless, indifferent attitude towards suicide prevention, causes the suicide approving attitudes, which increases the risk of suicidal behaviour. The approving attitude towards suicide among Lithuanian schoolchildren increased almost twice over the last decade. The media also „contributes“ to this process, but attempts to change the presentation of suicide in the mass media in 1996–2000 were rather unsuccessful.The national plan of suicide prevention is required to break off the vicious circle.Lietuvos savižudybių rodiklis jau dešimti metai (nuo 1996 m.) yra didžiausias pasaulyje. Straipsnyje pateikiami duomenys apie savižudybių rodiklių dinamiką Lietuvoje 1990–2002 m. ir, pasiremiant naujausiais tyrimų duomenimis, aptariami veiksniai, kurie gali lemti ilgalaikius aukštus savižudybių rodiklius. Lietuvoje iki šiol vyrauja „sovietinis“ mirtingumo modelis (jam būdingas labai aukštas priešlaikinio mirtingumo lygis bei miesto ir kaimo gyventojų mirtingumo skirtumų didėjimas), o psichikos sveikatos pagalbos sistema nepakankama. Susidaro užburtas ratas: savižudybių labai daug, jokių racionalių priemonių jų sumažinti valstybėje nėra, stiprėja ne tik pasyvi, bet ir savižudybėms palanki nuostata, o tai savo ruožtu didina suicidinę riziką
Mūsų recenzentai
No full textInformation about the reviewers of this journal.Informacija apie žurnalo recenzentus
Subjektyvios gerovės išgyvenimas ir su juo susiję veiksniai vyrų imtyje
No full textSubjective well-being (SWB) is people’s cognitive and emotional evaluation of their lives, which in our everyday vocabulary is called happiness (Diener et al., 2003). The scientific analysis of subjective well-being refers to people’s emotional reactions to events and global judgments about life satisfaction. Life satisfaction is an overall positive perception or feeling about the quality of own life (Corsini, 1999) and it can be broken down in satisfaction with specific important domains like close romantic relations or satisfaction with job (Daukantaitë and Bergman, 2003). Emotional component of SWB means a tendency to respond to one’s environment with good or bad feelings, emotions, reactions (Corsini, 1999). Though, scientists divide affect into two different groups – positive affect and negative affect.The purpose of the study is to investigate subjective well-being in the sample of Lithuanian men. The main interest was to study: 1) the relationship between general SWB components and satisfaction with important domains; 2) the differences in SWB in different groups based on demographic factors; 3) the relationship between general SWB components and personality traits. The statistical package SPSS with a probability level of 0.05 was used to process the data.The research was based on self-report questionnaires in Lithuanian male sample (n = 115). The criteria for recruitment was age, the average age of the sample was 39,67 years. Men were contacted at their working place and were given a self-reported questionnaire. The research took place in different towns of Lithuania.Results confirm, that components of general SWB are connected to satisfaction with work, leisure, health, relations to partner and children. We found that the mean of each SWB component differed in 3 out of 8 groups of sociodemographic factors such as educational level, current studies, and income per each member of the family. Thus, we support the statement that demographic factors are not strongly related to subjective well-being. The results of the research confirmed findings of other authors, that the strongest and the most reliable correlations were found between SWB components and personality traits such as neuroticism, extraversion, openness to new experiences, agreeableness, consciousness, optimism, and self-esteem. The results of the research let us confirm the results obtained by other scientists that subjective wellbeing is not strongly dependent on the demographic characteristics, but is more likely to be connected to the personality traits.Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjami pagrindiniai subjektyvios gerovės komponentai ir su jais susiję veiksniai vidutinio amžiaus vyrų imtyje (N = 115). Tyrimui naudotas klausimynas, sudarytas iš įvairių metodikų, skirtų demografinio pobūdžio duomenims rinkti ir subjektyvių gerovės komponentų bei asmenybės bruožų išreikštumo lygiui nustatyti. Gauti rezultatai rodo, kad pagrindiniai subjektyvios gerovės komponentai yra susiję su tokiomis gyvenimo sritimis kaip pasitenkinimas darbu bei laisvalaikiu, sveikata, pasitenkinimas ryšiais su partnere ir vaikais. Nustatyta, kad aukštesnio išsilavinimo, tęsiančių studijas, didesnes vidutiniškai kiekvienam šeimos nariui tenkančias pajamas turinčių asmenų subjektyvios gerovės įverčiai skiriasi. Tačiau stipriausiai ir patikimiausiai su subjektyvia gerove yra susiję šie asmenybės bruožai: optimizmas, savigarba, neurotiškumas, ekstraversija, atvirumas naujai patirčiai, sutarimas su kitais, sąžiningumas.Tyrimo rezultatai leido atskleisti lietuvių vyrų subjektyvios gerovės ypatumus ir patvirtino užsienio autorių tyrimų rezultatus, rodančius, kad subjektyvi gerovė yra mažai susijusi su demografinėmis asmens charakteristikomis, tačiau gali būti susijusi su asmenybės bruožais, kurie santykinai siejasi su asmenybės predispozicija jaustis laimingam. Tyrimo duomenys atskleidė, jog kitaip nei daugelyje tyrimų, atliktų Vakarų Europos šalyse ir JAV, išsilavinimas bei pajamos yra svarbus veiksnys, susijęs su bendru pasitenkinimu gyvenimu bei teigiamu emocingumu
Stresas ir elgesio savireguliacija: teorinės sąveikos problemos
No full textDuring the last two decades more and more attention has been paid to the research of the phenomenon of self-regulation of behaviour. Human desire and ability to successfully regulate and control his behaviour has not just big theoretical but also practical, economic value, therefore the need of self-regulation laws practical application is increasing in such areas as health care, education, management of organizations.Self-regulation skills may also be successfully used for stress related problems solving as in other life spheres. However both on the level of theories and practically the interaction of self-regulation and stress phenomena is not completely clear and unambiguously understood. The purpose of this paper was to clarify the possibilities of creation of stress and self-regulation phenomena comprising theoretical model.We have defined behaviour self-regulation as the whole of internal and transactional processes, enabling the purposeful behaviour of individuals in time and in the presence of changing circumstances (Karoly, 1993).We have developed in detail the concept of self-regulation uniting various ideas of the authors of selfregulation paradigms (social-cognitive, cybernetic, dynamic, decision making) into one theoretical model, taking as the basis the feedback loop model suggested by cybernetic paradigm (Carver, Scheier, 1998).Stress has been described on the basis of R. S. Lazarus stress conception as the relation between the individual and environment, which threatens the personal wellbeing of the latter (Lazarus, Folkman, 1984), however instead of the concept of wellbeing we suggested to use the concept of goals. In such case they became the main connecting link between stress and self-regulation: the person is seeking self-regulation using the aid of self-regulation, and stress is raising barriers for these goals achievement.Further we have analysed certain stress and selfregulation interaction peculiarities. The major part of attention was directed to the dynamics of emotional reactions. Having assigned the transmission of informatikon as the main function, which is performed by them during the process of self-regulation, we defined three possible sources of this information during the time of stress. We also suppose that the emotions may also provide the information about what is the character of the goals, which are affected by stress. The other important question is the search of the methods for decreasing of negative stress influence on the selfregulation. In order to make them more productive we suggest to unite the researches carried out in the areas of coping and self-control, also to direct attention to the peculiarities of coping depending on the character of the pursued goals.In the further researches of stress and self-regulation we suggest to direct attention to the emotionalmotivational side of these effects’ interaction and try to explain how differing character of the goals (approach-avoidance) influences coping, how stress is influencing disengagement of goals or their revision, what the character of stress influence on various self-regulation processes is, how self-regulation is changing with the increasing stress strength, in case of its increase to the extreme and etc.Kadangi elgesio savireguliacijos ir streso fenomenų sąveika nėra vienareikšmiškai suprantama, šiame darbe pabandėme išanalizuoti jų sąveiką paaiškinančio teorinio modelio sukūrimo galimybes. Susipažinę su pagrindinėmis elgesio savireguliacijos bei streso teorinėmis sampratomis tokį abu minėtus reiškinius apimantį teorinį modelį pasiūlėme kurti remiantis socialine kognityvine bei kibernetine elgesio savireguliacijos paradigmomis ir R. S. Lazaruso streso samprata, tikslus panaudojant kaip tarpinį abu reiškinius vienijantį konceptą
Klausimų formos įtaka vaikų pasakojimų tikslumui
Get PDFA number of investigators have suggested that children, even preschoolers, can in fact recall a great deal of information accurately, but there are some important limitations, especially, question format. While analysing this limitation, it is important to state how the syntax of a question is related to the accuracy of narration and how investigators should formulate questions in order to get accurate and reliable responses. Moreover, the structure of a sentence influences the perception of a question and syntax in Lithuanian differs from Germanic languages, therefore it has been unclear whether the results of such investigations can be applied to the Lithuanian situation. Accordingly, the goal of the present study was to investigate the influence of question format on preschool-aged childre’s accuracy of narrative in different interviews. Whereas some studies have also showed that the content of information investigated (action, people, environment) is of great importance for the accuracy of children’s narrative, the influence of the content of informatikon was investigated in this study too.Children aged 6 to 7 years took part in a Christmas event. Three weeks later children were interviewed about the event for the first time; questions asked were of different format (open- and close-ended). Four months later the interview was repeated, some questions from the first interview were asked. Children’s accuracy of narration was estimated by two psychologists.The study showed that question format substantially influenced children’s responses: children frequently responded „I don’t know“ to open-ended questions, they were most likely to make errors if asked closeended questions. Therefore it is recommended to ask children more often open-ended questions, especially if the interview is repeated.Furthermore, it should be mentioned that children recalled less important details with greater difficulty in comparison with personally important information. More detailed analysis proved that the accuracy of narration depends on the content: the most accurate answers were given about actions, environment and verbal information were described less accurately. The difference in accuracy was statistically significant. Therefore it is recommended to ask young children more questions about actions.Daugelio empirinių tyrimų duomenys patvirtino, kad ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikai gali gana tiksliai prisiminti reikalingą informaciją, tačiau būtina atsižvelgti į vaikų parodymų tikslumui turinčius įtakos veiksnius. Šiame straipsnyje aptariamas vienas iš svarbiausių tokių veiksnių – klausimų formulavimas. Tyrimo tikslas – išsiaiškinti, kokią įtaką ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų pasakojimų tikslumui turi įvairios klausimų formos ir nustatyti, kaip vaikų pasakojimų tikslumas priklauso nuo pasakojimo turinio. Tyrime dalyvavo 6–7 metų vaikai. Jie buvo dukart apklausti apie Kalėdų šventę darželyje. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad vaikų pasakojimų tikslumas priklauso nuo klausimų formos: vaikai dažniau rinkosi neteisingą atsakymą į uždarus klausimus ir atsakymą „nežinau“ – į atvirus klausimus. Be to, nustatyta, kad vaikų prisiminimų tikslumas priklauso nuo pokalbio objekto: tiksliausi vaikų prisiminimai yra apie veiksmus, o netiksliausi – apie aplinkos detales ir pokalbius. Remiantis šio tyrimo rezultatais trumpai aptariamos praktinės vaikų liudytojų apklausos atlikimo rekomendacijos
Paauglių socialinės strategijos ir emocinės elgesio problemos
No full textCurrent study is a first attempt to examine what patterns of social strategies could be identified among adolescents, and to explore how the use of particular strategies is associated with adolescent’s specific behavioural and emotional problems.The participants were 501 adolescents, 14-to –18 year-old (248 boys and 253 girls) from three secondary schools located in Vilnius, Lithuania and from two secondary schools located in sub-urban area.Social strategies were assessed using five subscales of the SAQ that measure cognitive strategies “in social context”. Behavioural/emotional problems were assessed using seven scales of YSR11/18: Withdrawn, Anxious/Depressed, Social problems, Attention problems, Aggressive behaviour, Delinquent behaviour.Patterns of strategy groups were examined by using a hierarchical clustering technique based on squared Euclidian distances (Ward, SPSS package). In this particular analysis we ended up using four-cluster solution. To investigate to what extent the adolescents’ in different social strategy groups would differ according to their anxiety-depression, withdrawal, attention problems, aggressive behaviour, delinquent behaviour, somatic complaints and social problems we carried out univariate two-way ANOVA for each variable separately with two between subject factors: Strategy group and Gender.It was shown first, that there were four homogenous groups of adolescents who seemed to deploy certain patterns of social strategies. All of them resembled the strategies described previously in the literature. The results show that 39% of adolescents deployed active optimistic strategy. They were typified by a moderately high level of success expectation, relatively high level of task-irrelevant behaviour, very low level of avoidance, very high level of mastery-orientation and very low level of pessimism. The results showed further that the adolescents who used active optimistic strategy showed lower levels of anxiety-depression, withdrawal and social problems. Nevertheless, they showed higher level of attention problems.Another group of the adolescents (14% from total sample) were identified as users of defensive functional strategy. They were characterized by the low level of success expectation, very high level of task-irrelevant behaviour, moderately low level of avoidance, high level of master -orientation, low level of pessimism. Defensive functional group also reported relatively low level of withdrawal, very high level of attention problems. However, girls’ levels of attention problems were much higher than the boys’ levels in the defensive functional group. They also showed relatively high level of social problems. Again, girls’ levels of social problems were much higher than the boys’ levels in the defensive functional group.Small group (12%) of the adolescents were identified as avoiders being typified by low level of success expectation, low level of task-irrelevant behaviour, very high level of avoidance, low level of master-orientation and high level of pessimism. They also showed high level of anxiety-depression, very high level of withdrawal, relatively low level of attention problems, very high level of social problems.Thirty-five per cent of the adolescents showed learned helplessness. They were characterized by moderately high level of success expectation, low level of task-irrelevant behaviour, high level of avoidance, very low level of master orientation and very high level of pessimism. The results further showed that the learned helplessness group showed relatively high level of anxiety-depression, high level of withdrawal, very low level of attention problems, relatively low level of social problems. The results showed that the membership of the strategy groups was associated in theoretically meaningful ways to the adolescents’ anxiety/depression, withdrawal, and social problems. Consequently, these results may help us to understand how different types of strategy patterns are related to emotional and behavioural problems.Šiame tyrime siekėme išskirti paauglių grupes, taikančias panašias socialines strategijas, ir nustatyti, kaip šios grupės siejasi su emocinėmis elgesio problemomis, tokiomis kaip nerimastingumas / depresiškumas, nusišalinimas, dėmesio problemos, agresyvus elgesys, delinkventiškas elgesys, somatiniai nusiskundimai ir socialinės problemos. Hierarchinės klasterinės analizės metodu buvo išskirtos keturios paauglių grupės, taikančios panašias socialines strategijas. Rezultatai parodė, kad 47 proc. paauglių taiko disfunkcionalias socialines strategijas, o 53 proc. – funkcionalias. Funkcionalių strategijų taikymas siejosi su aukštesniu dėmesio problemų lygiu, o disfunkcionalių – su aukštesniu nerimastingumu / depresiškumu, nusišalinimu bei aukštesniu socialinių problemų lygiu