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Ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų emocijų ir elgesio sunkumų vertinimas CBCL / 1½-5 ir C-TRF diagnostikos kriterijais (DSM) pagrįstomis skalėmis
Get PDFThis article provides further examination of the issue of the assessment of emotional and behavioural problems among preschool children. Researchers and, especially, practitioners in the area of children’s psychopathology often have to relate empirically based assessments to specific diagnostic categories. The application of CBCL/ 1½-5 and C-TRF methods (Achenbach and Rescorla, 2000) provides this possibility. The article analyses the mutual interrelations between the information on the emotional and behavioural problems among preschool children provided by various evaluators on the scales based on five diagnostic categories: pervasive developmental problems, attention deficit/hyperactivity, oppositional defiance, affective problems, and anxiety problems. The results show that the reliability of the scales based on diagnostic categories and their conformity among the evaluators generally correspond to the CBCL/1½-5 and C-TRF syndrome scales developed by means of factor analysis. In the assessment of mothers and teachers, attention deficit/hyperactivity is more typical to boys than girls. In the assessment of teachers, the scale ratings of oppositional defiance of boys are also greater than those of the girls. However, the internal consistency of the scales based on diagnostic categories is generally somewhat greater than that of the syndrome scales developed by means of factor analysis. The scales based on CBCL / 1½-5 and C-TRF diagnostic categories may facilitate the initial psychological assessment of a preschool child. The article also discusses the limitations of the application of these scales.Šiame straipsnyje toliau nagrinėjama ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų emocijų ir elgesio sunkumų vertinimo problema. Vaikų psichopatologijos tyrėjams, o ypač šioje srityje dirbantiems praktikams dažnai tenka empiriniu stebėjimu pagrįstą įvertinimą susieti su specifiniais diagnostikos kriterijais. Tokią galimybę suteikia CBCL / 1½-5 ir C-TRF metodikų (Achenbach and Rescorla, 2000) taikymas. [...] Straipsnyje analizuojama, kaip siejasi tarpusavyje įvairių vertintojų teikiama informacija apie ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų emocijų ir elgesio sunkumus, remiantis penkiomis diagnostiniais kriterijais pagrįstomis skalėmis: įvairiapusių raidos sunkumų, dėmesio trūkumo / hiperaktyvumo, prieštaraujančio neklusnumo, nuotaikos sunkumų ir nerimo sunkumų. Rezultatai rodo, kad diagnostiniais kriterijais pagrįstų skalių patikimumo ir atitikimo tarp vertintojų tendencijos panašios kaip CBCL / 1½-5 ir C-TRF sindromų skalių, sudarytų faktorinės analizės būdu. Mamų ir auklėtojų vertinimu, berniukams būdingesnis nei mergaitėms dėmesio trūkumas / hiperaktyvumas. Auklėtojų vertinimu, berniukų prieštaraujančio neklusnumo skalės įverčiai taip pat didesni nei mergaičių. Tačiau apskritai diagnostiniais kriterijais pagrįstų skalių vidinis suderinamumas kiek geresnis nei faktorinės analizės būdu sudarytų sindromų skalių. CBCL / 1½-5 ir C-TRF diagnostiniais kriterijais pagrįstos skalės gali palengvinti pradinį ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaiko psichologinį įvertinimą. Straipsnyje aptariami ir šių skalių taikymo vertinimui ribotumai
Lietuvos vyrų trauminis patyrimas, potrauminio streso sutrikimas ir adaptacija praėjus 17 metų po karinės tarnybos Afganistane ir Sovietų sąjugoje
No full textA sample of 268 Lithuanian men who served in the Soviet Army in 1979–1989 was investigated on the
average 17 years after the service; the questionnaire was completed focusing on life-threatening expe-
rience, posttraumatic stress reactions, and adaptation variables. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress
disorder was 30% in the group of the men who served in Afghanistan and 2% in the group of the men
who served in various places of the USSR. Lithuanian Afghanistan war veterans experienced significantly
more service-related and non-service-related traumatic events and conditions, and their adaptation after
the service and nowadays were poorer than in the men who served in the USSR. Life-threatening expe-
rience, PTSD and adaptation were correlated in both groups.Po septyniolikos metų beveik trečdalis Afganistane tarnavusių vyrų turi potrauminio streso sutrikimą; tarnavusių SSRS tik – 2 proc. Afganistane tarnavę vyrai patyrė kur kas daugiau traumuojančių įvykių ir išgyvenimų nei vyrai, tarnavę Sovietų Sąjungoje. Afganistane tarnavusių vyrų adaptacija sugrįžus po tarnybos ir dabar yra prastesnė nei vyrų, tarnavusių Sovietų Sąjungoje. Traumuojantis patyrimas, PTSS ir
adaptacija koreliuoja abiejose vyrų grupėse
Įvykio poveikio skalės – revizuotos (IES-R) lietuviškos versijos psichometrinės savybės
No full textObjective: The impact of Event Scale–Revised is widely used self-report measure for assessment of PTSD symptoms after a variety of traumatic events. The aim of this study was to examined the psychometric properties of the Lithuanian version of the Impact of Event Scale–Revised.Method: A non-clinical population sample of 406 young adults participated in the study. All participants were exposed to at least one life-time traumatic event meeting A criteria of PTSD according to DSM-IV. Traumatic experiences were assessed using the list of life-time traumatic experiences.Results: The Lithuanian version of Impact of Event Scale–Revised has a good internal consistency. The coefficient alpha for the instrusion subscale was .88, for avoidance subscale alpha .82, and for hyperarousal subscale alpha .85. The Coefficient alpha for the total of Impact of Event Scale–Revised was .93. Subscale intercorrelations were: Intrusion with Avoidance r = .62, Intrusion with Hyperarousal r = .79, and Avoidance with Hyperarousal r = .60. A series of factor principal component analysis using varimax rotation with forced two-, three- and four- factor solutions was undertaken. The two-factor solution explained 49.1% of variance – comprising two gactors Instruction (including Hyperarousal) and Avoidance. The three-factor solution accounted for 54.8% of the variance consistent with three symptom criteria of PTSD: Intrusion, Hyperarousal and Avoidance. Items 2, 12 and 20 loaded on improper factors; item 7 did not load on any of the factors. The four-factor solution explained 59.5% of the variance, yielding four factors: Hyperarausal, Avoidance, Intrusion and Numbing.Conclusions: The Lithuanian version of Impact of Event Scale–Revised was found to have satisfactory psychometric properties. We conclude that the new self-report means of post-traumatic stress is adapted for useon Lithuanian population. Issues concerning norms of Impact of Event Scale–Revised and the limitations of the present study are discussed. Tyrimo tikslas yra plačiai traumų psichologijos tyrimuose naudojamos potrauminio streso įvertinimo metodikos – Įvykio poveikio skalės – revizuotos versijos (IES-R) adaptavimas Lietuvoje. Ištyrus 406 asmenis, patyrusius per gyvenimą nors vieną trauminį įvykį, nustatyta, kad metodikos struktūra ir patikimumas yra artimas angliškosios versijos rodikliams. IES-R metodikos lietuviškosios versijos subskalių Cronbacho alpha lygi 0,82–0,88, visos IES-R metodikos alpha lygi 0,93. IES-R metodikos lietuviškoji versija parengta taikyti Lietuvoje.
 
S. Freudas ir savianalizė
No full textThis article presents information on Freud\u27s 150 jubilee. Šiame straipsnyje pateikiama informacija, skirta Freud 150 jubiliejui paminėti
Žmogaus dauginimosi instinktai
No full textThe article discusses the data on the instinctive basis for human reproductive behavior that have mainly been gathered in evolutionary psychology research. At the beginning of the article, the concept of the instinct is briefly touched upon. It is primarily based on the ideas raised by W. McDougall and W. James (these ideas being grounded on specific and not widely acnowledged understanding of instinct’s evolutionary development). According to this understanding, with instincts phylogenetically changing, their receptive component, which causes instinctive reactions, and reactive component were becoming increasingly less definite and thus left open to learning processes, with the emotional component surviving and developing. As a result of such evolutionary trend, instinct as a form of behavior gradually modified into instinct as a complex inherited motivation expressed by emotions. The sum of interrelated inherited emotions is the chief result of the evolutionary development of the instinct. A number of data of human sexual behavior is discussed in order to ground such understanding: (1) an increased significance of human sexual instinct to
consolidate the consequences of anthropogenesis, the development of which was rapid in comparison to the established pace of evolution; (2) mutual influence between sexual instinct and its further social development; (3) data on waist-to-hip ratio and fluctuating asymmetry research; (4) the influence of human odour in selecting a sexual partner, including the one matching genetically (histologically); (5) interpretation of sexual deviations as an extreme expression of instincts; a.o. The following rule of deviation argument has been put forward: if the pattern of a certain psychopathological deviation has been observed throughout all historical times and all cultures, which means that it cannot be explained by the cultural specifics of human
development, its genetic origin should be questioned; if such a symptom is related to motivation, it is predetermined by instinct. Discussing the instinctive basis for relationship between mother and infant the article features data gathered from many researches which reveal that at birthtime an infant is already prepared for the necessary emotional communication and relationships with close adults. The article provides examples and arguments (for instance, on the development of baby talk and the en face phenomenon) showing that the negation of motherhood instinct has no factual foundation; it is rather based on ideological beliefs, such as those of feminism. The article separately describes and discusses other instincts that are connected with the relationship between an adult and an infant but have a broader expression: tending instinct (Taylor, 2002), instinct to teach (Barnett, 1977; Whiting, 1963) and language instinct (Pinker, 1995). Besides, it discusses stages of an infant’s adoption of phonemic, intonational language, as well as data on universal grammar, mental language, children’s role in the process of primitive pidgin pseudo-languages’ transformation into developed creoles languages, etc.Straipsnis aptaria duomenis apie instinktyvų žmogaus dauginimosi pagrindą, sukauptus daugiausia evo-
liucinės psichologijos tyrimuose. Straipsnio pradžioje trumpai primenamas instinkto supratimas, kuris
plačiau išdėstytas kituose autoriaus darbuose. Jis remiasi specifine ir mažai tepripažįstama instinkto evoliucinės raidos interpretacija, anot kurios instinktas, kaip elgsenos pavidalas, pamažu modifikavosi į
instinktą kaip emocijų išreiškiamą sudėtingą paveldėtą motyvaciją.
Tokiam supratimui paremti atskirai aptariami lytinis ir gimdytojų (rūpinimosi vaikais) instinktai. Gvildenant lytinių santykių klausimą, pateikiami duomenys apie: 1) padidėjusią žmogaus seksualinio instinkto reikšmę sparčiai, palyginti su nusistovėjusiais evoliucijos tempais, vykusios antropogenezės padarinių
įtvirtinimui; 2) seksualinio instinkto ir jo tolesnės socialinės raidos abipusę įtaką; 3) juosmens ir klubų
santykio ir kūno simetrijos tyrimus; 4) žmogaus kvapų įtaką seksualiniam partneriui pasirinkti; 5) lytinių
nuokrypių, kaip kraštutinės instinktų raiškos, interpretaciją ir kt. Pasiūlyta
nuokrypių argumento taisyklė, pagal kurią, jei koks psichopatologinis motyvacijos nuokrypis pastoviai reiškiasi visais istoriniais laikais ir įvairiuose sociumuose, taigi nepaaiškinamas kultūros įtaka žmogui, – ją sąlygoja instinktas.
Aptariant duomenis apie motinos ir kūdikio santykių instinktyvų pagrindą, pateikiami tyrimų rezultatai, rodantys, kad kūdikis gimsta sudėtingai paruoštas jam reikalingiems būsimiems emociniams ir
pažintiniams kontaktams su suaugusiaisiais. Atskirai aprašomi ir aptariami kiti su suaugusiojo ir vaiko
santykiais susiję instinktai: globos instinktas (S. E. Taylor), mokymo instinktas ir vaikų tarpusavio mokymas, kalbos instinktas (S. Pinker). Straipsnis supažindina su duomenimis apie universalią gramatiką, mentalinę kalbą, vaikų vaidmenų visavertėms kreolų kalboms iš primityvių pidžino pseudokalbų atsirasti
Kognityvinio funkcionavimo ir depresiškumo ryšys sergant išsėtine skleroze: Trumpo daugiakarčio neuropsichologinių testų rinkinio taikymas Lietuvoje
Get PDFMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorder that affects primarily the cerebral white matter, thereby causing both physical and psychological disability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between cognitive function and depression severity in MS patients, as well as sensitivity and specificity characteristics of the BRBNT (The Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests). We investigated 41 MS patients and 52 healthy people.Forty-one controls were selected from fifty-two healthy subjects and were individually matched with MS subjects for age, gender and education. BRBNT (Rao and Peyser, 1986) was designed for measuring verbal learning, visuospatial learning, sustained attention and concentration, information processing speed and verbal fluency cognitive functions. The B version of the BRBNT was translated and used in our study. Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) (Beck, 1996) was used for the evaluation of depression severity.Results of our study confirmed that depression severity was associated with verbal learning: Consistent Long Term Retrieval and the Delayed Recall significantly negatively related to depression severity. The relationship between information processing speed and depression severity was also negative, but not statistically significant. The five individual BRBNT tests separately did not significantly discriminate healthy controls from MS patients; however, when all the five BRBNT tests put together we found 100% sensitivity of and 100% specificity.Our findings lead to the conclusion that neuropsychological testing is important in organizing help strategies for MS patients. BRBNT is a sensitive measure of cognitive function in MS, and may assist with differential diagnosis. Similarly, BRBNT could well be applied to other groups of patients, whose illness results in physical and/or cognitive functional limitations.Nors susirgus išsėtine skleroze (IS) 40–70% žmonių sutrinka kognityvinis funkcionavimas, o depresija taip pat dažnai lydi IS (nustatoma 27–54% sergančiųjų), duomenys apie jų sąryšį gana prieštaringi. Straipsnyje analizuojamas kognityvinio funkcionavimo ir depresiškumo ryšys sergant išsėtine skleroze ir Trumpo daugiakarčio neuropsichologinių testų rinkinio (BRBNT) taikymo galimybės. Tyrime dalyvavo 41 žmogus, sergantis IS, ir 52 sveiki asmenys. Kognityvinėms funkcijoms vertinti buvo išversta ir naudojama BRBNT B versija (Rao and Peyser, 1986). Depresiškumui vertinti buvo taikomas Becko depresijos inventarijus (BDI-II). Gauti rezultatai rodo, jog sergančiųjų IS verbalinis išmokimas yra neigiamai susijęs su depresiškumu: depresiškumas statistiškai reikšmingai koreliuoja su pastovaus ilgalaikio atgaminimo rodikliais ir su ilgalaikiu atgaminimu po tam tikro uždelsimo laikotarpio, tačiau hipotezė, jog egzistuoja ryšys tarp informacijos apdorojimo greičio ir depresiškumo, nepasitvirtino. Klasifikuojant tiriamuosius į sveikus ir sergančius IS, gautas 100% BRBNT jautrumas, taip pat 100% specifiškumas
Teisėjo elgesio ir sprendimo prognozės sąveika vertinant procedūrinį teisingu
No full textPsychological research shows a big importance of procedural justice in dispute resolution. Perception of procedural justice affects evaluations of the performance of legal institutions and authorities, evaluations of legal decisions and outcomes, satisfaction with encounters with the legal system, support for legal institutions and compliance with law. According to K. van den Bos and E. A. Lind people are more affected by variation in fairness when they feel uncertain. Participants’ expectations about judge’s possible decision can moderate relationship between procedure and subjective evaluation of procedural justice. 3 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted: 3 (expectation of the possible decision: certainly positive, certainly negative, uncertain)× 2 (decision: positive vs. negative) × 2 (procedure: fair vs. unfair). The experiment was conduced in 2 Vilnius universities, participation was voluntary, participants were not paid. Data of 330 students (men and women) were analyzed. There were between 22 and 36 participants per cell. A scenario method was applied in the experiment. Participants were given a description of legal dispute of non material harm compensation. Participants were asked to imagine themselves as being defendant and evaluated a possibility of positive and negative decision. Participants were shown one of two videotapes with excerpts from litigation session. After watching the excerpt (fair treatment or unfair treatment) they received judge’s final decision (favorable or unfavorab le) and completed the questionnaire. Dependents variables in this experiment were participants’ evaluations of distributive justice, procedural justice, perceived voice, neutrality, trust in benevolence, status recognition and support for courts.A 2 × 2 × 3 ANOVA revealed significant interactions between Expectation and Procedure on perceived voice F (2,318) = 4.513, p < .05, η² = .028, neutrality F (2,318) = 3.413, p < .05, η² = .021 and support for courts F (2,318) = 3.084, p < .05, η² = .019. No interactions were found for distributive justice, procedural justice, trust in benevolence, status recognition. A significant effect of Expectation was found on distributive justice judgments F (2,317) = 5.02, p < .05, η² = .031. Those expected negative decision rated distributive justice more positively.The presented research shows that expectation of judge’s decision can moderate some procedural justice judgments and support for courts judgments. Variation of procedure had biggest effect on evaluation of perceived voice, neutrality and support for courts in condition when participant was expecting negative decision. It seems that expectation of negative decision makes people more sensitive to procedural issues. Being certain about positive decision decreases a role of procedure on those ratings.Teisingumo klausimas yra svarbus teisminio ginčo nagrinėjimo dalyviams. Suvoktas sprendimo ir procedūrinis teisingumas turi įtakos sprendimo ir jį priimančio asmens vertinimams. Atliktame faktoriniame 3 × 2 × 2 eksperimente buvo tiriama subjektyvios teisėjo sprendimo palankumo prognozės įtaka teisingumo vertinimams. Esant skirtingai teisėjo sprendimo prognozei, teisėjo elgesio ypatumai turi skirtingą įtaką procedūrinio teisingumo ir pasitikėjimo teismais vertinimams. Atliktas eksperimentas parodė, kad teisėjo elgesio ir procedūrinio teisingumo reikalavimų atitikimas yra ypač svarbus vertinant teisėjo elgesį tais atvejais, kai ginčo dalyvis prognozuoja nepalankų sau sprendimą arba neturi aiškios teisėjo sprendimo prognozės. Esant nepalankiai teisėjo sprendimo prognozei, teisėjo elgesio ir procedūrinio teisingumo reikalavimų atitikimas ypač stipriai veikia asmens pasitikėjimą teismais
Individualūs vienu metu ir nuosekliai pateikiamų vaizdų tapatumo vertinimo skirtumai
Get PDFIt is known that in same-different task, in which the subject must answer whether two presented stimuli are the same or different, the performance of the subjects can achieve two different modes – holistic and analytic. The other question is how the estimation of stimuli sameness depends on two prevailing methods used in same-different task – successive and simultaneous stimuli presentation. The purpose of this paper was to investigate whether the different modes in subject’s performance depend on these two methods of stimuli presentation.Psychophysical same-different experiment was performed in which the pairs of irregular polygons were presented simultaneously or successively. Five groups of stimuli pairs with different degree of reciprocal similarity were composed from the set of 12 polygons. Three interstimulus intervals were used under successive presentation conditions: 500 ms, 1000 ms, and 1500 ms. Stimuli were presented briefly (for 67–350 ms under simultaneous and for 33–100 ms under successive presentation conditions, and this time interval was established individually during training sessions) on computer screen. The subjects were required to answer whether two figures were the same or different.Under successive presentation conditions, the subjects fell into two different groups. For the majority of subjects, the performance directly depended on the degree of similarity between two figures – the more the figures were similar the longer the reaction time was and the more mistakes the subjects made. For other subjects, the performance accuracy but not the reaction time depended on the degree of figure similarity. Performance of these two groups of subjects could be attributed to the analytic and holistic strategies respectively. Under simultaneous presentation conditions, the subjects’ performance clearly did not split into two different modes: both the reaction time and performance accuracy depended on the degree of similarity of two figures. This result could suppose that all subjects probably use analytic strategy when compare two simultaneously presented stimuli.The practice under simultaneous presentation conditions and the difference in interstimulus interval under successive presentation conditions did not effect the character of the dependence of the accuracy and reaction time of the estimation of figure sameness, and the only effect was that the reaction time decreased with practice and increased with longer interstimulus intervals.Nustatyta, kad atliekant tapatumo vertinimo užduotį, kai reikia atsakyti, ar keli pateikti stimulai yra vienodi (tapatūs), ar skirtingi, tiriamieji gali naudoti stimulų sulyginimo strategiją – holistinę arba analitinę. Šiame tyrime bandyta nustatyti, ar tokių individualių skirtumų pasireiškimas gali priklausyti nuo stimulų pateikimo metodo – nuoseklaus arba vienalaikio. Atlikti psichofizikiniai tapatumo vertinimo tyrimai, kuriuose įvairaus tarpusavio panašumo laipsnio netaisyklingi daugiakampiai buvo pateikiami poromis vienu metu arba nuosekliai. Nuoseklaus figūrų pateikimo atveju tiriamieji išsiskyrė į dvi grupes: daugumai tiriamųjų figūrų tapatumo vertinimas tiesiškai priklausė nuo jų tarpusavio panašumo – didėjant figūrų panašumui ilgėjo reakcijos laikas ir daugėjo klaidų; kitų tiriamųjų tapatumo vertinimas nepriklausė nuo figūrų panašumo laipsnio. Vienalaikio pateikimo atveju tiriamieji aiškiai neišsiskyrė pagal užduoties atlikimo strategiją. Praktika vienalaikio stimulų pateikimo atveju ir tarpstimulinis intervalas nuoseklaus stimulų pateikimo atveju neturėjo įtakos figūrų tapatumo vertinimo greičio priklausomybei nuo jų tarpusavio panašumo laipsnio, bet sąlygojo bendrą reakcijos laiko sutrumpėjimą praktikos metu ir pailgėjimą, ilgėjant tarpstimuliniam intervalui tarp pirmos ir antros figūrų
Įvairaus simetrijos laipsnio daugiakampių simetrijos aptikimo ypatumai
No full textThough the mirror symmetry is investigated broadly the mechanisms of symmetry perception are not yet known. Most studies of symmetry perception are performed with dot patterns. This paper is devoted to extend the experimental data with different type of stimuli and procedures. The psychophysical experiment was conducted to determine the symmetry and asymmetry detection time and accuracy in the perfectly symmetrical and asymmetrical figures with different degree of symmetry. The figures (plane polygons) were constructed on a base of 3x3 square matrix and covered 5 squares area. The ratio of coincident with noncoincident elements of figures on both sides of axis of symmetry had three different values and indicated the degree of symmetry of asymmetrical figures. The symmetrical and asymmetrical figures were oriented vertically or horizontally and were of white colour on a black background. The exposition duration of figures was defined during the practice session individually for each subject so, that detection accuracy would be approximately 60–90% (it varied from 17 to 300 ms for different subjects). After the figure presentation the white masking square was presented for 500 ms covering the figure. The subject was asked to answer as fast as possible whether the figure was symmetrical or asymmetrical by pressing an appropriate key on a keyboard. Altogether 480 figures were presentated during the experiment that lasted about 40 minutes.The experimental results confirmed the advantage of vertical symmetry over the horizontal, that is the vertically symmetrical figures were detected more accurately and faster than horizontally symmetrical ones. Averaged results of all subjects indicated that the detection accuracy of asymmetry increased and the detection time decreased as the degree of symmetry of asymmetrical figures decreased. Depending on qualitative differences in the symmetry and asymmetry detection the subjects were divided into two groups. Majority of subjects detected asymmetry more accurately and faster than symmetry, and theirs detection time of asymmetry decreased as a degree of symmetry decreased. They detected the small deviation from perfect symmetry more accurately and theirs averaged detection time was shorter than it was for other subjects, which detected symmetry more accurately and faster than asymmetry. Last-mentioned subjects did not discriminate the asymmetrical figures with highest degree of symmetry from symmetrical ones, and the detection time of asymmetry almost did not depend on the degree of symmetry of asymmetrical figures. Detection time of symmetry and asymmetry was shorter for male than female subjects. The implications of individual differences in symmetry and asymmetry detection are discussed.Nors veidrodinė arba atspindžio simetrija, kaip svarbi regimųjų vaizdų formos savybė, įvairiapusiškai tiriama, iki šiol neaiškūs jos suvokimo mechanizmai, todėl reikia tolesnių teorinių ir empirinių tyrimų. Dauguma simetrijos suvokimo tyrimų atlikta su specifiniais taškiniais stimulais, reikalaujančiais detalios, taškas po taško analizės. Mūsų manymu, trūksta tyrimų su paprastais plokštuminiais daugiakampiais, kurių simetrija būtų aptinkama globaliai ir greitai. Šis tyrimas atliktas su daugiakampiais, sudarytais 3×3 kvadratų matricos pagrindu, užimančiais 5 kvadratų plotą, pateikiamais trumpai (vidutiniškai 80 ms) galinio maskavimo sąlygomis. Figūros buvo arba idealiai simetrinės arba nesimetrinės, didelio, vidutinio ir mažo simetrijos laipsnio, orientuotos vertikaliai arba horizontaliai. Tiriamasis turėjo atsakyti, nuspausdamas atitinkamą klavišą, ar figūra simetrinė (idealiai simetrinėms), ar nesimetrinė (kad ir koks būtų simetrijos laipsnis). Rezultatai patvirtino vertikalios orientacijos pranašumą horizontalios atžvilgiu. Tiriamieji pagal kokybinius simetrijos ir asimetrijos aptikimo skirtumus suskirstyti į dvi grupes. Didesnė dalis tiriamųjų tiksliau ir greičiau aptinka asimetriją negu simetriją, tiksliau aptinka nedidelius nukrypimus nuo simetrijos, šių tiriamųjų trumpesnis bendras aptikimo laikas, o mažėjant nesimetrinių figūrų simetrijos laipsniui, simetrijos aptikimo laikas trumpėja. Mažesnė dalis tiriamųjų tiksliau ir greičiau aptinka simetriją negu asimetriją, neskiria didžiausio simetrijos laipsnio nesimetrinių figūrų nuo simetrinių, jų ilgesnis bendras aptikimo laikas, beveik nepriklausantis nuo nesimetrinių figūrų simetrijos laipsnio. Vyrai greičiau negu moterys aptinka tiek simetriją, tiek asimetriją