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Smurto rodymas Lietuvos televizijos laidose
Get PDFConstant demonstration of violence and aggressive models on television threatens to the safety of the society, as by this a young person’s knowledge of the world is perverted and the usage of aggressive behaviour is stimulated. The purpose of the present research was to identify the violence demonstrated on the main Lithuanian TV channels (LRT, LNK, TV3). For data collecting we were using a DVD player, which was programmed to record random 15-minute episodes three times per day on different TV channels on October and November in 2006 and on January, 2007. The total material contained 18 hours of recording. 194 occasions of violence captured were evaluated according to the criteria developed by the authors of this paper. It was looked at the type of the violence demonstrated, the complexion and purpose of the demonstration of the violence, the degree of its gravity and particularity, the final effects of the violence demonstrated, the presented evaluation of the violence and the frequency of violence acts in different channels and programs at different times of the day. Besides the authors of this paper, two independent members from the Board of Experts of the Office of the Inspector of Journalists Ethics were asked to evaluate the violence acts according to developed criteria. The results revealed that the average frequency of broadcasting violence on TV is 10.8 violence acts per hour. The highest frequency of broadcasting violence was on TV3 channel – it makes 16.3 violence acts per hour, while LRT channel had least rate of violence – 6 acts per hour (p ≤ 0.001). Most violence acts (38.1 percent) were recorded from 18.00 to 23.00 h, least (25.8 percent) – from 6.00 to 12.00 h (p ≤ 0.031). In this general complexion of all Lithuanian programs the most frequent is physical violence and both – physical and psychical – types of violence are shown only with a reason to call emotions and viewers attention to television. 46 percent of violent acts were demonstrated without any noticeable ravage to victim and 49 percent there were no clear evaluation of the violent act or aggressor itself. Contrarily, violent behavior was shown to bring positive after-effect to the aggressor. It was also noticed that the biggest number of physical and psychical violence acts occurs in cartoons, which is significantly different from the number of violence acts demonstrated in feature films (p ≤ 0.001) and during the announcements (p ≤ 0.024). As cartoons are aimed at the audience of children of the preschool age and early school age, the conclusion can be drawn that the youngest and the most sensitive group of habitants in our country is under the biggest threat of the violence broadcasted by the Lithuanian television programs.Šio darbo tikslas – įvertinti pagrindinių Lietuvos televizijos kanalų (TV3, LNK, LRT) rodomą smurtą. Duomenims rinkti buvo naudojamas skaitmeninių vaizdo diskų grotuvas, kuris tris kartus per dieną po 15 minučių įrašydavo atsitiktinai pasirinktas šių trijų televizijos kanalų laidų ištraukas. Visą tyrimo medžiagą sudarė 18 valandų įrašai. Smurto aktai buvo vertinami remiantis mūsų sudarytais kriterijais (atskirai vertinome fizinį, psichinį smurtą, smurto padarinius, ginklų ir kitų su smurtu susijusių daiktų rodymą ir pranešimus apie smurtą). Vertinant smurto aktus taip pat buvo pasitelkti du nepriklausomi žurnalistų etikos inspektoriaus tarnybos ekspertų grupės nariai. Gauti rezultatai parodė, kad vidutinis smurto rodymo dažnis LRT, LNK ir TV3 programose yra 10,8 smurto akto per valandą (TV3 – 16,3 smurto akto, LNK – 10 smurto aktų, LRT – 6 smurto aktai). Įvairiose televizijos laidose vyrauja fizinis smurtas, tiek fizinio, tiek psichinio smurto rodymas dažniausiai yra savitikslis, beveik 46 proc. visų smurto atvejų nebuvo rodoma jokių pastebimų smurto padarinių aukai, beveik 49 proc. – nebuvo pateikiama aiškaus smurto arba smurtautojo vertinimo. Taip pat nustatyta, kad daugiausia fizinio ir psichinio smurto aktų rodoma animacinių filmų metu
Spalvoto stimulo suvokimas regimojo lauko periferijoje
No full textWe have studied the changes that occur in human colour perception in the peripheral retina. By modelling the magnitude of activation produced in the L-M and S-(L+M) cone-opponent systems for matched para-foveal and peripheral chromatic stimuli, we have found that variations in perceived appearance are mirrored by a reduction in function of the L-M opponent system. The operation of the S-cone opponent system is affected to a much lesser degree, implying that there is a changing pattern of predominance between the two cone-opponent mechanisms in the peripheral retina. We will explore possible retinal and cortical bases for these changes.Mes tyrėme, kaip pakinta stimulo spalvos suvokimas, kai stimulas matomas regimojo lauko centre ir kai periferijoje. Lygindami L-M ir S-(L+M) oponentinių sistemų, gaunančių signalus iš centrinės ir periferinės tinklainės dalies, aktyvumą, nustatėme, kad spalvų suvokimo pokyčiai atspindi L-M oponentinės sistemos aktyvumo silpnėjimą periferijoje. S kūgelių įtaka oponentinės sistemos aktyvumui kinta mažiau negu L-M kūgelių. Taigi, dviejų oponentinių sistemų santykinė įtaka spalvos suvokimui periferijoje ir centre pakinta. Straipsnyje tiriama, kokią reikšmę šiems pokyčiams turi tinklainėje ir smegenų žievėje vykstantys procesai. 
Formulavimo poveikis vertinant įvykių laiką
Get PDFIt has been established that for choice of alternatives not only the information characterising such alternatives is important, but the manner of its presentation as well. Therefore, the question is whether a similar anchoring effect occurs in other fields of estimation. Since in the course of research it has been established that the precision of estimation of event occurrence time varies due to minor changes in inquiry methods, e.g. increase or reduction of the frequency of forward or backward telescoping, therefore the anchoring effect is presumable in the field of time estimation. Sixty undergraduate students participated in the study. The objective of this study is to determine whether the manner of time-span description influences estimations of the people involved in the experiment when they are to reply whether an event occurred within a certain interval of time. The study tested the hypothesis stating that when an instruction indicates a date of the lower limit of an interval, the subjects will be more precise in estimation whether the event occurred within the certain time-span than that specifying no date whatsoever – just putting a question whether the event took place within a certain interval of time, suppose, within the last halfyear. The experiment carried out was a between-group one. The first group was given the lower limit of an interval, while the second one was given none. Both groups were given time-spans of the same duration. The study data proved the above-mentioned hypothesis. The group that was given the date of the lower limit of the interval made less mistakes (t58 = 4.084; p = 0.000). The study analysed the mistakes occurring due to the forward telescoping only. The impact of the intervals characterisation manner upon the number of mistakes is average (rpb = 0.42). From the point of view of classical rationality, it should be expected that both groups will make approximately the same number of mistakes, however, it has not happened, therefore it will be observed that the principle of invariance has been violated. The previous study (Gaskel et al., 2000; Loftus and Marburger, 1983) has established that when people are to estimate whether the event occurred before or after an event relevant for them, the number of mistakes is less than in the cases, where such relevant event is not indicated. The relevant events become landmarks, the time of occurrence whereof is the point of comparison to the time of other events occurrence. Further to the data of our study, undistinguished dates become the landmarks. Tyrimas yra skirtas nustatyti, ar laiko trukmės nusakymo pobūdis veikia žmonių įvykio laiko vertinimus. Buvo tikrinama hipotezė, kad instrukcijoje nurodžius apatinę laiko tarpo ribą data, tiriamieji tiksliau pasako, ar įvykis atsitiko tuo laikotarpiu, negu tokios datos nenurodžius, o tiesiog paklausus, ar įvykis atsitiko tam tikru laiku, pavyzdžiui, paskutinį pusmetį. Tyrimo duomenys hipotezę patvirtino. Grupė, kuriai apatinė laiko tarpo riba buvo nurodyta data, padarė mažiau klaidų (t58 = 4,084; p = 0,000; rpb = 0,42). Data, žyminti apatinę laiko tarpo ribą, tampa orientyru, padidinančiu laiko nustatymo tikslumą. Žmonės pažeidžia invariantiškumo principą nurodydami, ar įvykis atsitiko tam tikru laikotarpiu
Darbuotojų asmenybės savybių ir darbo motyvacijos sąsajos
Get PDFIn recent years, researchers have acknowledged that personality explains behaviour at work and predicts job performance across a wide variety of outcomes that organizations value (Barrick & Mount, 2005). Work motivation is a potential predictor of employee turnover, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, job performance and psychological well-being. Motivated employees are more likely to be creative, persistent, and productive, so managers are willing to have a highly motivated workforce. Especially work motivation is a challenge for supervisors trying to integrate into the international market using staff effectively. Knowing of personality traits and work values that help to predict work motivation allows supervisors to achieve objectives. That is why any efforts to predict individual differences of employee’s work motivation are an important research topic having both practical and theoretical implications. The objective of this study was to elucidate the personality traits that might be related to work motivation. 300 respondents (79 men and 221 women) participated in the investigation (mean age 33.70, SD = 13.09). The employees consisted of non-management personnel of various Lithuanian organizations. The subjects completed a questionnaire that included self-report measure of personality traits (Big Five Inventory; John et al., 1991), two self-repot measures of work motivation; a two-item scale was devised for assessing perceived work effectiveness. We constructed one questionnaire according to the instructions of V. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of work motivation; another questionnaire was constructed (according to Marcinkevičiūtė, 2003; Wilson, 2005; Furnham et al., 2005) for assessing what kind of rewards employees value at their job. It was also predicted that perceived job effectiveness might contribute significantly to the model of work motivation. Contrary to the expectations and previous results, no significant relations were found among neuroticism, agreeableness, consciousness, extraversion and work motivation. Only openness to experience was positively related (p ≤ 0.034) to women’s work motivation. Path analysis showed different models of work motivation for female and male employees. Perceived job effectiveness was an important contributor to work motivation. Also, the results have shown that employees with a higher extraversion (p ≤ 0.001), higher openness to experience (p ≤ 0.000), higher conscientiousness (p ≤ 0.024) and agreeableness (p ≤ 0.021) are more motivated with internal rewards at their job. Employees with higher neuroticism are equally motivated by both external and internal rewards.Straipsnyje pristatomo tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti darbuotojų asmenybės savybių ir darbo motyvacijos pobūdžio sąsajas bei atliki visybiškų kompleksinių sąsajų tarp darbo motyvacijos ir asmenybės savybių modelio analizę. Tyrime dalyvavo 300 Lietuvoje dirbančių darbuotojų iš daugiau nei 30 įvairaus dydžio ir paskirties organizacijų. Asmenybės savybėms nustatyti naudotas 44 klausimų Didžiojo penketo modelio klausimynas (John et al., 1991), darbo motyvacijai įvertinti sukurti du klausimynai – vienas klausimynas sudarytas remiantis V. Vroomo lūkesčių darbo motyvacijos teorija, kitas klausimynas buvo skirtas nustatyti vidinius ir išorinius darbuotojų vertinamus atlygius už darbą. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad tik labiau išreikštas atvirumas patyrimui yra susijęs su aukštesniu moterų darbo motyvacijos lygiu. Tačiau geriausiai darbuotojų motyvaciją galima prognozuoti žinant jų asmenybės savybes bei subjektyviai vertinamą darbo efektyvumą. Taip pat nustatyta, kad darbuotojus, kurie pasižymi stipriau išreikšta ekstraversija, atvirumu patyrimui, sąmoningumu bei sutariamumu, labiau motyvuoja vidiniai atlygiai už darbą nei išoriniai atlygiai už darbą. O darbuotojus, pasižyminčius stipriau išreikštu neurotizmu, vienodai motyvuoja tiek vidiniai, tiek išoriniai atlygiai už darbą
Organizacinio teisingumo vaidmuo priimant sprendimus paaukštinti
Get PDFOrganizational justice perceptions are important for organizations, because they help to predict organizationally important outcomes. However, justice regarding promotions in particular is studied less than other types of organizational justice. Therefore the research was conducted to examine the role of organizational justice aspects, i. e. distributive, procedural and interactional justice, in promotion decisions. The purpose of this study was to determine how perceived distributive, procedural and interactional justice are related to favourability of promotion decision and various levels of outcomes. In particular, this study explored the relationship between perceived distributive, procedural and interactional justice and job satisfaction, satisfaction with promotion opportunities, organizational commitment, turnover intentions, trust in supervisor and trust in management. 132 employees from various organizations participated in the study. The results of the study revealed that favourability of promotion decision (i. e. promotion or non-promotion) is related to perceived distributive justice (Z = –5.867, p ≤ 0.001), but not related to perceived procedural and interactional justice. While perceived justice of decision is related to decision favourability, fair procedures and fair interpersonal treatment is valued irrespective of it. The study also showed that different aspects of organizational justice are related to different outcomes. Perceived distributive justice is related to job satisfaction (β = 0.602, p ≤ 0.01) and satisfaction with promotion opportunities (β = 0.721, p ≤ 0.01). The more decision regarding promotion is considered as fair the more employees are satisfied with their job and promotion opportunities. Perceived procedural justice is the best predictor of organizational outcomes such as organizational commitment (β = 0.676, p ≤ 0.01) and turnover intentions (β = 0.687, p ≤ 0.01). When employees perceive promotion procedures as fair they are more committed to organization and less likely to leave. Moreover, perceived interactional justice is positively related to satisfaction with promotion opportunities (β = 0.138, p ≤ 0.01). Finally, when promotion decisions are made by supervisor, perceived interactional justice is positively related to trust in supervisor (β = 0.716, p ≤ 0.01). On the other hand when promotion decisions are made by upper-level manager, perceived interactional justice is positively related to trust in management (β = 0.682, p ≤ 0.01). Limitations of the study and possibilities for future researches and practical applications are discussed.Nors organizacinis teisingumas turi svarbių padarinių organizacijoje, esama vos keleto tyrimų, nagrinėjančių organizacinio teisingumo vaidmenį priimant sprendimus dėl paaukštinimo. Todėl buvo atliktas tyrimas, kurio tikslas buvo nustatyti suvokto skirstymo, procedūros ir sąveikos teisingumo vaidmenį priimant sprendimus paaukštinti. Šiuo tyrimu siekiama išsiaiškinti, kaip suvoktas skirstymo, procedūros ir sąveikos teisingumas yra susijęs su sprendimo dėl pareigų paaukštinimo palankumu, pasitenkinimu darbu ir paaukštinimo galimybėmis, įsipareigojimu organizacijai, ketinimu išeiti, pasitikėjimu vadovu ir vadovybe. Tyrime dalyvavo 132 darbuotojai iš įvairių organizacijų. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidžia, kad suvoktas skirstymo teisingumas yra teigiamai susijęs su sprendimo dėl pareigų paaukštinimo palankumu ir pasitenkinimu darbu. O suvoktas procedūros teisingumas yra teigiamai susijęs su įsipareigojimu organizacijai ir neigiamai susijęs su ketinimais išeiti. Be to, suvoktas skirstymo ir sąveikos teisingumas yra teigiamai susijęs su pasitenkinimu paaukštinimo galimybėmis. Galiausiai tais atvejais, kai sprendimą dėl pareigų paaukštinimo priima tiesioginis vadovas, suvoktas sąveikos teisingumas yra susijęs su pasitikėjimu vadovu. O kai sprendimą paaukštinti pareigas priima aukštesnio lygio (netiesioginis) vadovas, suvoktas sąveikos teisingumas yra susijęs su pasitikėjimu vadovybe. Maža to, nei suvoktas procedūros, nei suvoktas sąveikos teisingumas nėra susiję su sprendimo dėl pareigų paaukštinimo palankumu
Skirtumai tarp lyčių, prognozuojant elgesio ir emocinius sunkumus paauglystėje pagal asmenybės bruožus ir tėvų auklėjimo stilių
Get PDFMany models of psychological development are based on the assumption that parent’s actions are linked to, or the cause of, a child’s behavior. Information about childhood experiences, particularly parental rearing behaviour, is of importance in the clinical investigation of adjustment problems in adolescence. It has been well documented that adolescents run a heightened risk for emotional and behavioral problems when they feel rejected or overprotected by their parents and that parental rejection and overprotection has different effects for gender in developing emotional and behavioral problems. In general, the perceptions of early negative parental behavior are found to be connected to maladjustment and problem behaviors with internalizing as well as externalizing symptoms in adolescence. High perceived parental overinvolvment, rejection, and low emotional warmth correlates with low adjustment and low selfesteem, externalizing disorders, childhood depression, obsession-compulsion, and psychosomatic complaints, and parental control and absence of autonomy is connected with anxiety disorders. Adolescent delinquents perceived their parents as more rejecting, overprotecting, and less emotionally warm than normal adolescents. The perceptions of parental rejection and overprotection in the group of adolescent delinquents also correlated with attention and social problems and somatic complaints. Whether personality in combination with gender plays a role in the association between parental rejection and overprotection and emotional and behavioral problems has not yet received much attention. This study focuses on assessment of personality and parental rearing practices as predictors of adolescent emotional and behavioral problems and gender differences in predictive accuracy of emotional and behavioral problems. Data is used from longitudinal study on development of adjustment problems from childhood to adolescence. A total of 467 adolescent (251 girls and 216 boys), ages 16–17, completed questionnaires about parental rearing practices EMBU (The Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran for Children, Arrindell et al., 1999). EMBU is a short 34-item questionnaire that intends to measure children and adolescents’ perception of three main aspects of parental rearing behaviour: Emotional Warmth, Rejection and Overprotection. Adolescents also completed questionnaires about their emotional and behavioral problems (YSR 11/18, Achenbach, 1991), and personality traits (NEO-FFI, Costa and McCrae, 1992). Girls scored higher on emotional problems (but not on behavioral problems) than boys. Parental behavior was more strongly associated with girls’ emotional and behavioral problems, in comparison to boys. Regression analysis revealed that parental rearing behavior is less significant predictors of emotional and behavioral problems in adolescence, than personality traits. Furthermore, parental rearing behavior and personality traits (namely, neuroticizm) were stronger predictors of emotional and behavioral problems for girls in comparison to boys. Overall, parental rearing practices and personality traits of adolescents are better predictors for emotional and behavioral problems of girls in comparison to boys.Straipsnyje analizuojamos vaikinų ir merginų emocinių ir elgesio sunkumų, asmenybės bruožų bei tėvų auklėjimo stilių sąsajos, bandoma nustatyti lyčių skirtumus, aiškinantis emocinių ir elgesio sunkumų numatymo galimybes. Tyrime naudojami ilgalaikio tyrimo, kuriame analizuojama prisitaikymo sunkumų raida nuo vaikystės iki paauglystės, duomenys. Tiriamųjų imtį sudarė 16–17 metų paaugliai (N = 467): 251 mergina ir 216 vaikinų. Tėvų auklėjimo stiliams nustatyti buvo naudojami EMBU (Arrindell et al., 1999), paauglių emociniams ir elgesio sunkumams – YSR 11/18 (Achenbach et al., 1991), asmenybės bruožams – NEO-FFI (Costa and McCrae, 1992) klausimynai. Rezultatų analizė atskleidė, kad merginos pasižymi aukštesniais emocinių (bet ne elgesio) sunkumų įverčiais nei vaikinai, o tėvai emocinę šilumą labiau naudoja dukterų, o ne sūnų atžvilgiu. Paaiškėjo, kad tėvų auklėjimo stilius bei paauglių asmenybės bruožai yra labiau susiję su merginų, o ne su vaikinų emociniais ir elgesio sunkumais. Regresinės analizės rezultatai parodė, kad ir vaikinų, ir merginų emociniams bei elgesio sunkumams tėvų auklėjimo stilius turi mažiau, o paauglių asmenybės bruožai (ir ypač neurotizmas) – daugiau prognostinės vertės. Remiantis tėvų auklėjimo stiliumi bei paauglių asmenybės bruožais, merginų emocinius ir elgesio sunkumus galima geriau numatyti nei vaikinų
Ilgai stebimos tiesės suvokimo polinkio pokyčiai: normalizacijos efektas
No full textJ. J. Gibson has noted that during prolonged viewing a line perceptually rotates towards the nearest vertical or horizontal meridian. This is known as the normalization effect, but the phenomenon remains poorly investigated. According to our experimental results, the adapting line perceptually rotates to the nearest of three orientations: vertical, horizontal or diagonal. The orientation of these three lines does not change during prolonged viewing. Furthermore, the orientation of lines tilted by either 22.5° or 67.5° does not change subjectively, either. Any changes in the orientation of these lines cause subjective drift towards the nearest vertical, diagonal (oriented by 45°) or horizontal line.Dar J. J. Gibsonas pastebėjo, kad ilgai stebimos tiesės suvokiamas polinkis kinta – ji subjektyviai sukasi link artimesnės vertikalios arba horizontalios tiesės. Šį efektą J. J. Gibsonas pavadino normalizacijos efektu. Iki šiol šis gerai žinomas reiškinys mažai tyrinėtas. Mes eksperimentais parodėme, kad ilgai stebima tiesė subjektyviai sukasi link trijų stabilių tiesių (vertikalios, horizontalios ir tiesės, palinkusios 45 laipsniais). Stabilių tiesių polinkis viso stebėjimo metu subjektyviai nekinta. Be šių trijų tiesių, yra dar dvi tiesės, kurių polinkis stebėjimo metu irgi nekinta. Tai tiesės, palinkusios į horizontalę 22,5 ir 67,5 laipsnio. Tačiau mažiausias šių tiesių atvaizdų tinklainėje orientacijos pokytis sukelia subjektyvų šių tiesių sukimąsi link artimiausios stabilios tiesės