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Vyresniųjų klasių mokinių subjektyvios gerovės komponentų ir sociodemografinių kintamųjų sąsajos
Get PDFThis research is focused on the importance of the adolescents’ subjective well-being (SWB) evaluation and on filling the in Lithuania lack of data on this topic. The aim of the study was to assess various SWB components and their relationship with the sociodemographic variables in the older schoolchildren’s sample (N = 655). The following SWB components were evaluated: satisfaction with life (Cronbach’s α = 0.79) and important specific domains (family (α = 0.83), school (α = 0.87), friends (α = 0.83), self (α = 0.77), living environment (α = 0.82)), positive and negative affects (respectively α = 0.77 and α = 0.87). Also, the following sociodemographic variables were measured: gender (58% girls), class (age) (8th (mean 14 years), 10th (16 years), 12th (18 years)), living place (41.8% from five biggest cities, 36.8% from regional towns, 21.4% from villages), learning success, family composition, parents’ education and employment, whether money is received for minor expences. Older schoolchildren evaluated by highest points satisfaction with friends (4.51–4.93) and self (4.30–4.70) and by the lowest – satisfaction with school (3.20–3.99) and living environment (3.12–4.21). Girls scored higher points in satisfaction with school (3.73 ± 0.95), negative affect (2.16 ± 0.68) scales in comparison with boys (3.50 ± 0.96 and 2.05 ± 0.64, respectively). Statistically significant differences of SWB components were most frequent among groups of school children of different age. No statistically significant relationships were found among group means according to the mother’s occupation. A relationship was found among SWB components and age, living place, learning success, family composition, parents’ education, whether money is received for minor expenses. Values of SWB components were higher for schoolchildren who learn in the eighth grade, live in a village, succeed better in learning, live with two parents, whose parents have a higher degree of education, and who receive money for minor expenses.Šiuo tyrimu siekiama atkreipti dėmesį į paauglių subjektyvios gerovės (SG) įvertinimo svarbą ir užpildyti Lietuvoje esamą duomenų apie ją spragą. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti vyresniųjų klasių mokinių įvairius SG komponentus ir jų sąsajas su sociodemografiniais kintamaisiais. Įvertinti šie SG komponentai: pasitenkinimas gyvenimu (Cronbacho α = 0,79) ir svarbiomis gyvenimo sritimis – šeima (α = 0,83), mokykla (α = 0,87), draugais (α = 0,83), savimi (α = 0,77), gyvenamąja aplinka (α = 0,82), teigiamas ir neigiamas emocingumas (α = 0,77 ir α = 0,87). Buvo fiksuoti tokie sociodemografiniai kintamieji: amžius, lytis, klasė, gyvenamoji vieta, mokymosi sėkmingumas, šeimos sudėtis, tėvų išsilavinimas ir užimtumas, gaunami pinigai per mėnesį smulkioms išlaidoms. Iš viso apklausti 655 aštuntų, dešimtų ir dvyliktų klasių mokiniai iš 21 bendrojo lavinimo ir profesinio rengimo mokyklos. Nustatyta, kad vyresniųjų klasių mokiniai pasitenkinimui draugais (4,51–4,93) ir savimi (4,30–4,70) skiria didžiausius, o pasitenkinimui mokykla ir gyvenamąja aplinka – mažiausius (3,20–3,99 ir 3,12–4,21) įverčius. SG komponentų vidurkiai statistiškai reikšmingai nesiskiria tik grupių, sudarytų pagal motinos užimtumą. Labiausiai SG komponentų vidurkiai skiriasi grupių, sudarytų pagal amžių. Nustatytos teigiamos sąsajos tarp SG komponentų ir grupių, sudarytų pagal amžių, gyvenamąją vietą, mokymosi sėkmingumą, šeimos sudėtį, tėvų išsilavinimą, gaunamus pinigus smulkioms išlaidoms per mėnesį, vidurkių. SG komponentų įverčiai didesni aštuntų klasių, kaime gyvenančių, gerai besimokančių mokinių, gyvenančių pilnoje šeimoje, aukštesnio tėvų išsilavinimo, gaunančių nuo 1 lito ir daugiau per mėnesį smulkioms išlaidoms mokinių
Sergančiųjų valgymo sutrikimais asmenybės konstruktai
Get PDFObjective. To examine the personal constructs system in female patients with eating disorders.Method. All subjects were invited to take part in a semi-structured interview which included completion of a type of repertory grid known as SELF-GRID. The SELF-GRID was chosen as specifically suited to this study having been devised by E. Button (1993) with the aim of exploring personal constructs of patients with eating disorders. In this study, a repertory grid of 11 elements (five versions of oneself and six elements of other people) was presented to 20 female subjects suffering from anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, and 20 matched control subjects.Results. The main difference between the two groups was found to be the greater tendency of patients with eating disorders to construe in a narrow “tight construing” manner utilising less multidimensional personal constructs than the control group. This means that these patients with eating disorders were less cognitively complex than the control subjects. On the total percentage of variance contributed by the first three principal components, there was a significant difference (eating disorder group 83.12 %; control group 78.24 %; t = 2.465; p < 0. 05). The use of narrower systems of personal constructs provides fewer alternatives for construing oneself and other people. Such a constriction of alternatives might arise from a desire for greater predictability and control. In this situation, people with more multidimensional constructs can be a source of danger to the narrower system of personal constructs, as they might challenge and invalidate these constructs. This may explain why patients with eating disorders can gradually withdraw from socialising. The content of constructs was also analysed. Surprisingly, no central constructs related to weight, eating or appearance were found. The further detailed work is needed to understand this finding, as this might reflect the denial of the problem or, on the contrary, indicate that disturbed eating is just a manifestation of other underlying problems such as restricted negative emotionality, perfectionism, and high levels of achievement. Results of this study provide some evidence of a shared underlying problem, “goal orientation” being the consistent strong main theme of the personal constructs of patients with eating disorders. Patients with eating disorders usually focus narrowly on getting thinner, perhaps in the naïve hope that this will solve their underlying problems.The number of constructs elicited by the SELF-GRID was compared between the groups, and there was no significant difference. Neither was there a significant difference between eating disorder and control groups in the measures of positivity / negativity of construing.Conclusions. The personal construct systems of patients with eating disorders were less cognitively complex as compared with control subjects, although there was no difference in the number of elicited constructs. The main topic of the personal constructs of patients with eating disorders was “goal orientation”.Siekiant išsiaiškinti sergančiųjų valgymo sutrikimais asmenybės konstruktų sistemos ypatumus, naudojant SELF-GRID repertuarinę gardelę buvo ištirta dešimt merginų, sergančių nervine anoreksija, dešimt nervine bulimija ir dvidešimt sveikų merginų (kontrolinė grupė). Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad sergančių valgymo sutrikimais merginų asmenybės konstruktų sistemos yra mažiau kognityviškai sudėtingos, naudojama mažiau skirtingų vertinimo parametrų įvairiems įvykiams aplinkoje paaiškinti, palyginti su kontrolinės grupės tiriamosiomis. Reikšmingiausių konstruktų analizė atskleidė, kad vienas svarbiausių valgymo sutrikimų grupės konstruktų yra „siekiantis tikslo“. Priešingai ankstesnių tyrimų rezultatams, tarp sergančiųjų valgymo sutrikimais pagrindinių asmenybės konstruktų nė karto nebuvo paminėti konstruktai, susiję su svoriu, kūno išvaizda ar maistu. Valgymo sutrikimais sergančiųjų asmenybės konstruktai, pasitelkus repertuarinę gardelę, Lietuvoje buvo analizuojami pirmą kartą
Patobulinto keturių faktorių streso įveikos klausimyno psichometriniai rodikliai
Get PDFThe article presents the process of improving the Lithuanian coping with stress questionnaire (Grakauskas ir Valickas, 2006). To assess the reliability and construct validity of the four-factor questionnaire, three studies with the participation of 831 respondents were conducted. The respondents were students of Vilnius University (average age 21.04 years) and of Vilnius gymnasiums (average age 16.42 years). In the first study, the questionnaire was submitted to 417, in the second study to 103 and in the third study to 311 respondents. In the first and second studies, statements of the questionnaire were improved, and the four-factor structure of the questionnaire was assessed. In the third study we assessed some psychometrical characteristics of the questionnaire. The following indexes of scales’ internal reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) were found: social support (α = 0.864), problem solving (α = 0.760), emotional venting (α = 0.692), avoidance (α = 0.661). The test–retest score reliability (Pearson’s correlation coefficients) varied from 0.630 (avoidance scale) to 0.802 (social support scale) (test–retest time interval was two weeks). It has been established that four factors of the questionnaire explained 48.504 per cent of data dispersion. The exploratory factor analysis also indicated a satisfactory suitability of scale items (factor loadings varied from 0.415 to 0.832). Confirmatory factor analysis data indicate a satisfactory suitability of the model of four factors (χ² = 287.58, df =74; RMSEA = 0.077; GFI = 0.93; CFI = 0.87; NFI = 0.84). A correlation between the four-factor coping with stress questionnaire and the COPE questionnaire was also assessed. The Pearson’s correlation indexes between similar scales of the two questionnaires varied from 0,360 to 0,809. Differences were also found between age and gender. University students used the problem solving and social support stress coping strategy more often than gymnasium students, while women used the social support, avoidance and emotional venting stress coping strategy more often than men.Siekiant įvertinti keturių faktorių streso įveikos klausimyno psichometrinius rodiklius, buvo atlikti trys tyrimai, kuriuose iš viso dalyvavo 831 tiriamasis. Klausimynas buvo tobulinamas atsižvelgiant į anksčiau gautus patikimumo ir validumo rezultatus (Grakauskas ir Valickas, 2006). Jo patikimumas buvo tikrinamas taikant vidinio suderinamumo metodą, pakartotinį matavimą ir apskaičiuojant teiginių homogeniškumo rodiklius, o konstrukto validumas – taikant tiriančiąją ir patvirtinančiąją faktorinę analizę, taip pat dviejų klausimynų skalių įverčių koreliacinę analizę. Gauti šie skalių vidinio suderinamumo (Cronbacho alpha) rodikliai: socialinė parama (α = 0,864), problemų sprendimas (α = 0,760), emocinė iškrova (α = 0,692), vengimas (α = 0,661). Nustatytos tokios pirmos ir pakartotinės apklausos skalių įverčių vidurkių tarpusavio koreliacijos (taikytas Pearsono koreliacijos koeficientas): socialinės paramos – 0,802, problemų sprendimo – 0,791, emocinės iškrovos – 0,68, vengimo – 0,63. Išskirti keturi faktoriai yra stabilūs, paaiškina 48,504 proc. duomenų dispersijos, o visų faktoriams priskirtų teiginių apkrovos viršija 0,4 ribą (svyruoja nuo 0,415 iki 0,832). Patvirtinančiosios faktorinės analizės rezultatai rodo patenkinamą pasirinkto keturių faktorių modelio tinkamumą: χ² = 287,58, df =74; RMSEA = 0,077; GFI = 0,93; CFI = 0,87; NFI = 0,84. Keturių faktorių streso įveikos klausimyno ir įveikos strategijų klausimyno (COPE) skalės, kurių prasmė panaši, statistiškai reikšmingai koreliuoja tarpusavyje (Pearsono koreliacijos koeficientai svyruoja nuo 0,360 iki 0,809)
Darbuotojų asmenybės bruožų, subjektyviai vertinamo transformacinio vadovavimo stiliaus, darbo motyvacijos ir įsipareigojimo organizacijai sąveikos modelis
Get PDFOrganizational commitment and work motivation are important research topics having both teoretical and empirical implication for a long time because of their potential prediction of absenteeism, intention to leave or turnover, job satisfaction, job performance or even productivity (Randall, 1990; Amabile, 1993; Lee et al., 2001; Cetin, 2006; Kuvaas, 2006). Especially it is a very important topic for supervisors traying to survive this economic crisis. Some of researchers noticed work motivation and organizational commitment to be very effective cure for this crisis (Pollard and Hotho, 2006; Selmer and Waldstrom, 2007; Leidl, 2009).The research has been targeted to define the employee’s personality traits and subjectively evaluated transformative leadership correlations with work motivation and organizational commitment and to produce an interaction model of variables. The research involved 462 Lithuanian employees representing different size and type organizations.The results showed that high level of extraversion (r = 0.242; p < 0.001), agreeableness (r = 0.206; p < 0.001) or conscientiousness (r = 0.300; p < 0.001) result in greater degree of work motivation. And the greater degree of neuroticism evokes less work motivation in women (r = –0.252; p < 0.001). However, neuroticism in male respondents is not related to work motivation (p > 0.05). Moreover, the greater degrees of conscientiousness (r = 0.221; p < 0.001) or agreeableness (r = 0.250; p < 0.001) result in higher organizational commitment. Male respondents with higher extraversion are more committed (r = 0.319; p < 0.01), but extraversion in women is not related to organizational commitment (p < 0.07). The increase of neuroticism in women weakens their organizational commitment (r = –0.217; p < 0.01). However, neuroticism in male respondents is not related to organizational commitment (p > 0.05). Moreover, higher degree of transformational leadership promotes work motivation degree (r = 0.384; p < 0.001) and greater organizational commitment (r = 0.574; p < 0.001) in employees. Also the results showed that increasing work motivation increases organizational commitment (r = 0.609; p < 0.001). And finally, agreeableness directly influences both organizational commitment and work motivation in men, whereas extraversion has significant influence on men’s organizational commitment and conscientiousness has significant influence on women’s organizational commitment through mediating variable i.e. work motivation. Transformational leadership has direct impact on both work motivation and organizational commitment.Tyrimu siekta nustatyti darbuotojų asmenybės bruožų ir subjektyviai vertinamo transformacinio vadovavimo stiliaus sąsajas su darbo motyvacija bei įsipareigojimu organizacijai ir sudaryti šių kintamųjų sąveikos modelį. Tyrime dalyvavo 462 Lietuvoje dirbantys skirtingų įvairaus dydžio ir paskirties organizacijų darbuotojai. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad kuo labiau darbuotojai pasižymi ekstraversija, sąmoningumu ar sutariamumu, tuo stipresnė jų motyvacija dirbti, tačiau kuo labiau moterys pasižymi neurotizmu, tuo menkiau jos motyvuotos dirbti, nors vyrų neurotizmo bruožas nėra susijęs su darbo motyvacija. Taip pat nustatyta, kad kuo labiau darbuotojai pasižymi sąmoningumu ar sutariamumu, tuo tvirčiau yra įsipareigoję organizacijai. Kuo labiau vyrai pasižymi ekstraversijos bruožu, tuo stipriau yra įsipareigoję organizacijai, nors moterų ekstraversijos bruožas nėra susijęs su įsipareigojimu organizacijai. Tačiau didėjant moterų neurotizmo bruožo išreikštumui, menkėja jų įsipareigojimas organizacijai. Jei darbuotojai savo vadovo vadovavimo stilių vertina kaip labiau transformacinį, jie yra labiau motyvuoti ir įsipareigoję organizacijai. Darbuotojai yra labiau įsipareigoję organizacijai esant aukštesniam darbo motyvacijos lygiui. Be to, nustatyta, kad vyrų sutariamumo bruožas tiesiogiai prognozuoja jų darbo motyvaciją ir įsipareigojimą organizacijai, o vyrų ekstraversijos bruožas ir moterų sąmoningumo bruožas padeda numatyti jų įsipareigojimą organizacijai per tarpinį kintamąjį – darbo motyvaciją. Transformacinis vadovavimo stilius tiesiogiai prognozuoja tiek tirtų darbuotojų darbo motyvaciją, tiek įsipareigojimą organizacijai
Psichologų išgyvenamos užuojautos pasekmių, pervargimo ir sveikatai palankaus elgesio sąsajos
Get PDFThe profession of psychologist is based on compassion which may have positive and negative outcomes for a professional. The energy of compassion can be transformed either into fatigue or into satisfaction, depending on the psychologist’s skills to increase affect, resources, and self-care as well as to maintain a balance between personal and professional life. Compassion satisfaction is about the pleasure a psychologist derives from being able to do work well and feeling a pleasure to help others. Compassion fatigue is a direct result of exposure to client’s suffering and complicated by a lack of support in the workplace. Burnout is not directly related to compassion but associated with feelings of hopelessness and difficulties in dealing with conflicts between professional standards and personal feelings and values. Self-care is a potential mechanism to increase the positive and reduce negative outcomes of work on psychologists’ well-being.The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction and burnout as well as correlations of these constructs with health-related behaviour among psychologists. 103 psychologists took part in the study. The Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL, Stamm, 1999–2000), Self Care and Lifestyle Balance Inventory (McKay, 2004) were used.The results have indicated that compassion fatigue positively correlates with burnout (r = 0.725, p < 0.001). In contrast, compassion satisfaction negatively correlates with burnout (r = –0.209, p = 0.035). Also, it has been found that self-care is related with a higher level of compassion satisfaction (r = 0.356, p < 0.001) and with a lower level of compassion fatigue (r = –0.195, p = 0.048). Significant positive correlations have been found among a greater level of compassion satisfaction and sleeping quality, listening to the signals of one’s own body, preservation of good working and communication skills and healthy limits when struggling for onerself, short brakes at work, time spent with trusted people, self-believe and believing in one’s own abilities and satisfaction with important things in life. Compassion fatigue negatively correlates with the ability to leave the working strain behind, hearing the signals of one’s own body, preservation of healthy limits when struggling for oneself and not allowing others to exhaust you and setting real goals of life and systematically reaching them. Positive correlation has been recognized between compassion satisfaction and workload (r = 0.211, p = 0.033). A greater level of compassion satisfaction is also associated with the participants of the study considering themselves believers and church visiting. Additionally positive correlation has been found between psychologists’ burnout and a greater length of time working in education section. Self-care negatively correlates with a greater number of employments.Pristatomo tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti psichologų užuojautos keliamo nuovargio, teikiamo pasitenkinimo bei pervargimo tarpusavio ryšius ir sąsajas su sveikatai palankiu elgesiu. Tyrime dalyvavo 103 psichologai. Taikytos metodikos: Profesinio gyvenimo kokybės skalė (The Professional Quality of Life Scale – ProQOL; Stamm,1999–2000), Rūpinimosi savimi ir gyvenimo stiliaus pusiausvyros klausimynas (Self Care and Lifestyle Balance Inventory; McKay, 2004). Rezultatai atskleidė teigiamą užuojautos keliamo nuovargio koreliaciją su pervargimu ir neigiamą užuojautos teikiamo pasitenkinimo koreliaciją su pervargimu. Stipriau išreikštas sveikatai palankus elgesys siejasi su didesniu užuojautos teikiamu pasitenkinimu ir mažesniu užuojautos keliamu nuovargiu. Nustatyti reikšmingi išgyvenamos užuojautos pasekmių ir sveikatai palankaus elgesio būdų ryšiai: įsiklausymo į kūno signalus, gebėjimo atsikratyti darbinės įtampos ir kt. Nustatytos sąsajos tarp užuojautos teikiamo pasitenkinimo ir darbo krūvio, tiriamųjų laikymo save tikinčiais ir lankymosi bažnyčioje, tarp pervargimo ir švietimo įstaigoje išdirbto laiko bei sveikatai palankaus elgesio ir darboviečių skaičiaus
Mokymosi negalią turinčių paauglių savęs vertinimas ir suvokta socialinė parama
Get PDFAlthough learning disability (LD) has a primary impact on academic achievement, its relation to problematic social and emotional life of children and adolescents has been well recognised. In addition, attention has been paid to self-evaluation of schoolchildren with LD; however, the results of studies are contradictory and can be attributed to various factors. This paper seeks to shed light on the association between self-evaluation and perceived social support in adolescents with LD. We used the multidimensional model of Susan Harter (1999) for understanding and measuring the global and domain-specific self-evaluations. The goals of the current study were to assess relations of self-evaluation to the perceived frequency and importance of social support received from various significant sources – parents, teachers, classmates and close friends in two groups of adolescents, those with LD and their classmates with average academic achievements.The participants were 188 Lithuanian-speaking adolescents from sixth-seventh grades of Vilnius schools, mean age 12.5 years (SD = 0.7). Ninety-five schoolchildren (64 boys and 31 girls) diagnosed as learning-disabled and 93 schoolchildren (58 boys and 35 girls) comprised an age- and sex-matched comparison group from the same schools with average academic achievements. The participants were assessed on Self-Perception Profile for Children (Harter, 1985) and Child and Adolescent Social Support scales (Malecki et al., 2000). The results revealed that the LD group rated themselves worse than average-achieving students on all domain-specific self-evaluations scales: scholastic competence (t = –5.88, p < 0.001), social acceptance (t = –3.08, p < 0.01) , behavioural conduct competence (t = –2.36, p < 0.05) and global self-evaluation (t = –2.30, p < 0.05). Both groups equally perceived social support, its frequency and importance. There were significant associations between self-evaluations and the perception of social support in both groups. However, there were more significant relationships in the LD group, the perceived importance of social support being significantly related to various self-evaluations among adolescents with LD only (correlations for the LD group ranged from 0.24 to 0.40). The further ANCOVA analysis revealed that the self-evaluation of adolescents with LD, who perceived social support as unimportant, tended to be lower than the self-evaluations of adolescents without LD who disvalued the importance of social support.Straipsnyje analizuojama mokymosi negalią turinčių paauglių savęs vertinimas, suvoktos socialinės paramos kiekis ir svarba, siekiama nustatyti, ar savęs vertinimo ir socialinės paramos sąveikos pobūdis šioje grupėje yra savitas, palyginti su vidutiniškai besimokančių bendraamžių grupe. Tyrime dalyvavo 188 paaugliai (tiriamoji grupė – 95 paaugliai, kuriems nustatyta mokymosi negalia, palyginamoji – 93 vidutiniškai besimokantys bendraamžiai) iš Vilniaus mokyklų šeštų–septintų klasių. Mokiniai pildė Vaikų savęs suvokimo skalę (Self Perception Profile for Children; Harter, 1985) bei Vaikų ir paauglių socialinės paramos skalę (Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale; Malecki et al., 2000). Mokymosi negalią turintys paaugliai blogiau save vertino visose matuotose savęs vertinimo srityse – akademinės kompetencijos, socialinio priėmimo, elgesio ir bendrojo savęs vertinimo – palyginti su neturinčiais mokymosi negalios bendraamžiais, tačiau gaunamos socialinės paramos kiekio ir svarbos vertinimai grupėse nesiskyrė. Grupės išsiskyrė savęs vertinimo ir socialinei paramai teikiamos svarbos sąsajų pobūdžiu: tiriamojoje grupėje nustatytos tiesinės sąsajos tarp tėvų, mokytojų, bendraklasių socialinei paramai teikiamos svarbos ir savęs vertinimo, o palyginamojoje grupėje tokių sąsajų neaptikta. Mokymosi negalią turintys paaugliai, kurie gaunamai socialinei paramai teikė mažai svarbos, statistiškai reikšmingai blogiau save vertino, palyginti su mokymosi negalių neturinčiais bendraamžiais, taip pat teikiančiais mažai svarbos gaunamai socialinei paramai
Skirtingus nusikaltimus padariusių pilnamečių neutralizacijos: įvairovė, paplitimas, sąsajos su kriminaline patirtimi
Get PDFThere is a lack of information about neutralizations used by adult criminals who have committed different crimes. Moreover, very little is known about the mechanism of neutralization establishment and changes of prevalence in groups of people with different criminal experience, and the available data are controversial. According to G.M.Sykes, D.Matza (1957), neutralizations are learned together with the conduct of crime and do not change in prevalence with increasing criminal experience. Other researchers conclude that with accumulation of antisocial experience, the need of neutralization reduces. The aim of this investigation was to identify neutralizations of adult convicts who have committed different crimes and to test the effect of criminal experience on neutralization. There were three goals of the recent study: 1) to identify the prevalence of neutralization in groups of adult convicts who committed property, violence, mixed (robberies) and illegal disposal crimes; 2) to compare the frequency of different neutralizations used by adult convicts who have committed different crimes; 3) to test the effect of criminal experience, as well as of interaction of criminal experience and the type of crime on neutralization. The social information processing model (Crick and Dodge, 1994) complemented with the neutralization process (Sykes and Matza, 1957) was chosen as a theoretical background of the study. We state that neutralizations are the interpretation process in the second step of the social information processing model. Neutralization of adult men who had committed property (theft), violence (murder, aasault), mixed (robbery) and illegal disposal (drugs, alcohol) crimes was investigated. Participants of the research were divided into two groups by the amount of previous convictions. A supra-secondary analysis of data collected during the program “One to one” (Priestley, 2008) was performed. Two investigators coded different types of neutralizations in semi-structured interview protocols about crimes committed by participants (n = 67). Coded information about the frequency of different types of neutralization as well as scores of the violence neutralization scale (Agnew, 1994) (n = 161) were processed in the further statistical analysis.The results of the research showed that the types of neutralization were significantly related to the type of crime committed by adult convicts (p < 0.001). The prevalence of neutralizations varied in groups of men who had committed different crimes. Men who had committed crimes with elements of violence (violent crimes and robberies) mostly used denial of responsibility and denial of victim (above 80% of group participants). Men who had committed crimes without elements of violence (property and illegal disposal crimes) mostly used denial of harm (about 85% of group participants). Groups of convicts who had committed different crimes significantly differed in the rates of two neutralizations: denial of harm (p < 0.01) and denial of victim (p < 0.01). Men who had convicted property crimes used denial of harm and men who had convicted of violent crimes used denial of victim more often than convicts in other groups. Results of this investigation show that convicts can use several different neutralizations at a time. There was an insignificant main effect of the amount of criminal experience on the frequency of neutralization (p > 0.05). Neither there was a significant interaction between the criminal experience and the type of crime on the frequency of neutralization (p > 0.05). Remiantis socialinės informacijos apdorojimo modeliu (Crick and Dodge, 1994), papildytu neutralizaCcijos procesu (Sykes and Matza, 1957), straipsnyje analizuojamos turtinius, mišrius, smurtinius ir neteisėto disponavimo nusikaltimus padariusių pilnamečių vyrų neutralizacijos: jų įvairovė ir paplitimas skirtingus nusikaltimus padariusių asmenų grupėse bei priklausomybė nuo nuteistųjų kriminalinės patirties. Neutralizacijos įvertintos smurto neutralizacijos skale (Agnew, 1994) (n = 161) ir analizuojant pusiau struktūruotus interviu apie tiriamųjų padarytą nusikaltimą (n = 67). Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad pilnamečių nuteistųjų neutralizacijų naudojimas susijęs su šių asmenų padaryto nusikaltimo pobūdžiu. Nusikaltimus, turinčius smurto komponentą (mišrius, smurtinius) padarę tiriamieji dažniausiai naudojo atsakomybės neigimo ir aukos neigimo neutralizacijas. Nusikaltimus be smurto komponento (turtinius, neteisėto disponavimo) padarę tiriamieji dažniausiai naudojo žalos neigimo neutralizacijas. Turtinius nusikaltimus padarę nuteistieji žalos neigimo neutralizacijas, o smurtinius nusikaltimus padarę asmenys – aukos neigimo neutralizacijas naudojo dažniau, negu kitus nusikaltimus padarę tiriamieji (p < 0,01). Nustatyta, kad pilnamečiai nuteistieji vienu metu gali naudoti keletą skirtingų neutralizacijų, ir tai, tikėtina, sustiprina neutralizacijos efektą. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad neutralizacijų naudojimas nepriklauso nuo nuteistųjų kriminalinės patirties, taip pat nuo kriminalinės patirties ir padaryto nusikaltimo pobūdžio sąveikos
Pirmieji psichologo karjeros žingsniai: su išsilavinimu siejami lūkesčiai
Get PDFThe article deals with the issue of the expectations of the freshmen psychology students regarding the possible impact of the studies on their personal and professional life. Since students’ subjective expectations were the issue of interest, the Q-methodology was used in the research. Forty-eight students (41 females and 7 males) sorted 48 statements answering the question: “How, in your opinion, your studies will affect your future personal and professional life?” The statements were formulated to create a representative sample of the ideas about the influence of the psychologist’s profession on students’ personality qualities, relationships, skills, values and life in general. The statements were meant to represent influences on four levels (intrapersonal, interpersonal [with a the closest people], professional and interpersonal [with wider social environment]) and three areas – knowledge, skills and values.Forty-eight complete Q-sorts were factor analyzed using Q-method factor analysis program for Q methodology, version 2.11; 40 subjects (83%) defined four factors (groups of students) representing different expectations of the students. The views of the factors were briefly expressed as follows: Group I (4 subjects, 10.0%): knowledge is not the most important thing. I want to better understand myself and to grow;Group II (15 subjects, 37.5%): there is no need for me to change. Most important is to acquire professional skills; Group III (8 subjects, 20.0%): it doesn’t matter what kind of a professional I shall become. Solving my own problems is what really matters; Group IV (13 subjects, 32.5%): respect for a human being is the most important value. Work and personal life have nothing in common. Thus, the research revealed different expectations of the students regarding the influence of the studies. A rather substantial percentage of freshmen students expect the studies to help clarify their motifs, resolve inner contradictions, help in the process of personal growth and change in desired direction. Some students have unrealistic expectations regarding the possibility to separate personal and professional life. In order to help the students meet their expectations, the program of training future psychologists must be reoriented so that the students not only could acquire knowledge and skills, but also expand their self-awareness.Straipsnyje nagrinėjami būsimų psichologų lūkesčiai, susiję su studijų poveikiu jų asmeniniam ir profesiniam gyvenimui. Tyrimo dalyviai – 48 Vilniaus universiteto psichologijos programos pirmojo kurso studentai. Taikant Q-sort metodiką ir atlikus faktorinę analizę buvo išskirtos keturios studentų grupės, besiskiriančios tuo, kokiose srityse (žinių, įgūdžių, vertybių) ir kokiais lygmenimis (intrapersonaliniu, asmeniniu interpersonaliniu, profesiniu, tarpasmeninių santykių) studentai tikisi įvyksiant pokyčių jiems studijuojant. Nustatyta, kad kai kurie studentai sieja lūkesčius su profesinių įgūdžių įgijimu, kiti studijuodami tikisi geriau suprasti save, išspręsti asmenines problemas, yra respondentų, siekiančių griežtai atskirti asmeninį ir profesinį gyvenimą. Tyrimo rezultatai gali būti naudingi modifikuojant psichologų rengimo programas
Moters depresiškumą laikotarpiu po gimdymo prognozuojantys veiksniai
Get PDFApproximately 20 percent of women suffer from postpartum depression after childbirth, which, in turn, negatively affects women’s well-being, child’s development and interactions with the child and family. Risk factors, which most significantly influence postpartum depression, have been analyzed by numerous researchers, seeking to make it possible to predict and identify women at risk before the onset of symptoms. Nevertheless, the data obtained is inconclusive and research results are contradictory. The most inconclusive results are those related to demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and their impact on depressive symptoms during postpartum period. Moreover, there are inconsistencies in conclusions concerning social support, pregnancy and delivery-related factors, stressful life events, emotional and physical health and their influence on postpartum depression. The goal of this research is to identify demographic, social, psychological and health related variables that could reliably predict women’s depression half year after delivery. This research is prospective and longitudinal, participants were interviewed at several assessment points – during pregnancy, the first month and half a year postpartum. The complete data about 66 women are analyzed in this article. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM), indicate that the only significant predictor of women’s depressive symptoms during postpartum period, having direct effect, is depression during pregnancy, i.e. women who report more depressive symptoms during pregnancy are significantly more likely to be depressed during postpartum period. Women who rated their subjective readiness for motherhood as lower, also with high anxiety concerning delivery, poor quality of relationship with a partner, and who reported more stressful life events, as well as primiparous women are at greater risk postpartum depression; however these variables and depressive symptoms during postpartum period are not directly related. The readiness for motherhood and anxiety concerning delivery predicts depression during pregnancy. The quality of relationships with partner, in turn, predicts both readiness for motherhood and anxiety concerning delivery. Finally, the readiness for motherhood could also be predicted by stressful life events and primiparity. The results of our study support the necessity of psychological interventions during the pregnancy in order to prevent postpartum depression.Vidutiniškai penktadalis moterų po gimdymo patiria įvairių psichologinių ir emocinių sunkumų, o tai savo ruožtu neigiamai veikia pačios moters savijautą, vaiko raidą bei santykius su vaiku ir šeima. Iki šiol nebuvo prieita prie vienodos nuomonės, kokie rizikos veiksniai reikšmingai nulemia moters depresiškumą laikotarpiu po gimdymo. Tyrėjų išvadose apie demografinių veiksnių, socialinės paramos, gimdymo ypatumų, patiriamo streso, emocinės ir fizinės būsenos bei kitų kintamųjų sąsajas su moters depresiškumu laikotarpiu po gimdymo yra prieštaravimų. Šio tyrimo tikslas – išsiaiškinti, kokie demografiniai, socialiniai, psichologiniai ir sveikatos veiksniai reikšmingai prognozuotų moters depresiškumą laikotarpiu po gimdymo. Tyrimas yra prospektyvus ir ilgalaikis – tiriamosios apklaustos nėštumo metu, pirmą mėnesį ir pusė metų po gimdymo. Tyrime analizuojami 66 savanoriškai sutikusių dalyvauti visuose trijuose tyrimo etapuose moterų duomenys. Tyrimo rezultatai, apskaičiuoti taikant struktūrinių lygčių modeliavimo metodą, leidžia teigti, kad vienintelis moters depresiškumą laikotarpiu po gimdymo prognozuojantis veiksnys, turintis tiesioginę reikšmę, yra moters depresiškumo vertinimas nėštumo metu. Taip pat daugiau depresijos simptomų laikotarpiu po gimdymo turi moterys, kurios prasčiau vertina savo pasiruošimą motinystei, jaučia stipresnį nerimą dėl gimdymo, mažiau patenkintos savo santykių su vyru kokybe, patyrė daugiau stresą keliančių gyvenimo įvykių ar laukiasi pirmo vaiko, tačiau prognostinis šių veiksnių ir moters depresiškumo laikotarpiu po gimdymo ryšys yra netiesioginis, o pasireiškia šių veiksnių įtaka depresiškumui nėštumo metu
Jaunų suaugusiųjų požiūrio į savo kūną sąsajos su demografiniais rodikliais
Get PDFThis study is aimed to evaluate different attitudinal body image components that are characteristic specifically of youth Lithuanians. This kind of study is one of the first in this country. The article presents a brief review of recent studies concerning body image and points out that mostly separate aspects of body image are being reported on in the literature. Body image is a multidimensional phenomenon. Therefore, the aim of this study was to consider the attitudinal body image not in total, but in its different components and their relationship to gender, age and marital status.The study cohort comprised 419 students (1st to 6th year and residential doctors) of Vilnius University, Vilnius Pedagogical University, Vytautas Magnus University and Kaunas University of Medicine; of them, 78% were women and 22% men. The age of the respondents varied from 18 to 39 years (mean, 21.99 ± 3.46 years, men’s mean age 22.24 years (±3.87 years) and women’s 21.91 (±3.34 years). More than half of the respondents were single or separated (66,3% men and 64,8% women, respectively), more than one third reported having a girl/boy-friend, being married or living together with their partner. Women (28.8%) reported more often being married or living with partner than men (21.7%).The following methods of measuring different aspects of body image were used in this study: the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire – Appearance Scales (MBSRQ – AS), Appearance Schemas Inventory – Revised (ASI-R), Short Form of the Situational Inventory of Body Image Dysphoria (SIBID-S), Body Image Quality of Life Inventory (BIQLI).The results were follows: (1) body satisfaction is different for men and women: women are more concerned with their body weight, shape and some body parts (especially lower torso and their hair), they attend to and invest in their physical appearance more often than men; (2) younger men and women relate their self-worth with their looks more often than older men and women. Younger men are more-appearance oriented. Younger women report more dysfunctional attitudes towards their appearance, although they report a higher subjective quality of life than older women; (3) partnership in women is related with a better evaluation of one’s appearance, less dysfunctional attitudes towards their appearance and less negative emotions concerning their body. Partnership in men is related to a higher subjective quality of life; (4) American men and women in comparison with Lithuanian subjects report placing more importance on their looks, are more concerned with their body weight, they report more dysfunctional attitudes towards their bodies and report more body image dysphoria. American women report being overweight more often, are more often dissatisfied with different body parts and report lower subjective quality of life than Lithuanian women.Šiame tyrime siekiama įvertinti įvairius požiūrio į savo kūną aspektus, būdingus jauno suaugusiojo amžiaus lietuviams. Straipsnyje pateikta glausta tyrimų apžvalga rodo, kad dažniausiai tiriami paskiri savo kūno vaizdo aspektai. Savo kūno vaizdas – daugiamatis reiškinys. Todėl mūsų tyrimo tikslas buvo pažvelgti į kūno vaizdą ne kaip į visumą, o į požiūrio į kūną komponentus ir jų sąsajas su lytimi, amžiumi bei šeimine padėtimi. Gauti rezultatai rodo, kad moterų ir vyrų pasitenkinimas savo kūnu skiriasi – moterys yra labiau susirūpinusios savo kūno svoriu, forma ir tam tikromis kūno sritimis, jos skiria daugiau svarbos savo fizinei išvaizdai ir ją prižiūri. Požiūris į savo kūną yra susijęs su amžimi ir partnerio turėjimu. Straipsnyje taip pat aptariami kultūriniai požiūrio į savo kūną komponentų skirtumai, lyginami amerikiečiai ir lietuviai.