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Savižudybė ir savižudžiai jaunų rusų socialinėse reprezentacijose: žvalgomasis tyrimas
No full textPremature death caused by self-murder is one of the most serious problems of public health in the world. About one million people disappear for this reason each year, and the further estimations are quite pessimistic. There are no doubts that the current situation is extremely serious and complex; as a result, the importance of the further development and realization of the preventive measures is obvious. Each preventive program in the field of public health should be based on the results of social psychological studies concerning the problem. In the presented paper, we discuss the results of the exploratory study based on the ideas of the social representations theory. The objective of the exploratory study was to analyze the specificity of the social representations of self-murder and self-murderers in two groups of young Russians. A total of 106 subjects (67 females and 39 males) aged 18 to 35 participated in the study. It was supposed that the social representation of self-murder and of self-murderers would be less shared in the group of subjects who have friends or acquaintances among people with self-murder experience (committed self-murder or attempted it); it means that the structure of the social representations would be more complex (the central system would be composed of more elements that correspond to different themes on self-murder), whereas, the social representation of self-murder and of self-murderers in the group of subjects who have no friends or acquaintances with self-murder experience (committed self-murder or attempted it) would be more shared (the central system would consist of less themes) and less complex. The different themes that form the social representations of self-murder and of self-murderers in two groups were revealed. The suppositions got empirical support.Priešlaikinė mirtis dėl savižudybės – tai viena rimčiausių problemų, susijusių su visuomenės sveikata. Dėl šios priežasties kiekvienais metais iš gyvenimo pasitraukia apie milijoną žmonių. Tolesnės prognozės taip pat yra gana pesimistiškos. Kadangi dabartinė situacija yra nepaprastai rimta ir sudėtinga, akivaizdu, jog labai svarbu toliau gerinti ir įgyvendinti prevencines priemones. Kiekviena prevencinė programa, susijusi su visuomenės sveikata, turėtų remtis socialinėmis psichologinėmis studijomis, tyrinėjančiomis šią problemą. Šiame straipsnyje aptariami žvalgomojo tyrimo rezultatai, besiremiantys socialinių reprezentacijų teorija. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti savižudybių ir savižudžių socialinių reprezentacijų skirtumus dviejose jaunų rusų grupėse. Tyrimo dalyvių buvo 106 (67 moterys ir 39 vyrai), jų amžius svyravo nuo 18 iki 35 metų.Buvo tikėtasi, kad savižudybių ir savižudžių socialinių reprezentacijų sandara bus sudėtingesnė tos grupės tyrimo dalyvių, kurių draugai ar pažįstami yra nusižudę arba bandė žudytis, t. y. tų dalyvių reprezentacijų sistemoje bus daugiau temų, susijusių su skirtingomis savižudybių priežastimis. O tos grupės tyrimo dalyvių, kurių draugai ar pažįstami nebuvo nusižudę arba nebandė žudytis, savižudybių ir savižudžių socialinių reprezentacijų sandara bus paprastesnė, t. y. jų reprezentacijų sistemoje bus mažiau temų. Gauti rezultatai patvirtino iškeltas prielaidas ir parodė, kad skirtingų grupių tyrimo dalyvių savižudybių ir savižudžių socialinės reprezentacijos skiriasi
Raveno progresuojančių matricų (SPM plius ir APM) klaidingų atsakymų ryšys su produktyviaisiais gebėjimais
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between errors on Standard Progressive Matrices Plus (SPM Plus) and Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM) and eductive ability. A large sample (n = 4535) of secondary school pupils aged 11 to 19 was used. For both SPM Plus and APM, the two-parameter logistic model which includes item difficulty (b) and discrimination (a) parameters was used for the eductive ability estimation. At first, analysis of responses to SPM Plus and APM items (including such response options as “a subject omitted an item” and “a subject didn’t reach an item”) was conducted using the Classical Test Theory (CTT) difficulty and discrimination power indices as well as the Item Response Theory (IRT) Option Characteristic Curves (OCCs). The analysis has confirmed that response alternatives lacking only one correct feature are more likely in the middle range of ability and from this range upward, whereas subjects of low ability often choose alternatives that are incorrect on more than one and / or more salient features. It has also been found that higher ability subjects are prone to omit an item that is too difficult for them instead of guessing an answer as opposed to lower ability subjects who may use a random guessing as a RPM solving strategy. The analysis has also shown that higher-scoring subjects have no time enough to finish all the RPM items more often than lower-scoring individuals. This finding suggests that higher-ability subjects invest more time in solving RPM items, and therefore a time limit is not suitable for assessing a high eductive ability. Next, the APM types of error analysis has revealed that the type of errors made on APM is related to the ability level of the subjects. Errors due to failure to attend to all relevant aspects of the item, i.e. incomplete correlate errors, were made by subjects of higher ability as compared to errors due to the confluence of ideas or repetition. This finding suggests that an answer of incomplete correlate type shows a relatively high eductive ability (as compared to the confluence of ideas or repetition type answer) since it requires a correct, although incomplete, reasoning.Straipsnyje analizuojamas dviejų Raveno progresuojančių matricų (RPM) versijų – Standartinių progresuojančių matricų plius (SPM plius) ir Sudėtingų progresuojančių matricų (APM) – klaidingų atsakymų ryšys su produktyviaisiais gebėjimais remiantis didelės (n = 4 535) 11–19 metų amžiaus vidurinių mokyklų moksleivių imties tyrimo rezultatais. SPM plius ir APM užduočių atsakymų alternatyvų analizė atskleidė kelis didesnių gebėjimų moksleivių veiklos ypatumus: verčiau pasirenkama praleisti per sunkią užduotį nei atsitiktinai spėliojama, antra, jiems būdingas lėtesnis užduočių sprendimo tempas. APM klaidų tipų analizė parodė, kad daromų klaidų tipas priklauso nuo moksleivių gebėjimų lygio
Gyvūnų asmenybė ir bruožų teorija
Get PDFHumans are perhaps the only animal species capable of abstract thinking, creating theories, and understanding themselves. This capability comes with a sort of arrogance – a belief that traits common to humans are completely unique and not like those found in other animals. In this paper, we analyze animal personality research: the concept of animal personality, research methods, and the potential value of animal personality research in developing trait theory. The ability to declare that there, indeed, is such a phenomenon as animal personality depends on what we define as personality. If we say that the core aspects of personality are the subconscious or Self, then we are unable to discuss animal personality. However, if we assume that personality can be described as stable behavior patterns, then, when discussing stable behavior patterns of animals, the use of the term “personality” seems justified. There is an abundance of terms and descriptions not only in human but also in animal personality research: the terms like animal temperament, behavior types or syndromes are all used just to avoid the term “personality”. All methods of animal personality research can be classified into two large categories: rating-based and behavior-coding based methods. Both categories of methods are widely used (especially behavior coding), yet there still is a lot of debate regarding their superiority, since both methods have pros and cons. Rating-based methods produce more stable results, have better inter-rater reliability; however, they are much more susceptible to anthropomorphism. Behavior-coding-based methods, albeit more objective, also have their problems: they are less stable, can encompass only a limited scope of observed behavior, and, amongst other things, they also have ecological validity and sample formation issues. It is reasonable to say that both methods should be used, and studies that apply both of these methods to the same sample are especially valuable.Despite methodological problems, animal personality research can be beneficial in several aspects. Animal personality research can provide us with a better understanding of animal behavior patterns and the evolution of human personality, it can also expand research possibilities (e.g., it is possible to perform breeding studies). However, most research requires some sort of a theoretical background to provide guidelines for researchers regarding key points and methods of the study. Personality trait theory (namely the Big Five) seems to be a feasible theoretical basis for animal personality studies; however the research in the field is still in its infancy. The reviewed studies allow us to conclude that animal personality research, be it a relatively unpopular and somewhat controversial field, is still not only very important for the development of personality theories, but also has a practical value. After a significant improvement in research methods and trait theory, we can expect a better understanding of the evolution of human personality; these improvements would also mean a more precise animal selection process, improvements in animal well-being, and similar theoretical and practical benefits.Straipsnyje analizuojamos mokslinės gyvūnų asmenybės paieškos ir diskusijos, ar gyvūnų elgesio skirtumams aiškinti galime taikyti žmogaus asmenybei aprašyti sukurtas teorijas. Gyvūnų asmenybės tyrimuose naudojamos dvi pagrindinės technikos – grįsta elgesio kodavimu ir grįsta elgesio vertinimu. Kadangi abi jos turi pranašumų ir trūkumų, tyrimuose, jei galima, prasminga taikyti jų derinius. Atliktų tyrimų analizė rodo, kad, aiškinant gyvūnų asmenybę, daugiausia vilčių teikia asmenybės bruožų teorija. Tolesni tyrimai turėtų padėti patikslinti asmenybės bruožus, būdingus skirtingoms rūšims, o tai padėtų geriau suprasti jų evoliuciją
Vaiko temperamento ir motinos elgesio su vaiku strategijų reikšmė keturmečių gebėjimams atidėti malonumą
Get PDFNumerous researchers agree that the early development of a delay of gratification abilities is crucial for a successful adjustment in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, thus it is very important to understand its precursors and antecedents. Although strong evidence indicates the temperamental nature of the ability to delay gratification, socialization factors also shape the way innate characteristics are expressed and developed. However, there have been relatively few studies examining how early parental and child’s innate variables jointly predict the development of delay of gratification in early childhood in a low-risk healthy children’s sample. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to analyze the child’s temperament traits, maternal distress, and coping with the child’s negative emotional responses related to delay of gratification of 4-years-old children.The participants of this study are 142 children (71 boys and 71 girls), participating in the ongoing longitudinal study on the early development of self-regulation. Children’s delay abilities were evaluated using two laboratory tasks at the age of 4 years: “Delay of Snack” and “Wrapped Gift” (adopted from Kochanska et al., 1996). The empirical data about biological and psychosocial factors was provided by mothers on the 2nd-3rd day after delivery, 3 and 18 months, 2 and 3 years after the child’s birth. Maternal responses to children’s negative emotions at children’s age of 3 years were assessed using the Coping with Children’s Negative Emotion Scale (CCNES, Fabes, Eisenberg & Bernzweig, 1990) and child’s temperament (effortful control, negative affectivity, and extraversion) at children’s age of 3 years was assessed using the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire Short Form (Rothbart et al., 1994; Rothbart et al., 2001).Children whose mothers reported less negative experiences during the second and third years of the child’s life demonstrated higher abilities of a delay of gratification. This may show the importance of maternal emotional wellbeing for the development of children’s self-regulation. Optimal delay abilities, measured by “Wrapped Gift”, were predicted by the non-presence of maternal stressful events. Optimal delay abilities, measured by a “Delay of Snack”, were predicted by a lower maternal distress 2 years postpartum and higher non-supportive maternal responses to children’s negative emotions. However, the latter non-supportive maternal responses were related to higher abilities of a delay of gratification only for children with a higher negative affectivity and a higher extraversion. This may show that maternal non-supportive responses may be beneficial for children with certain temperamental traits.Gebėjimai atidėti malonumą, besiformuojantys ankstyvoje vaikystėje, vaidina reikšmingą vaidmenį tolesnėje vaiko pažintinėje, socialinėje ir psichologinėje raidoje, todėl svarbu tyrinėti veiksnius, galinčius paaiškinti sėkmingą šių gebėjimų raidą. Pasitelkę ketverius metus vykdomo tęstinio tyrimo duomenis, šiame tyrime siekėme atskleisti vaiko temperamento bruožų, motinos patirto streso ir jos taikomų strategijų vaiko neigiamų emocijų atžvilgiu reikšmę ketverių metų vaikų gebėjimams atidėti malonumą. Tyrimo dalyviai yra 142 vaikai (71 berniukas ir 71 mergaitė). Vaikų malonumo atidėjimo gebėjimai buvo vertinti laboratorinėmis sąlygomis naudojant „Skanėsto atidėjimo“ ir „Dovanos įvyniojimo“ užduotis. Empirinė medžiaga apie biologinius ir psichosocialinius veiksnius rinkta: antrą–trečią dieną po gimdymo, trys mėnesiai, aštuoniolika mėnesių, dveji ir treji metai po gimdymo apklausiant vaikų motinas. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad vaikai, kurių motinos patyrė mažiau neigiamų išgyvenimų antraisiais ir trečiaisiais vaiko gyvenimo metais, būdami ketverių metų, demonstravo geresnius gebėjimus atidėti malonumą, o tai rodo motinos emocinės sveikatos svarbą vaiko savireguliacijos raidai. Optimalius vaikų gebėjimus atidėti malonumą, vertintus „Dovanos įvyniojimo“ užduotimi, prognozavo motinos stresinių įvykių nepatyrimas dvejus metus po gimdymo, o optimalius vaikų gebėjimus atidėti skanėstą – mažesnis motinos distresas praėjus dvejiems metams po gimdymo ir labiau išreikštos motinos neparemiančios strategijos. Tačiau motinos neparemiančios strategijos su didesniais gebėjimais atidėti skanėstą siejasi tik vaikų, kurių stipriau išreikštas neigiamas emocingumas ir ekstraversija, grupėse, o tai rodo, kad net ir neparemiančios strategijos gali būti veiksmingos tam tikrais temperamento bruožais pasižymintiems vaikams
Trijų kartų Lietuvos gyventojų trauminės patirties sąsajos su psichologiniu atsparumu ir optimizmu
No full textSummaryEpidemiological studies suggest that the vast majority of people experience at least one potentially traumatic event in their lifetime; however, severe posttraumatic stress symptoms affect only few of those ever exposed to trauma. This study has been aimed to find out whether trait resilience and dispositional optimism are associated with trauma experience and a probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). A cross-sectional study was conducted, enrolling 300 Lithuanian adults of three different age groups. The Life Events Checklist (LEC), Trauma Screening Questionnaire (TSQ), Resilience Scale (RS-14), and Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) were used to measure potentially traumatic events, posttraumatic reactions, psychological resilience, and dispositional optimism. Results of this study revealed a high prevalence of potentially traumatic events among its participants (95%). Nearly 7% of the total sample had probable PTSD. A significant moderate positive relationship was found between the resilience and optimism, r(300) = .40, p < .01. Optimism was negatively associated with PTSD symptoms, r(214) = –.17, p < .05; however, contrary to what was expected, there was no significant association between the trauma reactions and trait resilience.Epidemiologiniai tyrimai rodo, kad nuo 70 iki 90 % žmonių per savo gyvenimą patiria bent vieną potencialiai traumuojantį įvykį. Potrauminio streso sutrikimas (PTSS) pasireiškia tik nedidelei daliai jų – įvairių tyrimų duomenimis, nuo 1 iki 4,7 %. Tyrimuose ieškoma atsakymų, kas lemia, kad vieni asmenys yra atsparesni traumuojantiems įvykiams nei kiti. Šiame tyrime siekėme atskleisti ryšius tarp potencialiai traumuojančių įvykių patyrimo, psichologinio atsparumo ir optimizmo.Metodika. Tyrime dalyvavo 300 tiriamųjų. Jie buvo atrinkti taip, kad atspindėtų tris Lietuvos gyventojų kartas (po 100 iš kiekvienos kartos: jauniausios – g. 1983–1995, vidurinės – g. 1960–1972, vyriausios – g. 1940–1953 m.) pagal lytį, išsilavinimą ir gyvenamąją vietą. Tyrime naudojome į lietuvių kalbą išverstas skales: Life Events Checklist (LEC) – gyvenimo įvykių klausimyną, Resilience Scale trumpąją versiją (RS-14) atsparumui matuoti, Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) optimizmui matuoti, Trauma Screening Questionnaire (TSQ) PTSS simptomams įvertinti.Rezultatai. Statistinė duomenų analizė atskleidė, kad dauguma (94,6 %) tiriamųjų per savo gyvenimą yra patyrę bent vieną potencialiai traumuojantį įvykį. Kliniškai reikšmingų PTSS simptomų paplitimas tyrimo imtyje yra 6,7 %. Tai atitinka kitų tyrimų duomenis. Gautas statistiškai reikšmingas teigiamas ryšys tarp optimizmo ir psichologinio atsparumo bei neigiamas tarp optimizmo ir PTSS simptomų. Tačiau, kitaip nei tikėtasi, psichologinis atsparumas nebuvo statistiškai reikšmingai susijęs su PTSS simptomais.Optimistinis požiūris į gyvenimą susijęs su potrauminėmis reakcijomis ir psichologiniu atsparumu. Lieka neaišku, koks yra atsparumo kaip bruožo poveikis asmens reakcijoms po trauminio įvykio
Subjektyvus trauminės Černobylio avarijos likvidavimo patirties poveikis nuo katastrofos praėjus 27 metams
Get PDFA long-term psychological trauma is considered to be a possible consequence of being informed of radioactive contamination. In the case of the Chernobyl disaster, various circumstances possibly have led to even more serious psychological damage. For example, the socio-political context of the accident could be linked to extremely restricted information given out to the public. This disaster particularly affected clean-up workers, some of whom were brought from Lithuania, part of the Soviet Union at the time. This study thus is aimed to reveal the perceived impact of the traumatic experience of clean-up workers 27 years after the Chernobyl Disaster. Semi-structured 32 interviews with clean-up workers (age varying from 47 to 77 years), who are currently living in Lithuania, were conducted. A thematic analysis of the responses reveals that the clean-up workers are still feeling influenced by what they have experienced in Chernobyl. First of all, they link various health problems, which they are suffering from, to their presence in Chernobyl and express anxiety about the possible future illnesses, as they believe their bodies are irreversibly damaged by radiation. Secondly, the clean-up workers express a lot of anger towards the government for insufficiently supporting them financially and not showing enough gratitude for the work that they have done. Also, they experience a feeling of injustice as they believe that the government considers their experience in Chernobyl to be voluntary and not significantly influencing their present physical and psychological condition. Finally, post-traumatic stress symptoms were also found to be manifested. As the most distressing of those symptoms the clean-up workers name general irritability and anxiousness, although symptoms of intrusion and avoidance can also be detected as well as helplessness and a feeling of constantly living under threat. All these findings raise the awarness of how important it is that the government and society would validate the clean-up workers’ experiences – at least symbolically recognizing the long-term impact of being in Chernobyl as well as its involuntary nature. This recognition should also lead to the necessary physical and psychological help in consideration of the clean-up workers’ traumatic experiences and the psychological component of their physical illnesses.Susidūrimas su radiaciniu pavojumi yra laikomas galima ilgalaikio psichologinio traumavimo priežastimi. Černobylio avarijos aveju tokio susidūrimo poveikį sustiprino ir įvairios specifinės aplinkybės, pavyzdžiui, sociopolitinis avarijos kontekstas, su kuriuo galima sieti ir tuo metu pasireiškusią išskirtinę informacijos stoką. Vieni iš labiausiai šios katastrofos paliestųjų yra jos likvidatoriai, kurių suvoktą trauminės patirties poveikį praėjus 27 metams nuo avarijos ir yra siekiama atskleisti šiame straipsnyje. Buvo atlikti 32 pusiau struktūruoti interviu su Lietuvoje gyvenančiais likvidatoriais (47–77 m.). Teminė šių interviu analizė atskleidė tyrimo dalyvių jaučiamą ilgalaikį Černobylio poveikį. Būtent su šia patirtimi likvidatoriai sieja įvairias sveikatos problemas ir nerimauja dėl dar galinčių iškilti ligų, nes jaučiasi negrįžtamai paveikti radiacijos. Taip pat jiems būdingas pyktis ant politikų dėl rūpesčio likvidatoriais trūkumo ir išskirtinai dėl jų prievartos patyrimo nuvertinimo. Atsiskleidė ir įvairių potrauminio streso sutrikimo simptomų. Iš šių simptomų patys tyrimo dalyviai labiausiai pabrėžia padidėjusį irzlumą ir nervingumą, tačiau galima pastebėti ir jų jaučiamus invazinius bei vengimo simptomus, taip pat nuolatinio grėsmės jausmo ir bejėgiškumo išgyvenimą. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidžia svarbą to, kad valdžia ir visuomenė pripažintų likvidatorių prievartos patirtį ir reikšmingą Černobylio avarijos padarinių ilgalaikiškumą. Toks pripažinimas ilgainiui turėtų paskatinti ir reikalingą fizinę bei psichologinę pagalbą likvidatoriams, atsižvelgiant į jų trauminę patirtį ir psichologinį somatinių ligų komponentą
Pradinio mokyklinio amžiaus vaikų vykdomųjų funkcijų ir akademinių pasiekimų sąsajos
Get PDFAlthough the relations between executive functions and academic achievement are considered widely proven, due to the methodological limitations of most studies little can be said about the relational importance of various executive functions for achievements in math, reading, and writing. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the role of different executive functions postulated by Miyake et al. (2000) (response inhibition, working memory updating, and mental set shifting) on academic achievements in math, reading, and writing as well as the possible mediation effects of cognitive (verbal and performance intelligence) and behavioral variables (learning-related behavior and hyperactivity). In total, 101 children were tested in the second grade of a primary school on nine simple computer tasks intended to predominantly tap one of the three executive abilities: response inhibition, mental set shifting, and working memory updating. In addition, all participants completed the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). The construct validity of the executive function tasks was established by a confirmatory factor analysis: consistent with other latent variable studies of executive function, the three target executive abilities proved to be separable and moderately correlated with each other (Miyake et al., 2000; Rose et al., 2011). Academic achievement was evaluated by a teacher’s report. The research variables of hyperactivity and learning-related behavior were composed using teachers’ answers to the questions from the Hyperactivity Scale of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the parents’ and teachers’ answers to additional questions concerning children’s learning-related behavior. Structural equation modelling was used to examine the structural relations of predictors (latent factors of response inhibition, memory updating, and mental set-shifting), mediators (verbal intelligence, performance intelligence, hyperactivity, and learning-related behavior) and dependent variables (math, reading and writing achievement scores). Executive functions proved to be important predictors of academic achievement in primary school. Working memory updating was directly related to achievements in reading (β = 0.69, p = 0.04) and writing (β = 0.71, p = 0,01). Response inhibition and mental set-shifting were related to math achievement through behavioral mediators: children with a better ability to regulate inappropriate responses showed fewer symptoms of hyperactivity (β = –0.42, p = 0.05), which in turn led to higher achievements in math (β = –0.40, p = 0.001); children with better mental set-shifting demonstrated more appropriate learning-related behaviors (β = 0.49, p = 0.05), while learning-related behaviors also predicted math achievements (β = 0.26, p = 0,04). In contrast, verbal and performance intelligence did not have any significant relation to academic achievements in primary school.Šiuo tyrimu siekta nustatyti, kurios vykdomosios funkcijos leidžia prognozuoti pradinio mokyklinio amžiaus vaikų matematikos, skaitymo ir rašymo pasiekimus ir ištirti galimus kognityvių veiksnių (verbalinio ir neverbalinio intelekto) ir elgesio veiksnių (mokymosi elgesio ir hiperaktyvumo) mediacinius efektus. Tyrime dalyvavo 101 vaikas, besimokantis antroje pradinės mokyklos klasėje. Visi tyrimo dalyviai individualiai atliko devynias tyrimo tikslams sukurtas kompiuterines bei popieriaus ir pieštuko užduotis, skirtas Miyake ir kitų (2000) modelyje aprašytoms vykdomosioms funkcijoms (atsako slopinimui, psichinės veiklos perkėlimui ir veikliosios atminties reprezentacijų atnaujinimui) įvertinti. Užduočių konstrukto validumas buvo įrodytas patvirtinamąja faktorių analize. Vaikų verbalinis ir neverbalinis intelektas nustatytas Wechslerio trumpąja intelekto skalę (WASI). Informacija apie vaikų akademinius pasiekimus gauta iš mokytojų, kurie užpildė tyrimo tikslais sukurtą Akademinių pasiekimų skalę. Vaikų hiperaktyvumas įvertintas pagal Galių ir sunkumų klausimyno (SDQ) mokytojų versijos hiperaktyvumo skalę, o mokymosi elgesio kintamasis sudarytas remiantis mokytojų ir tėvų atsakymais raštu į klausimus apie vaiko elgesį, susijusį su mokymosi veikla. Pasitelkus struktūrinių lygčių modeliavimą nustatyta, kad vykdomosios funkcijos yra svarbus prognostinis pasiekimų pradinėje mokykloje veiksnys. Veikliosios atminties reprezentacijų atnaujinimas leido tiesiogiai prognozuoti skaitymo ir rašymo pasiekimus. Atsako slopinimas ir psichinės veiklos perkėlimas buvo susiję su pasiekimais matematikos srityje, tačiau ne tiesiogiai, o per elgesio mediatorius: atsako slopinimas – per hiperaktyvų elgesį mokykloje, o psichinės veiklos perkėlimas – per mokymosi elgesį
Tapsmo suaugusiuoju ženklai Lietuvos jaunuolių imtyje
Get PDFAlmost two decades ago Arnett (1994, 1997, 2001) suggested that, from the perspective of youth, becoming an adult is not achieved through a series of role changes, such as getting married or starting a long-time career, but rather through the acquisition of individual character qualities, such as the ability to accept responsibility for the consequences of one’s actions, making independent decisions, and becoming financially independent. This sparked a debate among social scientists on whether the “traditional” markers of adulthood (e.g., marriage, leaving the parental home) were still important. One limitation to the line of Arnett’s research is that most of it have been conducted using the USA white student samples. Similar research employing the same instruments, but conducted in different cultures or ethnic groups, showed that criteria for adulthood can vary cross-culturally (e.g., Nelson, Badger, & Wu, 2004). This evidence suggests that cross-cultural generalizations regarding the criteria of adulthood may be limited and, therefore, it is important to evaluate which criteria are perceived by youth as defining adulthood in a particular cultural context.The goal of this study was threefold: to examine the conceptions defining an adult person by Lithuanian emerging adults according to Arnett’s list of adult criteria, to evaluate gender differences in these conceptions, and to evaluate how the popularity of these criteria differ from the views of youth living in other Western industrialized countries. Arnett’s questionnaire on markers of adulthood (2001) was administered to a sample of 434 (age M = 22.5, SD = 1.91) emerging adults.Accepting responsibility for the consequences of one’s actions was viewed as the most necessary criterion for becoming an adult. Being capable of caring for children was the next most highly endorsed criterion for both women and men. The next most important criteria were “avoid drunk driving” (87.1%), “avoid committing petty crimes like vandalism and shoplifting” (82.9%), “decide on personal beliefs and values independently of parents or other influences” (82.0%), “become capable of keeping family physically safe (men)” (81.8%), “if a man, become capable of supporting a family financially” (81.3%), “if a woman, become capable of running a household” (80.2%) and “financially independent from parents” (79.5%). Role transitions, on the other hand, were endorsed only by about a third of the study participants. Taken together, the results suggest that becoming an adult among Lithuanian emerging adults, similarly to other Western countries, is perceived primarily as the acquisition of certain character qualities rather than going through role changes. However, contrary to Arnett’s findings with the US samples, capacities to maintain family responsibilities seem to be more important than achieving independence and self-sufficiency.Šiuo aprašomojo pobūdžio tyrimu siekta atskleisti, kuriuos iš Arnetto nurodytų tapsmo suaugusiuoju ženklų Lietuvos jaunuoliai laiko svarbiais, kuo skiriasi šių ženklų svarbos vertinimas vyrų ir moterų grupėse ir kiek Lietuvos jaunuolių požiūris skiriasi nuo gyvenančiųjų Vakarų šalyse. Tyrime dalyvavo 434 jaunuoliai (215 vyrų, 219 moterų). Tiriamųjų amžiaus M = 22,48, SD = 1,91. Tiriamiesiems buvo pateiktas klausimynas, kurį sudaro 39 suaugusio asmens ženklai (kriterijai), grįsti Arnetto tyrimais (pvz., Arnett, 2001, 2003), prašant nurodyti, kurie ženklų yra būtini, kad asmenį būtų galima laikyti suaugusiu.Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad Lietuvos jaunuoliai, panašiai kaip Vakarų šalių, tapsmą suaugusiuoju supranta kaip tam tikrų individualių savybių įgijimą, o ne kaip su vaidmenų kaita siejamų įvykių išgyvenimą. Tačiau, skirtingai nei Vakarų šalių jaunuoliams, šalia svarbių tapsmo suaugusiuoju savybių, rodančių individo savarankiškumą, autonomiją bei savo elgesio kontrolę, Lietuvos jaunuoliams svarbiausios pasirodė savybės, apibūdinančios sugebėjimus pasirūpinti savo šeima. Jaunų Lietuvos vyrų ir moterų požiūris į tapsmo suaugusiuoju svarbą skiriasi nedaug: yra nedidelių skirtumų vertinant šeimyninių kompetencijų, siejamų su vaidmenimis šeimoje, ir taisyklių laikymosi svarbą tapsmui suaugusiuoju
„Jūsų NEO išvada“: validus ir Barnumo efektu grįstas grįžtamojo ryšio suteikimo būdas?
Get PDFGiving feedback to a study participant is often a challenge to a researcher. To cope with this challenge, many short or automated feedback systems are used. Despite their convenience for the researcher, it is unclear if these instruments do not suffer from the Barnum effect – a tendency to perceive personality feedback as accurate, despite its being valid or invalid. “Your NEO Summary” is one of these instruments that provide quick feedback, so it is important to investigate its validity and determine if it is perceived as accurate not due to the Barnum effect.The feedback sheet is a one-page summary used to provide a quick feedback for the NEO PI-R and NEO-FFI questionnaires. At the top of the page, there is a short introduction about the test used and about the summary sheet, and below there are 15 statements that describe all of the Big Five traits at different levels: highly expressed, averagely expressed, and lightly or not at all expressed. The person giving feedback just checks the boxes next to the statements adequate to the person being evaluated.Creators of the NEO PI-R and NEO-FFI questionnaires have done some research to prove the validity of the “Your NEO Summary” and have concluded that the information provided in the summary is valid (Costa ir McCrae, 2012, p. 59). However, there remain some unanswered questions: since we were able to find just one study that provides information on the validity of the NEO summary sheet, more research on the topic is clearly needed; furthermore, despite the fact that the NEI PI-R and NEO-FFI questionnaires show the universality of the Big Five traits through cultures (McCrae, 2005; Schmitt, Allik, McCrae, & Benet-Martinez, 2007), there is some evidence to indicate a degree of cultural specificity of some of the Big Five traits (Allik, 2005; Triandis & Suh, 2002). Therefore, it is important to determine whether an instrument that accurately provides feedback to people in the USA can also provide accurate and meaningful feedback to Lithuanians.The aim of this study was to determine whether “Your NEO Summary” and its component statements are valid. To realize this aim, three studies were carried out. In the first study, we tested whether a real summary sheet is perceived as more accurate than an inverted one.In the first study, 269 university students filled in the NEO-FFI questionnaire and were promised feedback; they were informed that the aim of the study was to determine the validity of the feedback; 176 students (44 males, 132 females) came back to receive the feedback. Some of the participants got their real summary and some got an inverted one. The inversion was made so that the statement in the summary was as far from the truth as possible, so for a person whose personality T scores of a given trait were less than or equal to 50, we checked the statement in the summary sheet which indicated a highly expressed trait. If a person’s T score was above 50, we checked the statement indicating a low trait expression. After reading their personality feedback, participants were asked to turn over their sheets and answer the question printed on the back: they were asked to evaluate the accuracy of their feedback on a scale of 1 to 6, 1 being entirely inaccurate and 6 being entirely accurate. We found that the group that received the real (M = 5.04) “Your NEO Summary” perceived it as more accurate than did the group that received an inverted one (M = 4.31), and the effect was moderate (U = 2051.5, Z = –4.284, p < 0.001, r = 0.32).In the second study, we analysed the relationship between the Big Five traits as measured by the NEO-FFI questionnaire, and the component statements of the “Your NEO Summary”. For this purpose, we constructed a form containing all of the feedback statements, making sure that no two statements describing the same trait were next to one another. These statements were also depersonalized. Each statement was evaluated on a seven-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (“describes me completely inaccurately”) to 7 (“describes me completely accurately”). University students participating in the study (N = 101, 38 males, 63 females) first filled in the NEO-FFI questionnaires and then the prepared form.Correlational analysis determined that all but one of the feedback statements that indicated either high or low trait expression were correlated to the Big Five traits in the predicted direction: evaluations of the accuracy of statements describing the low expression were negatively correlated, and statements indicating a high expression were positively correlated with the Big Five traits. Some of the correlations were particularly high; for example, the correlation between the evaluation of the statement indicating a high extroversion was highly correlated with the trait of extroversion (rs = 0.775, p < 0.01). However, the evaluation of the statement indicating a high openness with experience did not correlate with the trait of openness to experience (rs = –0.063, p > 0.05).Since the relationship between personality traits and the statements indicating the average trait expression is obviously non-linear, we conducted a repeated measure analysis to determine which of the three possible summary statements of a given trait is perceived as the most accurate in the group of people whose T scores of that trait were between 45 and 55. We found that only the statements indicating the average neuroticism and extroversion were evaluated as the most accurate; in all other cases, we found that statements of a high trait expression were evaluated as the most accurate.In the third study, we repeated the procedure of the second study, but instead of the NEO-FFI questionnaire we used the NEO PI-R questionnaire; 82 university students (22 males, 60 females) participated in this study.We found correlations similar to those described in the second study. However, openness to experience was found to be negatively correlated with the evaluation of the feedback statement indicating low openness to experience (rs = –0.226, p < 0.05) and the evaluation of the statement indicating a high openness to experience was not significantly correlated with openness to experience (rs = 0.215, p > 0.05). This is in contrast to what we found in the second study, and it might indicate that the NEO PI-R questionnaire items more accurately describe the behaviour presented in the statement. Also, the trait of openness to experience was found to be negatively correlated with the evaluation of the statement indicating high conscientiousness (rs = –0.359, p < 0.01).In the cases of neuroticism, extroversion, and conscientiousness, the facets of the Big Five traits were found to be adequately correlated with the evaluation of the corresponding feedback statements; the correlations were fairly strong and in the predicted direction. However, some facets of the trait of agreeableness, namely straightforwardness (A2) and modesty (A5), did not significantly correlate with the evaluation of the feedback statement indicating high agreeableness. In the case of openness to experience, it was found that only one of its facets was correlated with the evaluation of the corresponding feedback statements, namely openness to actions (O4). The facet of openness to values (O6) was found only to be negatively correlated with the feedback statement indicating low openness to experience. Other facets of this trait showed no significant correlations with the corresponding feedback statements.A repeated measure analysis showed that the participants whose T scores of a given trait were between 45 and 55 evaluated the feedback statement indicating an averagely expressed trait as the most accurate, the only exception being the trait of openness to experience, in which case the feedback statement indicating a highly expressed openness to experience was evaluated as the most accurate.The results of the first study indicate that the “Your NEO Summary” is perceived as accurate not only because of the Barnum effect, but also because of its validity.As found in the second and third studies, the correlations between the evaluation of the feedback statements and personality traits and their facets were mostly adequately high and in the predicted direction. These results, therefore, show that the “Your NEO Summary” is mostly valid, albeit there were some problems with the feedback statements indicating openness to experience.The openness to experience scale in the Lithuanian translation of the NEO PI-R questionnaire shows quite good psychometric properties, so the predicted correlations should be found at least with this questionnaire; however it should be noted that openness to experience encompasses a lot of conceptually different facets (Griffin & Hesketh, 2004), and we might see a lack of correlations because of this property of the trait in question, or because the statements indicating openness to experience do not encompass the whole trait of openness to experience and describe only one facet of the trait, namely openness to actions.Whatever the cause of the inconsistency, we recommend researchers to provide more detailed feedback about the trait of openness to experience and its facets. It is also noteworthy that some of the correlations between the evaluation of the feedback statements and the Big Five traits were quite high, so researchers should also provide more detailed feedback about these traits and their facets as well since the feedback statements provide information that is apparent and therefore non-informative.We also noticed that those participants who had averagely expressed personality traits sometimes viewed feedback statements of apparent high social desirability to be more characteristic of them. This effect, however, was minimal.This study had some limitations. Participants in all the studies were students, so research with a more representative sample is needed. The feedback inversion scheme used in the first study was quite simplistic, and further research should be done using the statements that describe more than three levels of trait expression. Also, the ratio of participants in the first study could also be considered a limitation.Siekiant paprastai ir greitai suteikti grįžtamąjį ryšį asmenims, užpildžiusiems asmenybės testus, dažnai naudojamos trumpos standartizuotos formos. Tokios grįžtamojo ryšio priemonės dėl savo trumpumo gali būti laikomos tiksliomis nebūtinai dėl savo validumo, tačiau dėl Barnumo efekto – tendencijos pateikti atsakymą apie asmenybę ir kai gauta informacija yra validi, ir kai ne. Vienas greitų būdų pateikti asmenybės išvadas, kai naudojami NEO PI-R bei NEO-FFI asmenybės klausimynai, yra „Jūsų NEO išvada“. Jos kūrėjai Costa ir McCrae teigia, jog ši grįžtamojo ryšio teikimo priemonė yra validi ir informatyvi (Costa ir McCrae, 2012), tačiau to empirinių įrodymų negausu.Siekiant įvertinti „Jūsų NEO išvados“ validumą, atlikti trys tyrimai. Pirmuoju tyrimu (N = 269) buvo aiškinamasi, kaip vertinamas tikros ir invertuotos „Jūsų NEO išvados“ tikslumas. Aptikta, kad tikra išvada laikoma tikslesne, todėl ji pasižymi validumu ir priimama ne vien dėl Barnumo efekto. Antrasis (N = 101) ir trečiasis (N = 82) tyrimas buvo skirti ištirti atskirų „Jūsų NEO išvados “ teiginių validumui, ieškant jų tinkamumo vertinimo sąsajų su penkiais asmenybės matmenimis, matuotais NEO PI-R bei NEO-FFI klausimynais. Buvo aptikta, kad „Jūsų NEO išvada“ daugiausia yra validi, tačiau jos teiginiai, įvardijantys atvirumą patyrimui, nebūtinai atspindi visą atvirumo patyrimui matmenį. Taip pat buvo aptikta, kad kai kurie išvados teiginių vertinimai gana stipriai siejasi su asmenybės matmenų įverčiais, todėl gali būti neinformatyvūs
Skirtingo amžiaus ir lyties žmonių dviženklių skaičių automatinis apdorojimas
Get PDFCurrently, there is a growing body of papers on the topic about two-digit (2D) number processing. Separate studies revealed the importance of subjects’ age (e. g., Nuerk, Kaufmann et al., 2004) and sex (Pletzer et al., 2013) in a 2D number representation. The aim of this study was to investigate an automatic 2D number processing in people of different age and sex. 2nd graders (average age 8 years and 5 months), 4th graders (average age 10 years and 5 months), and adults (average age 27 years and 2 months) performed two experimental tasks in which they had to judge the numeric or monetary value of presented stimuli (e. g., which is more, 82 ct or 14 Lt). Results were obtained by totalizing the reaction time and error rate. In statistical analysis, the Wilcoxon criteria were used to distinguish the difference in each participants’ group between blocks of different stimuli. In addition, the results were counted for each participant individually. As in previous studies (e. g., Chan et al., 2011), 2nd graders, 4th graders and adults processed 2D numbers automatically. In this study, 2nd graders processed two-digit numbers in a holistic fashion, while 4th graders and adults used a decomposed parallel processing. The ‘holistic’ 2D number processing in children can be explained as a ‘transition’ stage between decomposed sequential and decomposed parallel. The ‘holistic’ result may derive from approximately equal frequency in using sequential and parallel ways of processing.The data did not support the hypothesis that during adulthood, males process two-digit numbers in a different fashion from females. In this study, both sexes processed 2D numbers in the same way (decomposed parallel). In contrast, Pletzer et al. (2013) found the holistic 2D number processing to prevail in males. In this paper, potential influences on this difference are discussed. First, it could be due to different languages, or it could be due to experiment arrangement. The probability of the same participant using different strategies in response to different (simple or more complex) stimuli is suggested.Vis daugėja straipsnių dviženklių skaičių apdorojimo tema. Tyrimai atskleidžia, kad įtakos dviženklių skaičių apdorojimo būdui turi tyrimo dalyvių amžius ir lytis. Šio tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti skirtingo amžiaus ir lyties žmonių dviženklių skaičų automatinį apdorojimą. II klasės mokiniai (amžius M = 8 m. 5 mėn.), IV klasės mokiniai (M = 10 m. 5 mėn.) ir suaugusieji (M = 27 m. 2 mėn.) atliko dvi eksperimentines užduotis, kuriose turėjo palyginti stimulų pinigų ženklų arba skaitinę vertę (pvz., kas daugiau – 78 ct ar 21 Lt). Išvados gautos apskaičiavus reakcijos laiką ir klaidų skaičių. Nustatyta, kad dviženklių skaičių apdorojimo automatiškumas būdingas visoms trims tyrimo dalyvių grupėms. II klasės mokiniams būdingas visuminis dviženklių skaičių apdorojimo būdas, IV klasės mokiniams ir suaugusiesiems – išskaidytas lygiagretusis