Psichologija
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    Psichologijos mokslo raidos Lietuvoje kiekybiniai atspindžiai žurnalų „Lietuvos TSR aukštųjų mokyklų mokslo darbai. Pedagogika ir psichologija“ ir „Psichologija. Mokslo darbai“ 1962–2015 metų straipsniuose

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    The 19th and 20th centuries were extremely turbulent in Lithuanian history, being at the frontline of the World War I and II, subsequent occupations, mass deportations and other significant historical events. This history is reflected in the development of psychological science in Lithuania. Quite a few studies have been conducted on the development of psychology in Lithuania: general analyses, analysis concerning the joining of psychologists into professional organizations, studies of important personalities, articles concerning institutions or theoretical schools (Kern, 2012). However, there is a lack of studies analyzing the history of scientific psychology. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the development of psychological science in the oldest Lithuanian journal of scientific psychology “Lietuvos TSR aukštųjų mokyklų mokslo darbai. Pedagogika ir psichologija“ (1962–1977) and “Psichologija. Mokslo darbai” (1980–2015) taking into account research designs, types of articles, research topics, kinds of statistical analysis, and the language that the article was written in. A quantitative analysis of 457 articles was performed. The articles were coded for language (Lithuanian, English, Russian), types (an empirical study or not); research topic (cognitive psychology, personality psychology, social psychology, etc.), research design (experimental, correlational, etc.), statistical data analysis (descriptive, inferential or multivariate statistics). The results indicate that up until 1990 about 60–70% of articles were written in Lithuanian and the rest in Russian. From 1990 onward, most articles are still in Lithuanian (80–90%) and the rest in English. The increase of empirical studies begins in 2000–2009. The current percentage of empirical studies (80%) seems adequate when compared to other journals in the discipline. Three main groups of research topics could be distinguished: 1) research topics that have never been popular, for example, psychology of conscious states or biological psychology; 2) research topics that decreased in popularity, for example, cognitive or pedagogical psychology; 3) research topics which, because of ideological repressions, became popular just before the re-establishment of Lithuania’s independence, for example, clinical psychology. The analysis of different time periods also shows that the experimental design has become less prevalent in the studies. However, more studies started using the correlational design. By investigating statistical procedures in empirical papers, it became apparent that the Lithuanian psychological science lagged behind in this respect, probably because of the “Iron curtain” which separated Lithuania from the rest of the world for a long time. In summary, 1990 was the breaking point which brought many changes into the Lithuanian psychological science because of the end of censorship. After the Lithuania’s re-establishment of independence, papers in the journal “Psichologija. Mokslo darbai” are becoming much closer to the world trends of psychological research.Straipsnyje išanalizuota nuo 1962 iki 1977 metų žurnale „Lietuvos TSR aukštųjų mokyklų mokslo darbai. Pedagogika ir psichologija“ bei nuo 1980 iki 2015 metų žurnale „Psichologija. Mokslo darbai“ publikuotų straipsnių kalba, tematika, tipai, tyrimo planai ir duomenų statistinės analizės būdai. Atlikus kiekybinę 457 straipsnių analizę, darytina išvada, kad galime įžvelgti akivaizdų lūžio tašką – 1990 metus. Iki nepriklausomybės atkūrimo parengti straipsniai buvo ideologiškai suvaržyti, statistinės analizės metodai atsiliko nuo pasaulinių tendencijų, o atkūrus nepriklausomybę publikuojami straipsniai gana artimi pasaulinėms tendencijoms

    Darbuotojų socializacijos, darbinio ir pilietiško elgesio bei tapatumo organizacijai sąsajos

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    Employee socialization is closely related to the wide range of positive attitudinal outcomes (Cooper-Thomas & Anderson, 2006; Saks & Gruman, 2011); however, less attention in the empirical studies is paid to the behavioral consequences. This study aims to analyze the relationships between employee socialization aspects, organizational identification, in-role and organizational citizenship behaviors, and to analyze the results in relation with the employee tenure. In particular, this study posits that, first, socialization aspects predict the in-role, citizenship behaviors and organizational identification and, second, identification moderates the relationships between employee socialization dimensions and in-role, and citizenship behaviors. The sample was composed of 129 non-managerial employees from private sector Lithuanian organizations. The following measures were included in the questionnaire: socialization scales (Chao’ O’Leary-Kelly, Wolf, Klein, & Gardner, 1994), prospects for the future scale (Taormina, 1994), the organizational identification scale (Mael & Ashforth, 1992), in-role (Williams & Anderson, 1991) and citizenship behavior (Bagdžiūnienė, Lazauskaitė-Zabielskė, & Urbanavičiūtė, 2013) scales. The hierarchical regression analysis revealed the following predictors for the socialization outcomes: for employees who work less than one year, citizenship behavior is predicted by history, language and politics, and organizational identification is predicted by goals and values; for employees working more than one year, citizenship behavior is predicted by goals and values, and organizational identification by future prospects. Performance proficiency predicts the in-role behavior in both subsamples. Organizational identification moderates the relationships between socialization dimensions and in-role, and citizenship behaviors: organizational goals and values, politics and future prospects predict the in-role behavior, and performance proficiency predicts citizenship behaviors when the level of organizational identification is high. The results prove the necessity to develop and systematically apply in organizations human resource management practices enhancing employee socialization and to analyze in-role, citizenship behaviors and organizational identification as the socialization success outcome indicators.Straipsnyje analizuojami darbuotojų socializacijos organizacijoje reiškinys, sąsajos su darbiniu ir pilietišku elgesiu bei tapatumu organizacijai ir tapatumo vaidmuo socializacijos ir elgesio darbe ryšiams. Šios srities tyrimų nėra daug, o kaip teigia Cooper-Thomas ir Anderson (2006), darbinis ir pilietiškas elgesys bei socialinis sutelktumas yra socializacijos indikatoriai, padedantys įvertinti socializacijos veiksmingumą ir rengti pagrįstas socializacijos priemonių sistemas. Tyrime dalyvavo 129 nevadovaujamas pareigas einantys privačių organizacijų darbuotojai (54,3 % dirba iki vienerių metų, 45,7 % – ilgiau nei metus). Tyrimo metodas – anketinė apklausa. Rezultatai: darbinį elgesį prognozuoja veiklos dimensija, pilietišką – profesinės kalbos išmokimas, politikos bei organizacijos tikslų ir vertybių perėmimas, tapatumą organizacijai – tikslų ir vertybių bei ateities ir karjeros perspektyvų rodikliai. Kai tapatumas organizacijai aukštas, ilgiau nei metus dirbančių darbuotojų darbinį elgesį stiprina tikslų ir vertybių, politikos bei ateities perpektyvų, o pilietišką elgesį – veiklos rodiklis

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    Klausimų eiliškumo efektai vertinant tvarios elgsenos socialines normas: lyčių skirtumai

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    Sustainable behavior is an important and increasingly popular field of research, but the question order effects that may occur in descriptive and injunctive sustainable behavior norm measurements remain largely unexplored. Even less attention is drawn to gender differences that may be present in question order effects. In the present study, we have investigated the question order effects and their gender differences in measurements of descriptive and injunctive social norms directed at sustainable behavior. For the purposes of the study, three questionnaires were constructed, each questionnaire consisting of 16 items half of which were directed at injunctive and half at descriptive social norms. The questionnaires differed only in the order in which the items were presented. Engineering, art, and social science students from various Lithuanian universities participated in the study (N = 296). The participants were equally distributed by gender, their mean age was 20 years (SD = 1.5). Participants were asked to fill in the questionnaires during lectures, and each participant was randomly assigned to fill in one of three types of questionnaires. The results have shown that the evaluations of injunctive and descriptive social norms were sensitive to the question order. When priming participants with one type of social norm, the evaluation of the other type of social norm was affected. Presenting questionnaire items in random order did not cancel priming; rather, it made both types of social norms salient at the same time, and therefore norm measurements of this group did not differ from those that were obtained under priming. The further analysis indicated that the question order effects were present only in the female sample. We recommend presenting questionnaire items directed at descriptive and injunctive social norms in random order. When measuring just one type of social norm, we would recommend adding items directed at the other type of social norm as well, in order to obtain data that would be more comparable with other studies.Tvari elgsena yra svarbi ir populiarėjanti tyrimų kryptis, tačiau klausimų eiliškumo efektai, galintys pasireikšti vertinant privalomąsias ir apsakomąsias tvarios elgsenos normas, nėra ištirti. Dar mažiau dėmesio kreipiama į lyčių skirtumus, kurie galbūt egzistuoja pasireiškiant klausimų eiliškumo efektams. Šiuo tyrimu siekiama įvertinti klausimų eiliškumo efektus ir jų pasireiškimo skirtumus tarp lyčių, vertinant privalomąsias ir apsakomąsias tvarios elgsenos socialines normas. Tyrimo tikslais buvo sudaryti trys klausimynai po 16 teiginių. Pusė teiginių buvo skirti privalomosioms, pusė – apsakomosioms socialinėms normoms. Klausimynai skyrėsi tik klausimų pateikimo eiliškumu. Tyrime dalyvavo 296 inžinerijos, menų bei socialinių mokslų studentai iš įvairių Lietuvos universitetų. Tyrimo dalyviai buvo vienodai pasiskirstę pagal lytį, jų amžiaus vidurkis – 20 metų (SD = 1,5). Dalyvių buvo prašoma užpildyti klausimynus per paskaitas. Kiekvienas dalyvis atsitiktinai gavo vieną iš trijų galimų klausimyno variantų. Rezultatai parodė, jog privalomųjų ir apsakomųjų socialinių normų vertinimai priklausė nuo klausimų eiliškumo. Parengus tyrimo dalyvius teiginiais apie vienokio pobūdžio socialines normas, kitokio pobūdžio socialinių normų vertinimai pakito. Teiginius pateikus atsitiktine tvarka, parengtis nebuvo neutralizuota; šiuo atveju abiejų rūšių socialinės normos buvo iškeltos į sąmonę ir jų įverčiai nesiskyrė nuo veikiant parengčiai gautų įverčių. Tolesnė analizė atskleidė, kad eiliškumo efektai pasireiškė tik moterų imtyje. Rekomenduojame teiginius, skirtus privalomosioms ir apsakomosioms socialinėms normoms, pateikti atsitiktine tvarka. Norint įvertinti tik vienos rūšies socialines normas, rekomenduojame į klausimyną įtraukti ir kitos rūšies socialines normas vertinančius teiginius, siekiant gauti rezultatus, tinkančius lyginti su kitais tyrimais. &nbsp

    Savižudybes aprašančių straipsnių komentarų turinys: priežasčių ieškojimas, požiūris ir mitai

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    Both researchers and society agree that the high rate of suicide is one of the painful problems in Lithuania. Extraordinary accidents of violence, suicide cases attract the media attention. The previous research has revealed that articles describing suicides have an impact on suicide rates. Furthermore, the majority of media articles are moved to the Internet which makes the information easily available. Readers have the possibility to react and write a comment. The problem is that the reactions expressed by commentators, incorrectly describing the suicide cases, can influence readers’ attitudes and affect the stereotypes and beliefs that suicide is a good way of solving problems. The content analysis of comments on articles describing suicide has not yet been performed in Lithuania. The aim of the study is to analyze and describe the content of the comments which were written as a reaction to the articles describing suicide. The purpose is to reveal attitudes toward suicide and a self-murderer, myths about suicide, and attempts to search for the reasons of suicides. The content analysis was performed for 619 comments from the online newspaper www.lrytas.lt. The validity of content categories was assessed with a second rater procedure. The agreement percentage among the raters ranged from 95 to 99 and Cohen’s kappa from 0.7 to 1 throughout the categories. After the first evaluation of the content for this research 385 which were suitable for the further analysis were selected. These comments formulate the attitude towards a person who committed suicide as a coward, emotionally hurt, guilty for this act and mentally deranged. The attitude towards suicide is contradictory: commentators equivalently have expressed both the acceptability and the condemnation of suicide. The common reasons for suicide are seen as a fault of the surroundings, loneliness, and mental disability. Some comments constitute the expressed doubt on suicide as the cause of death and raise the question about homicide alternatively. It can be seen that in comments there exist a few myths about suicide: “only mentally deranged people commit suicide”, “only rich or poor commit suicide”, “to attempt a suicide means the desire to attract attention and compassion”. The results of this study indicate the prevailing negative attitude towards the self-murderer; therefore, they can encounter misunderstanding and even rejection from society. Half of commentators have shown acceptance of suicide and faulty beliefs about it, so this is why more efforts are still needed to educate society to understand the suicide objectively.Žiniasklaidoje pateikiami pranešimai apie savižudybes prisideda prie jų skaičiaus kitimo. Lietuvoje nėra aptinkama straipsnyje aprašomo savižudybės atvejo komentarų turinio analizė. Šiame straipsnyje pristatomo tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti ir aprašyti komentarų, kuriais atsiliepiama į savižudybę aprašantį straipsnį, turinį. Siekiama atskleisti komentaruose vyraujančias nuostatas savižudžio ir savižudybės atžvilgiu, savižudybės vertinimo stereotipus, polinkį ieškoti savižudybės priežasties. Atlikta 619 komentarų, surinktų lrytas.lt interneto puslapyje, turinio analizė. Įvertinus jų turinį, tyrimui naudojami 385 interpretuotini komentarai. Juose dažniausiai fiksuojamas požiūris į savižudį kaip į bailį, įskaudintą, psichiškai nesveiką ir kaltą. Savižudybei pritaria ir ją smerkia panašus kiekis komentavusiųjų. Dažniausiai komentaruose įvardijamos savižudybės priežastys – aplinkos, aplinkinių kaltė, vienatvė, psichikos liga, ir vyksta savižudybės neigimas (svarstoma nužudymo versija). Komentaruose egzistuoja tokie mitai apie savižudybę: „nusižudo psichiškai nesveiki“, „žudosi arba turtingi, arba vargšai“, „bandymas žudytis – tai noras gauti užuojautos ir dėmesio“.Šio tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad vyrauja neigiamas požiūris į savižudį, todėl bandžiusieji žudytis gali sulaukti nepritarimo, nesupratimo ir dar didesnio atstūmimo. Pusės komentatorių pritarimas savižudybei ir klaidingos nuomonės apie savižudybes turėjimas rodo, kad vis dar reikia pastangų mokyti visuomenę objektyviai suvokti savižudybę ir galimas jos priežastis

    Atliekų rūšiavimo prognozavimas į planuoto elgesio teoriją įtraukus moralės normas

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    The theory of planned behavior is a popular and well grounded model of predicting and explaining behavior; however, some researchers propose that in the case of sustainable behavior the model could benefit from the inclusion of moral norms as an additional variable. A paper-and-pencil survey has been carried out to test the assumption that the addition of moral norms can improve the theory of planned behavior in the case of recycling behavior. A sample of 142 university students participated in the study, their mean age was 20 years (SD = 2.5). Participants filled in questionnaires that measured constructs of the theory of planned behavior and moral norms regarding recycling. The results have shown that in the case of recycling behavior, the addition of moral norms to the theory of planned behavior increases the amount of explained behavioral variance. These findings suggest that when using the theory of planned behavior for recycling and perhaps sustainable behavior in general, researchers should consider adding moral norms as an additional predictor of behavioral intention and perhaps behavior as well.Planuoto elgesio teorija yra populiarus ir tvirtai pagrįstas modelis, kuriuo prognozuojama ir aiškinama elgsena. Kai kurie tyrėjai, tiriantys tvarią elgseną, mano, kad planuoto elgesio teoriją galima pagerinti į ją kaip papildomą kintamąjį įtraukus moralės normas. Atlikta apklausa, kurios tikslas – patikrinti prielaidą, kad moralės normos gali pagerinti planuoto elgesio teoriją bent tuo atveju, kai tiriama atliekų rūšiavimo elgsena. Apklausti 142 universiteto studentai, kurių amžiaus vidurkis buvo 20 metų (SD = 2,5). Dalyviai užpildė klausimynus, kuriais vertinti planuoto elgesio teorijos konstruktai bei moralės normos rūšiavimo elgsenos atžvilgiu. Atskleista, kad atliekų rūšiavimo atveju, įtraukus moralės normas į planuoto elgesio teoriją, modelis leidžia paaiškinti daugiau elgsenos. Tokie rezultatai rodytų, kad, naudojant planuoto elgesio teoriją, tiriant rūšiavimo ar apskritai tvarią elgseną, prasminga į modelį įtraukti moralės normas kaip papildomą ketinimo elgtis ar netgi elgsenos prediktorių

    Įsipareigojimas organizacijai – darbuotojų profesinio perdegimo rizikos ar saugos veiksnys?

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    Organizational commitment is an important factor in the prediction of lower absenteeism, greater work motivation, citizenship behavior, and work productivity. Some authors argue that the greater employees’ organizational commitment decreases professional burnout as well. However, recent studies usually employ the emotional component of commitment in such kind of investigations, while continuance and normative commitment are under-investigated. The literature suggests that the development of the components of organizational commitment is related to different reasons and leads to different subsequences of employees’ thinking and behavior.Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the importance of three components of organizational commitment (emotional, continuance, and normative) for the employees’ burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and professional efficacy). It was predicted that a greater emotional commitment would be negatively related to emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and positively related to professional efficacy. The greater continuance commitment would be positively related to emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and negatively related to professional efficacy. The greater normative commitment would be positively related to emotional exhaustion and professional efficacy.In the research, 879 employees from organizations of various size and type participated. There were 402 men and 477 women. They completed the revised version of the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (Meyer, Allen, & Smith, 1993) which assesses the emotional, normative and continuous commitment, and the Lithuanian version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory MBI-GS (Maslach et al., 1996) which assesses depersonalization, emotional exhaustion and professional efficacy. In order to analyze the interaction among the variables, the linear regression analysis was used. This study highlighted the importance of organizational commitment for employees’ burnout. The results showed that the affective and normative commitment may be an important predictor of a lower emotional exhaustion (β ranged from –0.262 to –0.136) and depersonalization (β ranged from –0.324 to –0.196) of employees. Only emotional commitment can predict greater professional efficacy (β = 0.228). Therefore, the affective and normative commitment should be treated as a preventive factor from burnout, while continuance commitment can predict a stronger employees’ depersonalization (β = 0.142) as well as a higher emotional exhaustion (β = 0.096) and can be attributed to the risk factors in the formation of professional burnout.The findings suggest that organizational commitment can be a useful predictor of employees’ professional burnout, but the different components of organizational commitment should be taken into account.Prieštaringi tyrimų rezultatai nepateikia aiškaus atsakymo, kaip įsipareigojimas organizacijai veikia darbuotojo psichologinę savijautą darbe. Todėl tyrimu siekiama nustatyti darbuotojų įsipareigojimo organizacijai reikšmę jų profesiniam perdegimui. 879 darbuotojai, dirbantys skirtingose įvairaus dydžio ir paskirties organizacijose, užpildė klausimyną, sudarytą iš koreguotosios Įsipareigojimo organizacijai klausimyno versijos (Meyer, Allen, & Smith, 1993 ) ir Maslach profesinio perdegimo klausimyno bendrosios skalės lietuviškosios versijos (MBI–GS, Schaufeli, Leiter, Maslach, & Jackson, 1996). Siekiant prognozuoti darbuotojų nuasmeninimo, emocinio išsekimo ir darbo efektyvumo ypatumus, naudoti tiesinės daugialypės regresinės analizės modeliai. Nustatyta, kad stipresnis emocinis ir normatyvinis įsipareigojimas organizacijai yra reikšmingi kriterijai prognozuojant mažesnį darbuotojų emocinį išsekimą ir polinkį į nuasmeninimą. Tačiau tvirtesnis tęstinis įsipareigojimas gali sustiprinti darbuotojų polinkį į nuasmeninimą. Be to, tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad darbuotojo darbo efektyvumui reikšmės turi tik emocinis įsipareigojimo komponentas – stipriau emociškai įsipareigoję organizacijai darbuotojai darbe jaučiasi efektyviau dirbą

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    Gimimo datų atsiminimas: atmintis kaip nuoseklus samprotavimas

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    In a descriptive study, participants were asked to recall family members’ dates of birth and describe their recall experience. The recall protocols were analyzed both in terms of the phenomenological method and performance measures. The phenomenological analysis showed that birth date recall was often mediated by referent objects that bore a logical relationship to the target date unit. Performance measures, for their part, revealed a close relationship between the use of a rule-based referent object and the recall accuracy for date of birth. Furthermore, these findings are discussed in relation to the memory for time of events literature, focusing especially on the equivalence and difference of reference objects and on the presence of scale effects.Straipsnyje pristatomi aprašomojo pobūdžio (kokybine analize grįsto) epizodinės atminties – artimųjų gimimo datų atsiminimo – tyrimo rezultatai. Tyrimo dalyviai turėjo prisiminti savo šeimos narių gimimo datas ir aprašyti šio atsiminimo patirtį. Buvo atliktos atsiminimo patirties protokolų fenomenologinė ir atlikties analizės. Fenomenologinė analizė parodė, kad gimimo datos atsiminimas dažniausiai buvo lemiamas pradinio atskaitos taško, kuris loginiu ryšiu siejosi su data, kurią stengtasi prisiminti. Atlikties matavimas atskleidė sąsajas tarp taisykle grįsto atskaitos objekto naudojimo ir gimimo datos atsiminimo tikslumo (atitikimo tikrovės). Straipsnyje šie rezultatai aptariami juos susiejant su literatūra apie laiko ir įvykių atmintį, ypač atkreipiant dėmesį į atskaitos objektų panašumus ir skirtumus bei skalės efekto pasireiškimą

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