Lietuvos istorijos studijos
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Volgos regiono ir Uralo tiurkų tautų muzikos instrumentai
Get PDFNational musical instruments are part of the culture and history of the people. They reflect the characteristics, temperament and mentality of the people, the conditions for their formation as an ethnos. Variety, rich sound, unusual melody pattern – national musical instruments create all this. Every ancient musical culture has its origins in ancient rites. Folk music of the Turkic peoples of the Volga region and the Urals was no exception. Singing was accompanied by pagan and mystical sacraments, holidays, household and daily rituals such as hunting, harvesting and much more, including military campaigns.
The sound of folk instruments has a specific musical pattern and voice that distinguishes the musical instruments of the Turkic peoples from other ethnic groups that have settled since ancient times in the Urals and the Volga region. This is due to the fact that the Tatars and Bashkirs have always preferred melodic musical instruments that allow performing a branched, rich melody in a wide range. Although the list of musical instruments has about fifty varieties, this article analyses the most characteristic and ancient ones.Nacionaliniai muzikos instrumentai yra tautos kultūros ir istorijos dalis. Jie atspindi žmonių charakterius, temperamentą ir mentalitetą, jų, kaip etnoso, formavimosi sąlygas. Įvairovė, sodrus skambesys, neįprasta melodijos linija – visa tai sukuria liaudies muzikos instrumentai. Kiekvienos senovinės muzikos kultūros šaknys glūdi senovinėse apeigose. Volgos regiono ir Uralo tiurkų tautų liaudies muzika nebuvo išimtis. Dainavimas lydėjo pagoniškus ir mistinius sakramentus, šventes, buities ir kasdienius ritualus, tokius kaip medžioklė, derliaus nuėmimas ir daug kitų, įskaitant ir karo žygius.
Liaudies instrumentų garsas yra ypatingas. Tiurkų tautų muzikos instrumentai išsiskiria savita muzikine melodija ir skambesiu iš kitų etninių grupių, nuo seno apsigyvenusių Urale ir Volgos regione, muzikos instrumentų. Taip yra dėl to, kad totoriai ir baškirai visada pirmenybę teikė melodingiems muzikos instrumentams, leidžiantiems atlikti šakotą, sodrią melodiją plačiu diapazonu. Nors muzikos instrumentų sąrašą galėtų sudaryti net apie penkiasdešimt įvairių vienetų, šiame straipsnyje analizuojami būdingiausi ir seniausi iš jų
Įtampų slopintojas vel teisėjas, vel valdininkas: taikos tarpininkas pobaudžiaviniame kaime
Get PDFThe article examines how the modern position of the peace arbitrator, the idea of which was borrowed from the ‘court of arbitration’ functioning in the Western world, emerged and was used in the governance structure of the Russian Empire. It reveals the role of the peace arbitrator in the administration and transformation of the post-serfdom village in the governorates of Vilnius, Kaunas, and Hrodna. The following stages in the activities of peace arbitrators are distinguished: (1) 1861–1862, when local landowners chosen as peace arbitrators managed the post-serfdom village, and (2) the time after the 1863–1864 uprising, when attempts were made to turn the Russian peace arbitrators, who had replaced the landowners in this role, into a tool of the Russification of the village. The analysis reveals the independence of the activities of peace arbitrators, which used to cause conflicts with the governorate authorities, police, and military structures.Straipsnyje nagrinėjama, kaip Rusijos imperijos valdymo struktūroje atsirado ir buvo panaudota moderni taikos tarpininko pareigybė, kurios idėja buvo nusižiūrėta iš Vakarų valstybėse veikusio trečiųjų teismo. Atskleidžiamas taikos tarpininko vaidmuo administruojant ir pertvarkant pobaudžiavinį kaimą Vilniaus, Kauno ir Gardino gubernijose. Išskiriami taikos tarpininkų veiklos etapai: 1861–1862 m., kai pobaudžiaviniame kaime tvarkėsi taikos tarpininkais parinkti vietiniai dvarininkai, ir laikas po 1863–1864 m. sukilimo, kai juos pakeitusius rusų kilmės taikos tarpininkus mėginta paversti kaimo rusinimo įrankiu. Analizė atskleidė taikos tarpininkų veiklos savarankiškumą, tapdavusį konfliktų su gubernijų valdžia, policinėmis ir karinėmis struktūromis priežastimi
Ar įmanomas mažumos ir daugumos kompromisas?
Get PDFRec.: Kari Alenius, Saulius Kaubrys, Balancing Between National Unity and Multiculturism: National Minorities in Lithuania and Finland 1918–1939, Paderborn: Brill Schoning, 2022
Paminklas pirmosioms e. paveldo versijoms
Get PDFApie Tito Krutulio disertaciją „Istoriniai pasakojimai Lietuvos periodinėje spaudoje lietuvių kalba 1904–1944 m.“ ir jos gynimą / On Titas Krutulys’ Thesis „Historical Narratives in the Lithuanian Periodical Press in Lithuanian Language from 1904 to 1944
Žygiai į Prūsiją: apie periferinio reiškinio pažintinę vertę
Get PDFThis article not only introduces new sources that underline the importance of the march to Prussia (Preußenreisen) for the nobility of Western Europe at the time, but also highlights the challenges they faced along the way, including encounters with marauders, adverse natural conditions and captivity. These campaigns provide a detailed insight into the life of European nobility: how nobles inspired by literary ideals embarked on long journeys, visited various courts and feasted with other knights, and finally how European chivalry conceived itself on these campaigns. The story tells how from the westernmost corner of Europe they travelled to the East and, on their return, tried to make sense of their journeys (despite the enormous expense) through places of memory. In addition, this study explores how the Teutonic Order faced the new challenge of seeking new legitimacy after the baptism of Lithuania and Samogitia.Šiame straipsnyje ne tik pristatomi nauji šaltiniai, kurie pabrėžia žygių į Prūsiją (Preußenreisen) reikšmę to meto Vakarų Europos diduomenei, bet ir atkreipiamas dėmesys į sunkumus, su kuriais jie susidūrė kelyje, įskaitant susidūrimus su plėšikais, nepalankias gamtos sąlygas ir patekimą į nelaisvę. Šie žygiai išsamiai atskleidžia Europos kilmingųjų gyvenimą: kaip literatūrinių idealų įkvėpti kilmingieji leidosi į ilgas keliones, lankė įvairius dvarus ir dalyvavo puotose drauge su kitais riteriais, o galiausiai, kaip Europos riterija atrado save šiuose žygiuose. Pasakojama, kaip jie, kilę iš labiausiai į vakarus nutolusio Europos kampelio, vykdavo į Rytus, o grįžę stengėsi įprasminti savo keliones (nors ir kokios milžiniškos buvo išlaidos) per atminties vietas. Be to, šiame tyrime gilinamasi į tai, kaip Vokiečių ordinas susidūrė su nauju iššūkiu – siekė naujo legitimumo po Lietuvos ir Žemaitijos krikšto
Ne tavo kiaulės, ne tavo pupos: kaimo visuomenės užvaldymo istorija
Get PDFApie Antano Terlecko disertaciją „Kolchozų visuomenės sukūrimas: Lietuvos kaimo sovietizacija 1940–1965 m.“ ir jos gynimą / On Antanas Terleckas’ Thesis „Creation a Kolkhoz Society: The Sovietization of Lithuanian Countryside (1940–1965)
„Ateis amerikonai ir mus išvaduos“: naujas žvilgsnis į Lietuvos pokario visuomenę
Get PDFRec.: Regina Laukaitytė, Pokaris Lietuvoje. Belaukiant išlaisvinimo, Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos institutas, 2022
On the Vowel Epenthesis and Epithesis in Turkish Texts in the Manuscripts of Lithuanian Tatars
No full textAdding a vowel that is not in the original of a word to that word for various reasons is called vowel derivation. There is no morphological reason for vowel derivation and it aims to facilitate the pronunciation. There are three types of vowel derivation: at the beginning of the word, within the word and at the end of the word. The derivation of vowels at the beginning of a word in Turkish is not seen much in standard Turkish and is more common in dialects. Vowel epenthesis is a common phonetic event in standard Turkish. This phonetic event is encountered both in borrowed words and in words of Turkish origin. One of the reasons for the vowel epenthesis in Turkish is to make the borrowed words that do not fit the syllable structure of Turkish fit the syllable this structure and thus to eliminate the difficulty of pronunciation in the borrowed words. As it is known, only some consonant pairs can be found together at the end of words of Turkish origin. For this reason, in words borrowed with consonant pairs that are not suitable for the syllabic structure of Turkish, we come across vowel derivations within the word. This vowel derivation, which first appeared in the spoken language, can also pass into the standard language over time. The vowel epenthesis can also be seen in some Turkish origin words in order to add strength to the meaning. In Turkish, vowel epithesis is not as common as vowel epenthesis. The vowel epithesis is mostly seen in dialects and there are very few examples in standard language. The vowel epithesis is a phonetic event that is more common in some Turkic languages than in Türkiye Turkish. The derivation of vowel at the end of the word, especially seen in borrowed words, provides ease of pronunciation in words of foreign origin that do not fit the sound system of the Turkish language. The vowel epithesis occurs in borrowed words containing consonant pairs that are not suitable for the syllable structure of Turkish, as well as in borrowed words with twin consonants at the end of the word.
It is seen that examples of vowel epithesis in Turkish texts found in manuscripts of Lithuanian Tatars are more common than in Türkiye Turkish. In particular, the Miraj text and some poems belonging to the Old Anatolian Turkish period, which are among the manuscripts in the “kitab” type, provide us with a rich material on this subject. In these texts, examples of vowel epenthesis and epithesis in borrowed words from Arabic and Persian are used in pairs in an interesting way. In other words, we see that the same borrowed word is used both with vowel epenthesis and epithesis. In this study, events of vowel epenthesis and epithesis in Turkish texts found in manuscripts of Lithuanian Tatars are examined and the reasons for the higher incidence of vowel epithesis in these texts are discussed. Bir kelimenin asıl biçiminde bulunmayan bir ünlünün çeşitli sebeplerle o kelimeye ilave edilmesine ünlü türemesi adı verilir. Morfolojik bir nedeni olmayan ve genellikle söyleyişi kolaylaştırmayı amaçlayan ünlü türemesinin söz başı, söz içi ve söz sonunda olmak üzere üç türü vardır. Türkçede söz içi ve söz sonu ünlü türemesinin nedenlerinden birisi, Türkçenin hece yapısına uymayan alıntı sözlerde söyleyiş zorluğunu ortadan kaldırmak ve alıntı sözleri Türkçenin hece yapısına uygun duruma getirmektir. Türkçede söz içinde ünlü türemesi özellikle alıntı kelimelerde yaygın olarak görülür. Söz sonunda ünlü türemesi ise söz içinde ünlü türemesi kadar yaygın değildir.
Litvanya Tatarlarına ait el yazmalarında bulunan Türkçe metinlerde söz sonunda ünlü türemesi örneklerinin daha yaygın olduğu görülmektedir. Özellikle kitab türündeki el yazmaları içinde yer alan Eski Anadolu Türkçesi dönemine ait miraç metni ve bazı şiirler bu konuda önümüze zengin bir malzeme sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Litvanya Tatarlarına ait el yazmalarında bulunan Türkçe metinlerde görülen söz içi ve söz sonu ünlü türemesi olayları incelenecek ve söz sonu ünlü türemesinin bu metinlerde daha fazla görülmesinin sebepleri tartışılacaktır