Lietuvos istorijos studijos
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Kauno stačiatikių draugijos 1918-1939 metais
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Steigiamasis Seimas ir jo oratoriai
Get PDFOn April of 1920, elected Constitutive Parliament term continued till the 6th of October 1922. It worked strenuously; there took place 257 ordinary meetings, which continued for some hours every day. They often ended in the next morning. The most important task of the Constitutive Parliament was to prepare a permanent Constitution of the Lithuanian Republic, but it performed other rules\u27 publishing functions too. It performed the control of executive government institutions of all levels. The education of parliament members was much better than the middle education of Lithuanian citizens, but most of them didn\u27t have university education. However, it wasn\u27t a big imperfection of the just born parliamentary system of Lithuania. A diploma or an academic degree isn\u27t identical to the broad mind and the knowledge necessary for political leaders. It can be acquired in the way of self-education too. Oratorical skills are very important as well.
In opposition to other parliaments of the West, there weren\u27t many lawyers in the Lithuanian Constitutive Parliament, but there were oratory skills characteristic of other professions\u27 representatives, who sometimes didn\u27t have both the university degree and secondary education. For example, leaders of social democrats like K. Bielinis and J. Plečkaitis. Next to them, the most eminent orators were social democrats: an engineer S. Kairys, a scientist-chemist V. Čepinskis, a leader of populists M. Sleževičius, and a Christian democrat priest M. Krupavičius. In the constitutive parliament, the Right and the Left differed from each other not only in the matter of social reforms, first of all agrarian reform, but also in their standpoint on Catholic religion and the church\u27s place in the state. Disagreements reached their culmination in 1922 during the discussion about the final wording of the constitution.
The offers of social democrats and populists were rejected because the majority of votes were held by Christian democrats. In addition, the Right used not only objective arguments but also demagogy. The Right abstained from voting for the Constitution. It was accepted by Christian democrats and by a few executives of national minorities. The anticlericalism of the Left was one of the causes that influenced the downfall of parliamentary democracy in Lithuania as a result of the revolution in December 1926.
Discussions in the Constitutive Parliament showed that its members seriously looked at the work of Constitution preparation, though they were not always able to find compromises. They weren\u27t afraid to express their opinion, and they didn\u27t tremble because of the reaction in Warsaw, Paris, Moscow, or London
Renovatio imperii Romani: krikščioniškosios pasaulėžiūros dėmuo
No full textThere have not been any researches on the Medieval Christian world outlook done in Lithuania at all. A bit more attention was given to such problems as interaction of ancient Balts with Christian culture, Baltic view at Christianity. Usually, those topics are squeezed into the XIII-XIV century frame, which is more actual.
Recently, scholars succeeded in grounding the conceptuality of 1009 in historiography. In this context, renovatio conception was determined, however mostly meaning its political expression. But also not less important is the portend of Christian world outlook in renovatio policy, beginning with Charlemagne and ending with the most significant person in this policy—Otto III.
The political expression and dimension of Otto\u27s renovatio conception are clear enough: the emperor is christomimetes on the earth, his power comes out of Dei gratia, and he rules all over the Christian world. The emperor appoints popes and bishops, organizes missions (this is connected or bounded up with conditionally weak, if compared to emperor\u27s, papal power in the VIII-XI centuries). Another one of the most important goals of renovatio is to make conditions for old and newly-risen countries of Central and Eastern Europe (firstly Hungary and Poland) to become a part of the federation created by Otto. They were supposed to become rulers of certain federal subjects, allies of the emperor, who could help in the restoration of the whole empire, who could expand and praise it.
The Christian world outlook is also very important. It let Otto settle himself into the existence of christomimetes, by using this to declare the emperor\u27s responsibility to expand Christianity in pagan lands, and responsibility for the salvation of every Christian soul. Those facts explain such missions to Baltic lands as the mission of St. Adalbert-Wojciech, St. Bruno of Querfurt, and the mission of 5 Benedictine monks. All of them were organized by Otto (until Dictatus papae). Renovatio policy served as a tool for Otto to get the whole world under his crown (including the Byzantine emperor and Kiev Russia). Inversely, Otto shows that his empire is not civitas terrena or civitas diaboli—according to St. Augustine, who thought that the fight for the salvation of souls was going on the earth and in "another" world as eschatology minor. The emperor identified himself with christomimetes, which meant that his country couldn\u27t be identified with civitas diaboli any more. Civitas terrena was a temporary shelter for a man. The same temporality is waiting for a soul in the "another world" until the day of the Last Judgment. Only after the Last Judgment will it become clear where which soul will be going—to hell or paradise. Only good behavior and good works dedicated to soul and body helped people to achieve eternal life. The formation of such behavior was one of the main tasks and functions of the emperor.
In conclusion, the idea of federation, as much as the Christian view, formed conditions for peaceful missions in Eastern Europe. Military actions began much later. They are connected with changes in the Church\u27s life after the announcing of Dictatus papae, also with changes in the world outlook and events in the Holy Land, which led to the beginning of the Crusades
Lietuvos aukštuomenės lojalumo manifestacija Jekaterinos II paminklo atidengimo Vilniuje proga
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