Lietuvos istorijos studijos
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Ar Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė buvo federacija?
Get PDFAccording to received wisdom in the historiography of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL), going back to M. Dovnar-Zapolski, M. Liubavski, O. Halecki, the territorial form of government in the GDL was federal in the late XV-early XVI century. The paper critically reviews the arguments advanced in favor of this thesis and argues that the concept of empire describes the territorial organization of GDL in a more accurate way. The criticism of the federalist theory is grounded in the conceptual analysis of the state forms provided by the distinguished Lithuanian historian and law theorist Mykolas Rėimeris (1880-1945). In his analysis, M. Rėimeris draws the distinction between a unitary state and three types of state compounds: federation, confederation, and empire. While federation and empire share the principle of subordination as the mode of organization, in the empire this is the subordination to a privileged metropole territory and cultural-ethnic group, while in federation all territories are subordinated to the federal center on parity grounds, all participating in federal government. Supplementing M. Rėimeris\u27 ideas with those from the contemporary comparative sociological research on empires and imperialism (S. Eisenstadt, M. Doyle, A. Motyl, Ch. Tilly), the author argues that GDL was an empire because relations between Lithuania in the strict sense (including also some Russian lands annexed by the early XV century) and Polotsk, Vitebsk, Smolensk, Volynia, Kiev, Samogitia, etc. were those of subordination of the periphery to the imperial metropole. The proponents of the federalist thesis mistake as federalism what in reality was a system of indirect rule characteristic for premodern empires. The historiographical tradition was blind to imperial features of GDL because it implicitly or explicitly compared GDL with the Moscow state, considering it as a paradigmatic case of empires. However, the Moscow empire represents only one specific type of empire - Westphalian empire, distinguished by the early application of direct rule. While most medieval polities were transformed into sovereign territorial states and Westphalian empires in the early modern time, GDL was unique in following the path of federalization. However, GDL was transformed into a federation only on the eve of the Lublin Union in 1569, while in the XIV-first half of the XVI century it was a traditional empire, including metropolitan military agrarian domains and indirectly ruled peripheral areas shading into areas of mere hegemony.
 
Privalomosios karo tarnybos sovietinėje armijoje vertės klausimas tarnavusiųjų (1967–1990) požiūriu
Get PDFThis article presents a study using qualitative research methods, including oral history and content analysis, to explore the value of compulsory military service in the Soviet Army (1967–1990). The investigation considers both the ideological context and the perspectives of the individuals who were serving. Periodicals such as Komjaunimo tiesa and Jaunimo gretos, published in the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (LSSR) between 1967 and 1990, focus on the soldier’s identity. However, these publications often present a superficial view, emphasizing qualities such as ‘fearlessness’, ‘toughening’, ‘physical strength’, and ‘masculinity’. In contrast, interviews with Lithuanian conscripts reveal a wide range of experiences and perspectives on the military service, shaped by their social environment, personal experiences, and education. While many view their military service as ‘lost years’, some men recognize positive outcomes, such as increased maturity and greater independence. The harsh conditions and difficult living environment during their service also led to feelings of alienation and caution, reinforcing certain Soviet lifestyle habits, such as dishonesty, theft, adaptation, and time-wasting. Although the length of service typically ranged from 2 to 3 years, for some men, it remains a significant life adventure or a troubling memory, often revisited through humorous stories or a desire to connect with others who share similar experiences.Straipsnyje pristatomas tyrimas, kuriame, pasitelkus kokybinio tyrimo – sakytinės istorijos ir turinio analizės – metodus, analizuojama tarnyba sovietinėje armijoje (1967–1990 m.) vertės aspektu, žvelgiant iš ideologinės bei tarnavusiųjų refleksijos perspektyvos. 1967–1990 m. Lietuvos Sovietų Socialistinėje Respublikoje (toliau – LSSR) leistuose periodiniuose leidiniuose „Komjaunimo tiesa“ ir „Jaunimo gretos“, nors juose ir skiriama nemažai dėmesio vyro kaip kario tapatybei, spausdintų straipsnių turinys paviršutiniškas ir akcentuoja tokias pagrindines savybes kaip „bebaimiškumas“, „užsigrūdinimas“, „sutvirtėjimas fiziškai“ bei „vyriškumas“. O interviu metu užfiksuoti tarnavusių lietuvių pasakojimai atskleidžia požiūrių į tarnybą armijoje įvairovę – jie priklauso nuo socialinės aplinkos, įgytos patirties ir išsilavinimo. Nors tarnyba daugumos matoma kaip „prarasti gyvenimo metai“, dalis įžvelgia ir teigiamų jos rezultatų, tokių kaip surimtėjimas ar savarankiškumo įgijimas. Visgi tarnybos metai dėl įkrautos smurtinės aplinkos bei nemalonių gyvenimo sąlygų prisidėjo ir prie susvetimėjimo, atsargumo arba kitaip – prie tarybinio gyvenimo būdo įtvirtinimo, kai buvo įprasta meluoti, vogti, prisitaikyti ar tuščiai leisti laiką. Ir nors tarnyba, atsižvelgiant į ginkluotųjų pajėgų rūšį, trukdavo tik dvejus ar trejus metus, kai kuriems vis dar yra didžiausias gyvenimo nuotykis arba slogus prisiminimas, kuris sugrįžta kuriozinių pasakojimų pavidalu arba poreikiu burtis į bendraminčių ratą ir išsikalbėti
Nušviesti ar užtamsinti? Žiniasklaidos vaidmuo nacių ir jų talkininkų teismuose
Get PDFRec.: Ruth Leiserowitz, Gintarė Malinauskaitė, Hektoras Vitkus (eds.), Making Justice Visible: War Crimes Trials, Media and Memory after World War II, Osnabrück: fibre Verlag, 2022
Abipusis "chameleono sindromas". Lenkija tarpukario lietuvių visuomenės akiratyje. Pamąstymai apie Audriaus Abromaičio disertaciją "Lenkija ir Lietuvos visuomenė: požiūriai į Lenkiją Lietuvoje 1918-1940 m." ir jos gynimą
Get PDFĮkaitas LDK teisėje iki Pirmojo Lietuvos Statuto (1529 m.)
Get PDFThe hostage institution in the Law of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania has got an exhaustive historiography, that\u27s why the manifestation of this institution in the earliest written source of GDL and the regulation of its standards up to the First Lithuanian Statute is discussed in this article.The information about the hostage up to the middle of the 15th century is fragmentary (the exception is the privilege of Duke Vytautas to the Brasta Jewish community in 1388). However, in the 2nd half of the 15th century - the beginning of the 16th century, the acts of the Lithuanian Metrica and other acts allow us to disclose the essence of the hostage, the object and the subject of the hostage law, the continuation, the procedure of return of the hostage, and so on.The First Lithuanian Statute legalized the main standards of the hostage law, though they were reflected in a many-sided way in court practice