Lietuvos istorijos studijos
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Kultūrinė atmintis Antrojo pasaulinio karo metų lietuvių periodinėje spaudoje
Get PDFDuring World War II Lithuania was ruled by three completely different political regimes. In the first year Lithuania was authoritarian state ruled by group of nationalists, in 1940 Lithuania was occupied by Soviet Union and in 1941 State was occupied by Nazi Germany. All these political powers was undemocratic and propagated their ideologies. One of the most important aspect of every ideology is to suggest new concept of time. This change of perception of time could be seen in the change of cultural memory. Article try to analyze this change using the most popular Lithuanian periodical press of the period. This research analyzed main historical periods and the most popular themes represented in the main newspapers. Using theories of Anthony D. Smith and Raoul Girardet research showed what historical periods was seen positively and what negatively, what was main historical heroes and enemies; also how foreign history was represented in the periodical press. The quantitative content analysis showed that while representations of history in the so called independent Lithuania and in Lithuania occupied by Nazis was quite similar, historical representations during first Soviet occupation was unique. Qualitative content analysis showed that there was three very different paradigms of cultural memories, represented in periodical press. Lithuanian nationalist mostly tried to promote Lithuanian medieval times and especially Lithuanian dukes and historical capital Vilnius, also they tried to justify their politics creating myth of great welfare during their rule. They praised Soviet history, criticized Poland and poles, but wrote about most of the countries quite neutral. During Soviet occupation all Lithuanian history was harshly criticized and showed as negative times, this regime promoted only few Lithuanian heroes who died young or was known for their left wing politics. Main historical past represented in the newspapers was history of Soviet Union, other countries was ignored. Main enemies of Soviets was Lithuanian gentry, and Lithuanian rulers of the past. During Nazi occupation there was more Lithuanian national history than German history, but the main appreciable historical periods was Lithuanian prehistory and the 19th Century. Regime promoted history of Lithuanian culture and language, but tried to ignore Lithuanian state. Foreign history was mostly binary – propaganda criticized Soviet Union as well as Tsarist Russia, USA and United Kingdom, but appreciated history of Italy, Japan, Finland, Turkey, Spain etc. Main historical enemies were of course Bolsheviks and Jews.Tyrime analizuojami keturi Antrojo pasaulinio karo metais gausiausiais tiražais leisti periodiniai leidiniai, stengiamasi nustatyti kultūrinės atminties būdingiausias tendencijas ir kaitą pereinant nuo tautininkų valdytos Lietuvos prie Lietuvos įtraukimo į Sovietų Sąjungą ir Vokietijos okupacijos. Taikomi kiekybinis ir kokybinis turinio analizės metodai, įtraukiama beveik 600 skirtingų kultūrinę atmintį ir istorijos vertinimą perteikiančių straipsnių. Analizė rodo, jog kultūrinė atmintis esant kiekvienam politiniam režimui buvo unikali, skiriasi kiekybinis tekstų pasiskirstymas aprašant skirtingas epochas ar temas, išaukštinami ir sumenkinami skirtingi istoriniai laikotarpiai, skiriasi praeities herojų ir priešų pasirinkimas, užsienio šalių praeities vertinimai
Nelegalių ekonominių veiklų ir kovos su jomis vaizdiniai lietuviškoje spaudoje 1938–1940 metais
Get PDFVarious illegal economical activities such as speculation, moonshine production, etc. were popular subjects in the Lithuanian press of 1938–1940. Economic problems were important for the Lithuanian society during those harsh years, so these publications did their part to influence public opinion. This article focuses on the most popular narratives of illegal economical activities in the Lithuanian press of 1938–1940: 1) the Price Control Officer and his struggle against speculation; 2) propaganda methods in solving the problem of moonshine (illegal breweries); 3) other illegal economical activities (illegal medical or law practice, prostitution, etc.). In conclusion, Lithuanian authorities used mild methods against the illegal part of the economy. The Price Control Officer, one of the most popular authority figures in 1938–1940 Lithuania, used to bribe businessmen who were mixed up in speculation and to publish lists of those so called “speculators” periodically. This policy was morally doubtful because it influenced some antisemitic thoughts (as the majority of those bribed “speculators” were of Jewish descent). Police methods were not enough to reach victory against widespread moonshiners. In the summer of 1938, a high-scale propaganda campaign against moonshine was launched. Fighting other illegal economical activities was problematic due to a lack of jurisprudence and legal alternatives.1938–1940 m. lietuviškoje spaudoje daug rašyta apie įvairias nelegalias ekonomines veiklas – spekuliaciją, degtindarystę ir kitas neleistinas praktikas. Lemtingais Lietuvai metais ekonominiams nelegalams ir kovai su jais spaudoje skirta daug dėmesio – ir tai neabejotinai darė įtaką visuomenės nuostatoms. Straipsnyje analizuojami populiariausi 1938–1940 m. lietuviškoje spaudoje aprašyti nelegalios ekonomikos (ir kovos su ja) naratyvai: 1) kainų tvarkytojo kova su spekuliacija; 2) propagandinė kova su degtindaryste; 3) kitos, rečiau pasitaikiusios, nelegalios ekonominės veikos (šundaktarystė, prostitucija, perpirkinėjimas) ir kova su jomis. 1938–1940 m. Lietuvoje su nelegaliąja ekonomika kovota nuosaikiomis priemonėmis. Kainų tvarkytojo kova su spekuliantais apsiribojo baudomis ir viešu nubaustųjų paskelbimu. Ši praktika buvo ydinga, nes skatino antisemitines nuotaikas. Kova su degtindaryste buvo menkai efektyvi iki 1938 m. vasaros, kai buvo pradėta plati antidegtindariškos propagandos kampanija. Kova su kitomis nelegaliomis praktikomis (pavyzdžiui, nelegalia medicina, nelegalia teisine praktika) buvo problemiška dėl atitinkamų teisės aktų ir legalių alternatyvų (pavyzdžiui, sveikatos punktų ar teisinės informacijos biurų) trūkumo
Sentikių bažnyčia Lietuvoje (1918–1926): parapijų atsikūrimas ir jų pripažinimas, Bažnyčios įteisinimas ir autonomijos problemos
Get PDFThe purpose of this article is to research in more detail the restoration of the Old Believers parishes and their recognition during the interwar Lithuania (excluding Vilnius region) from 1918 to 1923, as well as to analyse the legalization of the Old Believers’ Church of Lithuania and the problems of practical establishment of religious autonomy in this period. The main focus is on three new problems: the situation of the Old Believers’ parishes in the country at the beginning of 1918, taking into account the mass migration to the depths of Russia from 1914 to 1915; the restoration of Old Believers parishes and the legalization (registration) of their religious activities from 1918 to 1922, during their mass repatriation to Lithuania; and focus on some problems of the practical consolidation of Old Believers’ Church of Lithuania autonomy from 1923 to 1926. The research is based mostly on new archival data, as well as on the analysis and interpretation of Lithuanian and partly foreign historiography on this topic. The study suggests that due to the mass migration of Old Believers to the East between 1914 and 1915, the future Lithuanian territory retained a much thinner congregation network and in turn had fewer parishes members by the beginning of 1918. Therefore, the mass repatriation of the Old Believers from Soviet Russia from the spring of 1918 to 1922 to a large extent explains why the recovery of many of their parishes in Lithuania has been rather slow. After the establishment of the central institutions of the Church in May 1922, the Lithuanian Old Believers’ Church was legalized on the basis of “Provisional regulations concerning the relationship between the organization of Old Believers in Lithuania and the Lithuanian government” on the May 20, 1923. Therefore, for the first time in history in 1923 the Lithuanian Old Believers Church was legally recognized in a certain state and formally received equal rights with other recognized denominations. At that time, Lithuania was the first country in Central and Eastern Europe to officially recognize the Old Believers (Pomorian) Church.Šio straipsnio tikslas – nuodugniau panagrinėti sentikių parapijų atsikūrimą ir jų pripažinimą tarpukario Lietuvos ribose (be Vilniaus krašto) 1918–1923 m., taip pat paanalizuoti LSB įteisinimą ir religinės autonomijos praktinio įtvirtinimo problemas 1923–1926 m. Tyrimas paremtas daugiausia naujais archyvų duomenimis, taip pat šios temos Lietuvos ir iš dalies užsienio istoriografijos analize bei interpretacija. Atliktas tyrimas leidžia teigti, kad keliomis bangomis vykusi sentikių masinė repatriacija iš Sovietų Rusijos 1918 m. pavasarį–1922 m. nemaža dalimi paaiškina, kodėl tada Lietuvoje gana lėtai vyko ir užsitęsė daugelio jų parapijų atsikūrimas, o dėl to vėlavo ir daugelio jų oficialus pripažinimas VRM. 1922 m. sukūrus SCT, LSB buvo įteisinta, remiantis vyriausybės 1923 m. gegužės 20 d. patvirtintomis Laikinomis taisyklėmis. Tačiau, nepaisant lygiateisiškumo retorikos, 1923–1926 m. valdžia praktikoje pažeisdavo LSB savarankiškumą, filtravo SCT narius, prižiūrėjo ir vis daugiau siekė kontroliuoti Tarybos veiklą. Vyriausybė ir VRM ėmėsi riboti religines ir socialines Bažnyčios ir nemažos dalies sentikių dvasininkų teises
Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės kanceliarijos veikla vadovaujant Leonui Sapiegai (1585–1623 m.)
Get PDFAfter the reforms that took place in 1566 the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Union of Lublin began its new phase of life in 1569. During this phase The Chancellery of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania played an essential role. At the time the institution was comprised of Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and its most important employees – clerks – people of average nobility that had a chance to show their knowledge working at a chancellery. Leon Sapiega was one of such people. While examining the works of other historians we can notice that L. Sapiega has a variety of biographies, but not including the clerical aspect, they can be considered to be a collection of chronological presentation of facts and not a comprehensive biography of a high-ranking official. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to answer the question of how L. Sapiega as a person influenced the development of the Chancery of the GDL. Institutions are usually represented by leaders and each leader leaves a footprint in the institution’s history. L. Sapiega was not an exeption as his office had undergone several stages of development.Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė po 1566 m. reformų ir Liublino unijos 1569 m. pradėjo naują gyvavimo etapą. Šiame etape ypatingą vaidmenį atliko viena svarbiausių institucijų – LDK kanceliarija. Šią instituciją valdė kancleris ir pakancleris, jos pagrindiniai ir svarbiausi darbuotojai buvo LDK raštininkai. Joje karjerą galėjo padaryti ir iš vidutinės bajorijos kilę asmenys. Vienas tokių buvo Leonas Sapiega, kuris yra sulaukęs įvairiausių biografijų, tačiau be kanceliarijos veiklos aspekto jos yra panašesnės į chronologinį faktų pateikimą nei išsamią aukšto valstybės pareigūno biografiją. Todėl šio straipsnio tikslas – atsakyti į klausimą, kaip L. Sapiegos asmuo paveikė LDK kanceliarijos raidą. Institucijas reprezentuoja vadovai ir kiekvienas vadovas palieka pėdsaką institucijoje, ne išimtis ir L. Sapiega, kuriam vadovaujant kanceliarija perėjo keletą skirtingų raidos etapų
Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės valstiečių kasdienio gyvenimo detalės XVI amžiuje–XVII amžiaus pirmoje pusėje
Get PDFThis article deals with the aspects of everyday life of the peasants who lived in private estates of the nobility in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th – the first half of the 17th century. The research was mainly based on published and unpublished acts of court cases, additional information is found in the estate inventories and descriptions provided by the people who travelled through Lithuania. The analysis revealed that the homestead of the peasants were usually modest – it consisted of few wooden buildings, the most important of which being a dwelling house, a granary and a cattle-shed, but richer peasants lived in larger homesteads with more different buildings. Peasants usually lived in wooden farmhouses with a stove, whereas some part of the peasants in Samogitia still lived in the so-called numas with a fireplace. Peasants’ main clothes were sermėgos, sheepskin coats, shirts, woman’s cloaks; some peasants could afford to have more expensive clothes. The main food products included different kinds of grain, first of all, stocks of rye, as well as peas, different vegetables, flitch, dairy products. Probably only richer peasants ate meat more often. There were important various household effects and work tools in the peasant homestead. Although the life of peasants was modest, however there existed differences in the standard of everyday living during the period under discussion.Straipsnyje įvairiais aspektais nagrinėjamas XVI a.–XVII a. pirmosios pusės Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės valstiečių, gyvenusių bajorijos dvaruose, kasdienis gyvenimas. Remiantis daugiausia teismų bylų aktais, taip pat dvarų inventoriais ir naratyviniais šaltiniais, atskleidžiama, kaip atrodė valstiečių sodyba, koks buvo jų gyvenamasis namas, kokia apranga, mityba ir kasdienybėje svarbių daiktų įvairovė
Apie Justinos Sipavičiūtės disertaciją „Antspaudas Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės teismų sistemoje XVI–XVIII a.“ ir jos gynimą
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