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ESTIŠKŲ, LATVIŠKŲ IR LIETUVIŠKŲ KNYGŲ LEIDYBOS APIMČIŲ DINAMIKA XIX A. PIRMOJE PUSĖJE: LYGINAMOJI ANALIZĖ
Get PDFThe article presents results of comparative analysis of book publishing statistics in Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian languages in the 19th century. This study was conducted referring to the most representative sources at that moment – the national retrospective bibliographies of Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian books. After the analysis of all the publications that had been published yearly from 1801 to 1855, the overall number of publications was then calculated in every country. Furthermore, the publishing rates were evaluated for every decade in the three countries and additionally rates of publications per 1,000,000 inhabitants over every decade were calculated and evaluated. The data presented in this article should be viewed as an initial stage for the comparative analysis of Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian nineteenth century book publishing. Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian nations grew by preserving the old national traditions and developing new targets for political existence. At the same time, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian books were becoming more modern. Even various restrictions on the rights of nations living in the lands occupied by the Russian Empire and the annihilation of cultural differences did not prevent their publishing evolution. However, in view of general growth trend, publishing development varied in different countries and was determined by economic, social and cultural features of each region. Compared to Lithuania, the environment for the development of national books was more friendly in Estonia and Latvia. After the analysis of all above-mentioned sources it was determined that over the period from 1801 to 1855, most publications were published in the Latvian language – 1846, almost eight hundred less in Estonian language, accounting for 1027, and almost twice less (three times less than Latvian), accounting for 644, in the Lithuanian language. Evidently, book publishing in national language in Lithuania fell significantly behind compared to Latvia and Estonia. It is also important to note that book development in all three countries was uneven and was undergoing periodic rises and falls. The analysis of publishing rates per 1,000,000 inhabitants over every decade showed that Estonia had the highest rate of the three Baltic countries researched. Estonian book publishing increased from 18 to 102 print units per year or rose five-times, whilst in Latvia it increased from 28 to 67 units or 2.3 times. In Lithuania, book publishing rates per 1,000,000 inhabitants over the 55-year period increased not that highly – from 6 to 16 print units per year. By contrast, this rise in publishing rates was 0.3 times higher than in Latvia. The results of this initial study could be used for continuing research of such nature. Bibliographic method, descriptive statistics (data collection, organisation and presentation) and comparative methods were employed to analyse quantitative volumes of publishing, whereas analytical and statistical methods could be used to verify the quantitative trends of the development of publishing and their breaking points. Analytical statistics methods, rarely used in the works of bibliographers, could provide new knowledge on the changes of publishing in percentage terms. At least some of the methods could be employed. For example, the join point method, which could help clarifying the qualitative development trends of publishing by a number of particular linear segments (periods) and points, setting essential changes of the phenomenon in order to identify a statistically relevant or irrelevant growth or decline in publishing in percentage terms, and to distinguish its breaking points. Another method is that of simple linear regression, which helps to calculate the average annual change in the number of publications in percentage terms and depict this in a graph. This trend of developing comparative studies of Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian books may lead to qualitatively better results.Straipsnyje pateikiami XIX a. estiškų, latviškų ir lietuviškų knygų leidybos apimčių lyginamojo tyrimo rezultatai. Tyrimas buvo atliktas remiantis šiuo metu reprezentatyviausiais šaltiniais ‒ nacionalinėmis retrospektyviosiomis estiškų, latviškų ir lietuviškų knygų bibliografijomis. Išsiaiškinus, kiek leidinių buvo išleidžiama kasmet nuo 1801 iki 1855 metų, buvo suskaičiuotas bendras leidinių skaičius kiekvienoje šalyje, leidybos apimčių vidurkiai dešimtmečiais bei leidybos apimčių vidurkiai vienam milijonui gyventojų dešimtmečiais. Pasitelkus gautus duomenis ir taikant aprašomosios statistikos metodus buvo palygintos kiekybinės leidybos apimtys visu nagrinėjamu laikotarpiu ir dešimtmečiais, nustatytos jų kaitos tendencijos, taip pat numatytos tolesnės tokių tyrimų kryptys. Leidybos apimtims analizuoti buvo taikomi bibliografinis, aprašomosios statistikos (duomenų rinkimo, sisteminimo ir pateikimo) bei lyginimo metodai, o pagrindžiant tolesnes tyrimų kryptis – analizinės statistikos metodai
NEVALSTYBINĖ KALBA VAKARŲ IR SOVIETINĖS BALTA RUSIJOS KNYGŲ L EIDYBOJE ( 1921–1939 ) : LYGINAMOSIOS ANALIZĖS BANDYMA S
No full textThe article aims at providing an analysis of the peculiarities of book publishing in national languages in Western and Soviet Belarus within the context of political events during the period of 1921–1939. Statistical and source analysis methods have been used to analyse linguistic situation in the fields of education (schools) and publishing. Such analysis makes it possible to more comprehensively understand the situation in question, defining the need for books in various ethnic groups and describing the particularities of book publishing policy in Belarus SSR and West Belarus, which was part of the Polish state. According to statistical data, ethnic composition of the population both in Belarus SSR and Western Belarus, with the majority being Belarussians, Poles, Jews and Russians, was similar in 1920–1930. The article seeks to compare the policy of education in ethnic languages; qualitative data of national Belarus, Jewish, Ukrainian, Lithuanian and other ethnic schools in BSSR and Western Belarus as well as the changes in their development. A more comprehensive analysis is provided on the statistical data about Belarus schools and book publishing in Western Belarus. Starting with the 30-ties of the 20th century, the education policy with regard to ethnic groups in BSSR was becoming more restricted; schools gradually shifted to instruction in the Russian language. Russian gained dominance in book publishing as well. The period of 1921–1929 was the most favourable for satisfying the needs of ethnic minorities both in Belarus SSR and Western Belarus. During the above mentioned period, ethnically engaged literature, including the ethnic literature for schools, belles-letters and informational literature was prevailing in BSSR. Thus, in 1925–1926, publishing of literature in the Belarus language accounted for 68 percent, in Jewish – 15 percent, in Russian – 10 percent, in Polish – 5 percent, in Lithuanian – 2 percent, of all the volumes of publishing, in both parts of Belarus, respectively. However, at a later time, publishing in Russian started to grow increasingly. During the period of 1932–1939, publishing in the Russian language increased even by 27 times. Such changes were aimed at implementing the policy of sovietisation and denationalization. In Western Belarus, the main channel of spreading the Belarussian word was the periodical press. The development of the Belorussian book both in BSSR and Western Belarus was directly dependent on the political policy. Books in the ethnic languages can be defined as a tool of political propaganda. At the same time, publications in the native ethnic languages helped national minorities maintain their ethnic and cultural identity and resist assimilation attempts.Straipsnio tikslas – atsižvelgiant į 1921–1939 metų politinius įvykius išnagrinėti knygų leidybos nacionalinėmis kalbomis ypatumus Vakarų Baltarusijos ir Baltarusijos TSR (toliau – BTSR) teritorijose. Taikant statistinį ir šaltinių analizės metodus nagrinėjama kalbinė situacija švietimo (mokyklų) ir leidybos srityse. Tai leidžia išsamiau atskleisti, koks buvo knygų įvairioms tautinėms grupėms poreikis ir kokia buvo knygų leidybos politika BTSR ir Vakarų Baltarusijoje, priklausiusioje Lenkijos valstybei. Remiantis statistiniais duomenimis, etninė gyventojų struktūra 1920–1930 metais ir BTSR, ir Vakarų Baltarusijoje, kur daugumą sudarė baltarusiai, lenkai, žydai, rusai, buvo panaši. Straipsnyje lyginama švietimo nacionalinėmis kalbomis politika, nacionalinių baltarusių, žydų, ukrainiečių, lietuvių ir kitų mokyklų BTSR ir Vakarų Baltarusijoje kiekybiniai duomenys ir jų kismas. Išsamiau nagrinėjami statistiniai duomenys apie baltarusiškas mokyklas ir knygų leidybą Vakarų Baltarusijoje. Nuo XX amžiaus ketvirtojo dešimtmečio BTSR švietimo politika tautinių grupių atžvilgiu buvo itin griežtinama, mokyklose pereita prie mokymo rusų kalba, ši kalba įsivyravo ir knygų leidyboje. 1921–1929 metai buvo palankiausi tautinių mažumų poreikiams ir BTSR, ir Vakarų Baltarusijoje. Tuo metu BTSR knygų leidybos repertuare vyravo tautiškai angažuota literatūra: mokyklinė, grožinė, informacinė. 1925–1926 metais literatūros leidyba baltarusių kalba sudarė 68 proc., žydų – 15 proc., rusų – 10 proc., lenkų – 5 proc., latvių ir lietuvių kalbomis – po 2 proc. Vėliau sparčiai ėmė augti leidyba rusų kalba. 1937 metais leidyba lenkų kalba visai nutrūko. 1932–1939 metais leidyba rusų kalba padidėjo net 27 kartus. Taip buvo įgyvendinamas sovietizacijos ir denacionalizacijos kursas. Vakarų Baltarusijoje pagrindinis baltarusiško žodžio sklaidos kanalas buvo periodinė spauda. Knygos vaidmuo čia buvo gerokai mažesnis: iš viso išleista 524 pavadinimų knygos baltarusių kalba. Tai buvo 20 kartų mažiau, nei išleista knygų baltarusių kalba BTSR. Pagrindiniu leidybos centru buvo tapęs Vilnius ir Vilniaus apskritis, priklausę Lenkijai. 1929 metais Vakarų Baltarusijos rytinių apskričių knygų leidyba tesudarė 9 proc. visų Lenkijoje išleidžiamų leidinių (lenkų, jidiš, ivrito, baltarusių, rusų kalbomis) ir, lyginant su kitomis jos apskritimis, užėmė paskutinę vietą. Leidyba lenkų kalba sudarė 80 proc. visų leidinių, o baltarusių kalba – tik 0,5 proc. Baltarusiškos knygos raida tiesiogiai priklausė nuo politinių nuostatų tautos ir kalbos atžvilgiu tiek BTSR, tiek Vakarų Baltarusijoje. Knyga nacionalinėmis kalbomis buvo tapusi politiniu propagandos įrankiu, bet kartu ji padėjo neasimiliuotis tautoms, išlaikyti savo etninę ir kultūrinę tapatybę
IŠEITIS – VERTIMAI: J. V. SNELLMANO (1806–1881) ĮŽVALGOS APIE VERTIMUS KAIP SUOMIŲ NACIONALINĖS LITERATŪROS TURTINIMO BŪDĄ
No full textUntil the 1840s, the dominating language in Finland was Swedish, even if ca. 80 per cent of the population had Finnish as mother tongue. The administration, academic life, public matters and literary life were conducted in Swedish. The literature in Finnish was limited mostly to the religious domain, basic legislation and books of rudimentary instruction for agriculture and medicine, one or two newspapers and journals. The situation started to change in the 1840s, with the birth of the Finnish national movement. One of the most important actors in this movement was the philosopher, journalist and statesman Johan Wilhelm Snellman (1806–1881). This article presents his views on how translations from foreign languages can be used to form a Finnish national literature. His views in this matter were closely related to his theoretical philosophy that was heavily influenced by Hegel. Snellman demanded that the Swedish-speaking elite should change its language into Finnish, and create a high-class Finnish-language national literature of scholarly books and belles-lettres. Translations from foreign languages would give standards for Finnish writers and build contacts to the general European literature and culture. He initiated in 1870 a translation program that was managed by the Finnish Literature Society.Iki XIX a. 5-ojo dešimtmečio dominuojanti kalba Suomijoje buvo švedų, nors suomių kalba buvo gimtoji net apie 80 procentų gyventojų. Švedų kalba buvo vartojama administracinės valdžios srityje, akademiniame ir literatūriniame gyvenime, viešumoje. Suomių kalba buvo vartojama ribotai – religinėje srityje, pagrindiniuose teisės aktuose, žemės ūkiui ir medicinai skirtuose leidiniuose, kuriuose buvo dėstomos pradinės žinios, ir viename ar dviejuose laikraščiuose bei žurnaluose. Padėtis ėmė keistis XIX a. 5-ajame dešimtmetyje, kai Suomijoje prasidėjo nacionalinis judėjimas. Vienas žinomiausių nacionalinio atgimimo dalyvių buvo filosofas, žurnalistas ir valstybės veikėjas Johanas Wilhelmas Snellmanas (1806–1881). Straipsnyje aptariamos jo mintys apie vertimus ir tai, kaip vertimai gali prisidėti prie Suomijos nacionalinės literatūros gausinimo. Snellmano požiūris šioje srityje buvo glaudžiai susijęs su jo teorine filosofija, kuriai savo ruožtu didelę įtaką darė Hegelio filosofija. Snellmanas reikalavo, kad švediškai kalbantis elitas pereitų prie suomių kalbos vartosenos ir sukurtų aukštos klasės mokslinių knygų ir grožinės literatūros suomių kalba. Vertimai iš užsienio kalbų suteiktų Suomijos rašytojams standartus ir supažindintų su visa Europos literatūra ir kultūra. 1870 m. Snellmanas parengė vertimo programą, kuriai vadovavo Suomijos literatūros draugija
RUSIŠKI EPIGRAFINIAI MEMORIALINIAI XIX AMŽIAUS ĮRAŠAI VILNIAUS KATALIKIŠKOSE KAPINĖSE
Get PDFThe article is aimed at the analysis of 19th century epitaphs, inscribed in the Russian language in Vilnius Catholic graveyards, treating the epitaphs as a source of interdisciplinary research. Back then, it was common practice to engrave epitaphs in Catholic cemeteries in Polish and Latin languages. Occasionally, epitaphs in French and German languages were engraved on the tombs of the persons having respective nationalities. The Polish language was prevailing on the Lithuanian territory in the 19th century as a language universally used by representatives of a certain cultural layer, that is, the Catholics, both Poles and Lithuanians. The article presents an analysis of epigraphic memorial inscriptions in Vilnius churchyard burial grounds (St. Stephen, St. Jacob and St. Philip) and the graveyards outside the city limits (Rasos, the Bernadines’ and St. Raphael). The analysis is based on the copies of tombstone epitaphs compiled in 1885 by the collector and a prominent figure in the field of culture Albert Ludwik Zasztowt (1850–1918), stored in the Wroblewski library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, and the catalogue of the persons buried in Vilnius graveyards, created by Wacławo Wejtko (1861–1939). The author sought to reconstruct Russian epigraphic memorial inscriptions in Vilnius graveyards (given in the Annex). In total, 26 inscriptions have been identified. During the research, the traditional and most common Catholic epitaph of the 19th has broken down into structural elements. These elements are further defined in order to identify their functions, as part of the text. On the basis of such findings, the text structure of Russian inscriptions is then researched. In such a way, light is shed on the elements of the texts inscribed in Cyrillic script from a semiotic point of view. The article also presents an analysis of the historic context of the emergence of such a source and changes in the use of language in the end of the 19th century. Furthermore, the article aims at identifying the links between biographistics and keeping alive the memory as well as analysing the relationship between the text creator and the reader.XXI amžiuje vis daugiau istorinių šaltinių įtraukiama į tarpdisciplininius tyrimus, humanitarinių šaltinių bazė tiriama taikant ne tik humanitarinių, bet ir socialinių mokslų metodus. Tokiuose tyrimuose gaunami rezultatai, kurių neįmanoma pasiekti tradiciniais humanitarų taikomais metodais. Šiame straipsnyje tiriamos XIX a. epitafijos, užrašytos rusų kalba, tačiau atsiradusios katalikiškose kapinėse. Tyrime epitafija yra skaidoma į struktūrinius elementus, jie „prakalbinami“ semiotiniu požiūriu. Taip pat gilinamasi į šaltinio atsiradimo istorinį kontekstą, kalbos vartojimo pokyčius Vilniuje XIX a. pabaigoje, ieškoma sąsajų tarp biografistikos ir atminimo įamžinimo, tiriamas ryšys tarp teksto kūrėjo ir skaitytojo
LIETUVIŲ IŠEIVIŲ LEIDYBA JUNGTINĖSE AMERIKOS VALSTIJOSE XIX A. PABAIGOJE–XX A. VIDURYJE: ADRESATO PROBLEMA
Get PDFThe article deals with certain aspects of publishing by the first Lithuanian emigration wave into the United States (second half of the 19th – 1914) in the end of the 19th – mid 20th centuries, placing the strongest emphasis on the analysis of the problems related to publications’addressees. The analysis has been based on the periodical publications of the Lithuanian emigrees during the period in question and the research dedicated to the history of the first emigration wave. Even though the first emigration wave to the United Sates was largely based on economic reasons, a small part (compared to the total number of emigrees) of Lithuanians left their native country due to political reasons and later had quite a significant influence on the formation of the Lithuanian community in the territory of the United States, in particular on the development of social and political processes within the Lithuanian community. These emigrees displayed not only concentration into their internal needs but also represented the manifestations of national determination and reflected political processes and ideological fight, characteristic of Europe and Northern America of those times, as well as integration into these processes. Naturally, all this influenced the publishing processes of the emigration wave in question. Within the publishing of these emigrees, two main trends with a number of smaller branches can be identified. One of the major trends was an ambition to reflect and influence the iternal life of the emigration (including religious, social, political and other processes) as well as meet the publishing needs within the community. The other trend was aimed at supporting national liberation movement in Lithuania and represent Lithuanians as an independent nation both in the USA and global level. Periodical publications were targeted not merely at reflecting the life of the colony, where they were published, and meeting publishing needs, but at least the reality of one or several states as well as Lithuanian highlights. Besides, the survival of such publications depended on the distribution range. The publications which crossed the boundaries of one state and were distributed in a greater number of colonies, including the Lithuanian colonies outside the USA and Lithuanian territory, had a greater chance at survival. The number of published copies is also proof of a wider distribution, going far beyond the boundaries of the Lithuanian ghetto. Within the publishing activities, an overlapping of social and political ambitions with commercial aspirations can be identified. Publishing was oriented toward the achievements of those days, both in terms of the content of periodicals, informatikon gathering and presentation, and printing culture. For a long time, the quality of Lithuanian press in the USA by far surpassed the quality of printing in Lithuania (both during its incorporation in the Russian empire and the first years of independence). It could be stated that during Lithuania’s occupation (by Tsarist Russia and Kaizer Germany), the publishers of the Lithuanian diaspora regarded their publications not only as satisfying the needs of the emigration community in the USA, but also as targeting the addressees of Lithuanian colonies in other countries and the Lithuanians living in their native country. After Lithuania regained independence, the reverse process can be observed – namely, that of Lithuanian publishers regarding the emigration community as a market for their publications, whereas politicians and public figures sought to use the diaspora as a place to spread their ideas. Furthermore, representatives of opposition layers were more interested in the support for their ambitions and an opportunity for print their publications, to be distributed later in Lithuania. Apart from the above mentioned publications, some publication plans were made to target the addressees of other nationals. However, they were mostuly political in nature, related to a certain political situation in Lithuania, rather than commercial.Straipsnyje nagrinėjami kai kurie pirmosios lietuvių emigracijos bangos į JAV (XIX a. antra pusė–1914 m.) leidybos XIX a. pabaigoje–XX a. viduryje aspektai, pagrindinį dėmesį telkiant į leidinių adresato problematikos analizę. Straipsnis rengtas remiantis to meto išeivių periodikos publikacijomis, pirmosios bangos išeivijos istorijai skirtais veikalais. Daroma išvada, kad pirmosios lietuvių išeivių bangos JAV leidyba buvo orientuota ne tik į išeivijos poreikio spaudai tenkinimą, bet iš dalies ir į visos lietuvių tautos leidybinius poreikius
LIETUVOS SKAUTŲ SPAUDOS LEIDYBA 1990–2013 METAIS
Get PDFThe article represents the results of research based on Lithuanian Scouts’ press from 1990 to 2013. Historical, social, cultural and ideological contexts of Scouting are taken into consideration. The main tasks of the research were to investigate the stimulus and value of scouts’ publishing; summarize the publishing intensity; analyze the printing culture of books and its influence to assortment; determine the geographical regularities of publishing; reveal the main publishers; sift the most significant periodicals; The analysis of the primary sources, historiography and bibliographical tools with an overall, scientific and specific book science methods, has led to the conclusion that the press of Scouts is one of the main tools to develop the structure as well as communicate, spread the information and transfer experience in the organization. In the broad sense, considering the value of Scouts’ press, it helps to maintain the continuity of the organization in question. While analyzing a thematic aspect of the subject matter, it has been determined that the press of Scouts’ organization is targeted at not just satisfying the inner demand of organization but getting some attention from the general public as well. This is done by publishing books on more abstract topics. The investigation of Scouts’ press geography and main publishers revealed that the main publishing centers in Lithuania were determined by economic and cultural status of the cities. In exile, it was predestined by historical circumstances. The press was most developed in Kaunas and Vilnius, as well as Germany and the United States of America. Depending on the historical factors, the network of publishers was changing. However, during all the historical periods there was always the main leader: during the interwar period of Lithuania, it was the Scout Association of Lithuania, in exile the leadership was taken over by the Lithuanian Scouts’ Association, after Lithuania regained independence (from 1990) it was ensured by the Lithuanian Scouting. The research of Scouts’ press has led to the conclusion that the printing culture of publications was mostly influenced by the conditions and geographical location of the historical period. A wider circulation and assortment of press could be noticed during the period of exile when the subdivisions of Scouts started to use the services of printing houses more actively, instead of using operational reproduction tools.Straipsnyje siekiama ištirti Lietuvos skautų leidybinę veiklą 1990–2013 metais istoriniame, socialiniame, kultūriniame bei ideologiniame skautybės kontekste. Atliekant tyrimą išaiškėjo skautų leidybos paskatos, reikšmė, intensyvumai, teminiai ir kokybiniai aspektai. Skautų spauda išliko viena iš pagrindinių skautų organizacijos plėtros, komunikacijos, informacijos ir patirties perdavimo priemonių. Lietuvos skautų spauda nėra skirta vien tik vidiniams organizacijos poreikiams tenkinti. Joje gausu ir įvairesnės tematikos veikalų plačiajai visuomenei. Skautų leidybos geografijos ir pagrindinių leidėjų tyrimas parodė, kad pagrindiniai leidybos centrai Lietuvoje buvo nulemti ekonominės ir kultūrinės miestų padėties. Priklausomai nuo istorinės padėties kito ir leidėjų tinklas, tačiau buvo aiškiai matomas lyderis: tarpukario Lietuvoje – Lietuvos skautų sąjunga, išeivijoje – Lietuvių skautų sąjunga, nepriklausomoje Lietuvoje po 1990 m. – Lietuvos skautija. Skautų spauda padeda organizacijai išlaikyti tęstinumą. Tai suvokiant palaikomas pastovus knygų ir periodinės spaudos leidybos intensyvumas
RAŠYTOJŲ ASMENINIŲ BIBLIOTEKŲ KAUPIMAS, SAUGOJIMAS IR TYRIMAS
Get PDFCOLLECTING, CURATING AND RESEARCHING WRITER’S LIBRARIES: A HANDBOOK. EDITED BY RICHARD W. ORAM AND JOSEPH NICHOLSON. LANHAM: ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD, 2014. 218 P. ISBN 978-1-4422-3497-0
ŠVEDIŠKŲ KNYGŲ LEIDYBA ESTIJOJE IKI ANTROJO PASAULINIO KARO
No full textThe ethnic Swedish minority inhabited the islands and Western coast of Estonia for about seven centuries, from the end of the 13th century up to the end of the Second World War. The settlements in remote islands hindered the intercommunication and the development of cooperative movement. However, the national awakening movement which started in the 2nd half of the 19th century created the conditions for national self-determination and consolidation of the Swedish community. The schools with instruction in Swedish and libraries were opened, educational and cultural societies established and books in Swedish published. The book culture of the Estonian Swedes was varied and manifold. The number of Swedish publications in Estonia was not big and not all of the print production in Swedish was intended for the use to the Swedish community. A lot of library books and schoolbooks were also obtained from Sweden. As a counterbalance, a lot of books on Estonian Swedish settlements were published in Sweden by people who were engaged in Swedish schools or churches in Estonia.Etninė švedų mažuma gyveno Estijos salose ir vakarinėje jos pakrantėje maždaug septynis amžius, nuo XIII a. pabaigos iki Antrojo pasaulinio karo pabaigos. Jų gyvenvietės buvo įsikūrusios nuošaliose salose, todėl bet koks tarpusavio ryšys ir bendro judėjimo plėtra buvo sudėtinga. Vis dėlto tautinio atgimimo judėjimas, prasidėjęs XIX a. antroje pusėje, sudarė palankias sąlygas tautiškai apsispręsti ir stiprinti švedų bendruomenę. Buvo atidarytos mokyklos švedų dėstomąja kalba ir bibliotekos, įkurtos švietimo ir kultūros draugijos, leidžiamos knygos švedų kalba. Estijos švedų knygų kultūra buvo įvairi. Švedų kalba leidžiamų leidinių skaičius Estijoje nebuvo gausus, ne visi švedų kalba pasirodę leidiniai buvo skirti švedų bendruomenei. Daug bibliotekoms skirtų knygų ir mokyklų vadovėlių buvo gaunama ir iš Švedijos. Reikėtų paminėti ir priešingą tendenciją – nemažai knygų apie Estijos švedų bendruomenes buvo leidžiama Švedijoje. Šios iniciatyvos ėmėsi asmenys, susiję su Estijos švedų mokyklų ir bažnyčių veikla. Estijos švedų kalba ir etnografija imta domėtis pačioje Švedijoje. Nors Estijos švedų poveikis socialiniam ir kultūriniam Estijos gyvenimui nebuvo reikšmingas, šios mažumos tautiniai vadovai ėmėsi pastangų telkti švedų bendruomenę spausdintinės žiniasklaidos būdu. Leidiniai švedų kalba, ypač laikraščiai, tapo pagrindine nacionalinio tapatumo kūrimo priemone
