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SVARUS ĮNAŠAS Į BALTARUSIJOS REGIONINĘ KNYGOTYRĄ
Get PDFДОЎНАР, ЛАРЫСА. КНIЖНАЯ СПРАВА Ў МIНСКУ: (КАНЕЦ XVIII – ПАЧАТАК XX СТАГОДДЗЯ). МIНСК : БДУКМ, 2015. 695 P.: ILIUSTR., FAKS. BALTAR. ISBN 978-985-522-138-9
VOKIETIJOS LIETUVIŲ KULTŪROS INSTITUTO BIBLIOTEKA PERDUOTA BERLYNO VALSTYBINEI BIBLIOTEKAI
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LEONO PANAVO KNYGŲ ĮRIŠAI TAIKOMOSIOS IR MENINĖS KNYGRIŠYSTĖS POŽIŪRIU
Get PDFThe aim of the paper is to discuss works of the little-known and little-researched bookbinder Leonas Panavas (1942‒2011), to identify the key features of his work, the influence of his bibliophilic interests and of his profession as a metalworker, and to attempt an outline of his significance and place in the culture of the Lithuanian book. Although L. Panavas was an autodidact, it is important to record his legacy because bookbinders like him were extremely rare. He bound hundreds of books. Thus his work, in one way or another, constitutes part of the heritage of manual bookbinding of the twentieth century, characterizes its peculiarities, and continues the tradition. L. Panavas employed a number of main binding methods: he did not sew headbands but paid much attention to the decoration (dyeing) of the block edge. He tried out the technique of paper marbling. He also restored old worn books and possessed numerous self-made tools and even a hot press. Some works are not of high technical quality due to the lack of geometrical symmetry and order, as well as poor or low-quality materials used. However, his late works show that with passing years this master refined his craft considerably. He decorated books mostly by blind stamping and gilt stamping (using gold imitation) with clichés. Since he was a metal turner, he had the opportunity to make his own clichés and relief metal plates for stamping. He would find other clichés in printing shops, arts and crafts production centres, and flea markets. By selecting and matching several individual motifs and ornaments he formed various compositions. He approached book titles in a similar way, by assembling words from separate letters. Art as self-expression is not the main purpose of his works: it was just a supplementary means of book decoration. Indeed, the covers of the books he bound are decorated, yet it is not his original design. This master neither created nor drew the motifs he used but employed existing motifs and reiterated the styles of the past. With regard to the principles of artistic construction and characteristic features, these covers hardly differ from similar works of the Kaunas masters representing the interwar period, or even nineteenth-century historicism bindings – from the point of view of form they are timeless. Cover compositions are often eclectic, the image is overloaded, the elements and anachronisms are stylistically incompatible. Despite that he managed quite well to maintain the compositional equilibrium His blind stamping and gilt stamping were balanced, and he was in control of the typographical means of expression. L. Panavas paid much attention to typefaces. This apt and intuitive feeling for typefaces came from his experience as a book lover. Among the notes of L.eonas Panavas, a sketch by the prominent painter, collector and bibliophile Kazys Varnelis, which manifestly showed the painter’s characteristic minimalist style, was found. L. Panavas followed this sketch to bind a book for K. Varnelis. The ornamental stamping, characteristic of L. Panavas’s books, does not decorate other bindings done for K. Varnelis. It shows how important the customers with their aesthetic requirements and taste are to artistic bookbinding. Using the resources available in the book-related environment of his time, L. Panavas accumulated an iconographic collection of local book decoration, which accommodated styles from the nineteenth century to present time. In this way his works continue and establish the qualities of Lithuanian bookbinding.Straipsnyje analizuojamas knygrišio Leono Panavo knygrišystės palikimas, siekiama apibrėžti jo darbų taikomąją istorinę vertę, aptarti jo atliktų knygų įrišų meninę raišką, techninius ypatumus, darbo aplinkybes, priemones ir inspiracijas. Atskleidžiama, kokiu būdu sovietmečio sąlygomis metalo apdirbėjo profesija ir asmeniniai pomėgiai bei gebėjimai sudarė prielaidas savamoksliui tapti meistru, vietinių knygrišystės amato tradicijų tęsėju. Remiantis L. Panavo knygų įrišais nagrinėjami bibliofilijos ir knygrišystės saitai. Prieinama prie išvados, kad vadinti L. Panavą knygrišystės amato profesionalu negalime, nes jis neturėjo visų būtinų šiam amatui žinių, naudojo tik įprastas pramonines masinės įrišų gamybos technologijas. Vis dėlto L. Panavo įrišuose išryškėja nuo pat XIX a. būdingi bendrieji estetiniai lietuviškosios knygrišystės bruožai
VILNIAUS BAZILIJONŲ SPAUSTUVĖS (1628–1845) VEIKLOS ORGANIZAVIMAS
Get PDFThe printing house of the Vilnius Basilian monastery stands out as one of the oldest and largest printing houses of the Eastern Rite Catholic Church and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the activities of which lasted about 200 years. In this printing house, books were printed in the Polish, Latin, ecclesiastical Slavonic, Lithuanian and Latvian languages. Furthermore, among the books printed by the Basilians were the pieces printed in Italian, French, Greek and English. Following the abolition of the Eastern Rite Catholic Church in 1839, printing operations were not resumed. Instead, all printing equipment was sold out to the printers Teofilius Gluksberg and Abrahami Dworzec as well as to the townsman Gronim Pupkin. The article is the first attempt ever to analyse the organizational aspects of activities in the said printing house such as its localization and premises, legal situation, managers and employees, technical equipment and sales of the printed material. Research of material conditions makes it easier to establish the factors that have contributed to the development and decline of printing activities as well as identify the causes of multilingual multi-denominational printing output in this institutional enterprise. Such research is aimed to better understand the Lithuanian printing business up to the 19th century and provide background information for more comprehensive research in the fields of reading culture, the history of the Basilian order, social history and material culture of Vilnius.Throughout all the periods of its activity, the print shop was located in the territory of the Vilnius Basilian Monastery in the old part of the city close to the Sharp Gates (Lith. Aštrieji vartai), currently the Gates of Dawn (Lith. Aušros vartai). The localization of the Basilian Monastery in the old centre of religious culture and crafts was favourable to developing the activities of the printing house. The founders and sponsors of the 17th century printing house were the metropolitan archbishops of the Eastern Rite Catholic Church, whereas in the second half of the 18th century the sponsorship was taken over by the superiors of the Lithuanian Basilian Province. Until the year 1768, the legal situation of the printing house was based on the right to print books, inherited by the Vilnius Basilian monastery in 1633 from the Vilnius Holy Trinity Fraternity belonging to the Eastern Rite Catholic Church. In 1768, King and Grand Duke Stanislaw Augustus granted the Lithuanian Basilians a special privilege for the printing house, allowing to transfer the Vilnius printing house to Vitebsk, but this privilege was never taken advantage of.The research made it possible to identify a considerable part of the staff working at the printing house. Thus, in the 17th century, the printing shop employed 3 staff members (1 townsman and 2 Basilians), in the 18th century, 5 printers-Basilians were working in the printing house, and in the first half of the 19th century, 5 printers were employed (all of them were hired secular persons). During the period from the second half of the 18th century to the start of the 19th century, in total six prefects were appointed to manage the printing house activities. During the research, the name of one more manager of the printing house – Markel Solokaj – was established. He was appointed as prefect on July 1, 1838, when printing activities were no longer resumed. Hypothetically it could be stated that during the most profitable period of activity, that is, during the period of 1760–1800, printing activities were carried out by about 20 persons. As a rule, the prefects appointed to run the printing house were chosen from the educated monks having the priest’s ordinances. Among the prefects, priest Nicefor Nenicz (1777–1793) was the most successful in running the printing house. In 1760–1800, 4 book-printing machines and 1 one-piece machine for carving press as well as other quality equipment purchased in foreign countries was installed at the printing house. In addition, a letter foundry, a bookbindery and a bookstore were operating in close proximity to the printing house. The printing house conducted a wide range of printing activities such as printing of books, brochures, sheet music and images of religious content, was specialising in accidental printing, etc. In general, the book production process was fairly well organized, and this allowed the printing press to operate continuously and profitably for several decades. However, the prefects of the printing house did not put any effort into developing book distribution channels. Under the circumstances, mediating monasteries, bookshops and publishers started the business of trading books. The print shop itself was not able to organize effective sales. The weak and shaky book trade is evidenced by the announcements of various individuals and companies about the sales of the book Lexykon geograficzny by I. Karpiński (1766), the publication of which appeared among the Lithuanian and Polish periodicals from 1768 to 1829. Only some issues of the publication were subscriptionbased. It could be concluded that it was not only the political pressure of the Russian administration, but also the weak management of book distribution that led the printing press in early 19th century to stagnation.Vilniaus bazilijonų spaustuvė paliko ryškų pėdsaką Lietuvos kultūros istorijoje. Joje spausdinta lenkų, lotynų, bažnytine slavų, lietuvių, latvių kalbomis, bazilijonų išleistose knygose yra kūrinių ir kitomis Europos kalbomis: italų, prancūzų, graikų, anglų. Platindami įvairiakalbę literatūrą bazilijonai prisidėjo prie daugiatautės LDK kultūros formavimosi bei modernios visuomeninės raidos. Vilniaus bazilijonų knygos yra sulaukusios tyrinėtojų dėmesio, bet iki šiol mažai tirtos materialinės sąlygos, kuriomis vyko leidybinė bazilijonų veikla. Straipsnyje nagrinėjami svarbiausi klausimai, susiję su spaustuvės veiklos organizavimu nuo XVII a. iki spaustuvės uždarymo ir išpardavimo 1845 m.: spaustuvės lokalizacija ir patalpos, teisinė padėtis, valdytojai ir darbuotojai, techninis įrengimas, produkcijos realizavimas. Spaustuvės materialinių sąlygų tyrimas padeda atskleisti veiksnius, lėmusius spaudos darbų raidą ir nuosmukį, suprasti įvairiakalbės kelių konfesijų produkcijos atsiradimo priežastis institucinėje įmonėje
JAV LIETUVIŲ ŠVIETIMO, SAVIŠVIETOS IR SKAITYMO KLAUSIMAI IŠEIVIJOS PERIODIKOJE (IKI 1904 M.)
Get PDFThe purpose of this article is to provide an analysis of the situation of education and self-education as part of informal learning up to the year 1904 among members of the Lithuanian diaspora in the United States, based on the Lithuanian periodicals published during the period in question, and to evaluate its significance on publishing. The objectives were to explore the efforts of the diaspora to establish their own institutions for the education of children and adults and to analyze the importance of press in promoting education and self-education as well as the significance of education and informal learning on the development of publishing. This is the first attempt to conduct relevant research on the basis of the material at our disposal, collected from the press of the Lithuanian diaspora of that period. Although the situation of education and reading was far from satisfying the needs of the then contemporaries, the literacy rate in the community of Lithuanian emigrants in the USA kept growing (of particular importance was the focus on women’s education and reading). Such a situation was predetermined by the pursuit of economic prosperity (initial education and training and the knowledge of English contributed to getting a better job). An increasing concern over the children‘s welfare resulted in a growing number of schools. Ideological struggle within the diaspora community was also a significant factor. Furthermore, one should not forget curiosity and leisure (perhaps the best indicator is the growing number of emigrants who learned to read inspired by the poor quality of literature at hand).Even though a certain number of institutions for the education of children were established, they were restricted only to one type of schools, namely, parochial elementary schools, and their development was hindered by ideological quarrels, disagreements over the content of teaching and compliance with the requirements of the historic period in question. Due to this, and for other reasons, a large number of emigrants sent their children to American public schools or parish schools of other foreign nationals living in the United States, while the number of Lithuanian schools at that time exerted little influence on the development and output of book publishing. Likewise, it cannot be argued that publishing was directly influenced by the creation of evening schools, the more so that English textbooks were used in them. That being said, it has to be stated that the importance of a part of the publishing output was evaluated according to its appropriateness to reading by those attending the schools in question, initially for learning, and then for self-study purposes. The same applies to some of the books published in Eastern Prussia and imported to the United States.Self-education was of particular importance to publishing, as the press was considered its main source. In addition, expatriate societies, which identified the promotion of education and reading as one of their goals, were at times engaged in publishing activities on their own. However, it has to be said that the situation was significantly influenced by a deepening split within the Lithuanian diaspora from the ideological point of view. Representatives of different trends voiced their own views on self-education and reading (what should be read and what should be forbidden). At the same time, this division encouraged the publication of literature aimed at spreading their own ideas, while at the same time was suitable for self-education and reading. True, the repertoire of literature published and the influence of education and self-study needs on publishing both from the quantitative and qualitative point of view require a separate in-depth study.At the turn of the 20th century, the Lithuanian diaspora could boast quite a significant selection of literature at its disposal and a large number of members who had either basic education or were sufficiently educated. In addition, some embryonic roots in the structure of education and self-education could already be discerned, which grew over time and contributed to the development of publishing.Švietimas ir savišvieta yra vienos esminių knygų leidybos plėtros sąlygų. Švietimo, savišvietos, skaitymo temos buvo aktualios įvairiuose JAV lietuvių išeivijos laikraščiuose. Peržiūrėjus beveik 20 įvairios apimties išeivių periodikos leidinių komplektų, galima teigti, kad XIX a. pabaigoje JAV pradėjo formuotis vaikų ir suaugusiųjų švietimo struktūros, atsirado institucijos, rėmusios aukštojo išsilavinimo siekį. Visa tai tiesiogiai ar netiesiogiai siejosi su leidyba. Kartu pradėjo klostytis ir savišvietos tradicijos, nuolat augo spaudos, kaip pagrindinio jos šaltinio, reikšmė, didėjo skaityti išmokusių išeivių skaičius. Taip gausėjo spaudos skaitytojų bei pirkėjų, formavosi leidybos santykis su švietimo įstaigomis. Straipsnyje analizuojami šie ir kiti su tuo susiję klausimai (tuo metu besiformavusių išeivijos politinių dešiniosios ir kairiosios srovių požiūriai į švietimą ir savišvietą, ypač skaitymą). Nagrinėjama, kaip šios politinės srovės išnaudojo švietimą ir savišvietą savo ideologijos plėtrai pasitelkdamos leidybą ir taip plėsdamos jos repertuarą bei kiekybinius rodiklius.
KILNOJAMŲJŲ KULTŪROS VERTYBIŲ APSAUGOS IR EKSTREM ALIŲ SITUACIJŲ VALDYMAS: DVIEJŲ LIETUVOS ATMINTIES INSTITUCIJŲ ATVEJIS
Get PDFThe aim of the article is to analyze international and local legal instruments regarding the protection of movable cultural heritage. It also highlights the importance of instructions and orders of ministerial departments related to the protection of cultural heritage. Furthermore, the article provides a research-based analysis regarding the management of emergency situations and the protection measures of movable cultural property in the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences and National Museum Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania. The research was based on the comparative case study method, which makes it possible to focus on and delve deeply into the essence of a single problem. The research was conducted using a questionnaire and a structured interview, during which two respondents from memory institutions were interviewed. The answers, provided by the respondents, help to determine the possibility of practical implementation of the objectives raised in the legal acts of the Republic of Lithuania regarding the protection of cultural property. Emphasized in the research is identification of threats, allocation of responsible personnel, enactment of preventive measures and the importance of establishing and implementing specific actions on both theoretical and practical levels.Straipsnis skiriamas išnagrinėti apsaugos ir ekstremalių situacijų valdymui pasirinktose Lietuvos atminties institucijose. Analizuojami tarptautiniai teisės aktai ir Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymai, reglamentuojantys nagrinėjamą sritį. Pabrėžiama Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymų įgyvendinamųjų teisės aktų reikšmė kultūros paveldo apsaugos reglamentavimui ir jo įgyvendinimui. Analizuojamas atliktas apsaugos ir ekstremalių situacijų valdymo Lietuvos mokslų akademijos Vrublevskių bibliotekoje ir Nacionaliniame muziejuje Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės valdovų rūmuose tyrimas. Tyrimo metu gautus duomenis lyginant tarpusavyje siekta atskleisti panašumus ir skirtumus tarp teisinio kilnojamųjų kultūros vertybių apsaugos ir ekstremalių situacijų valdymo reglamentavimo bei praktinio jo įgyvendinimo Lietuvos Respublikos atminties institucijose. Prieita prie išvados, kad atminties institucijos vadovaujasi Lietuvos Respublikos teisės aktais, reglamentuojančiais kilnojamųjų kultūros vertybių apsaugą, apsaugos priemones įgyvendina tik įsitikinusios jų nauda ir efektyvumu.
MOKSLININKŲ LEIDYBINĖ ELGSENA ATVIROSIOS PRIEIGOS KONTEKSTE: TYRIMŲ ANALIZĖ
Get PDFThe purpose of this article is to systematize the results of the previous empirical research about scholar‘s publishing behavior in the context of open access. The following tasks were formulated: to define the objects of the research and research questions; to describe the research methods and tools for collecting empirical data and to highlight the essential research results. The method of study of meta-synthesis is used to achieve the purpose of the research. Research in foreign countries in the context of open access of scholarly publishing behavior (depending on the objectives of the research) is carried out using a questionnaire survey method or a combination of questionnaire survey, discussion group and/or in-depth interview research methods. The research results in foreign countries have revealed that, while researchers are becoming more aware of open access, the main reason why they do not use open access as a publishing channel and barely use self-archiving is the lack of knowledge about open access scientific journals and self-archiving. Although various open access issues have been addressed, so far there has been no independent study analyzing the publishing behavior of researchers in the context of open access in Lithuania. The following research questions are raised when investigating the use of open access by researchers: scientists’ knowledge and experience of using open access; opinion on open access as a publishing channel for scientific publications; factors that promote using open access as a publishing channel; open access barriers; factors that determine the decision of scientists on where to publish scientific research data. These research questions can be understood as the exploratory terms of the scholarly publishing behavior in the context of open access.Šio straipsnio tikslas – susisteminti ankstesnių mokslinių empirinių mokslininkų leidybinės elgsenos atvirosios prieigos kontekste tyrimų rezultatus. Tikslo siekiama išsikeliant tokius uždavinius: nustatyti, kokios formuluojamos tyrimo objekto apibrėžtys ir kokie keliami kertiniai tyrimo klausimai; apibūdinti pasirenkamus tyrimo metodus ir įrankius empiriniams duomenims surinkti; išryškinti esminius tyrimų rezultatus. Tyrimo tikslui pasiekti pasitelkiamas metasintezės tyrimo metodas. Mokslininkų leidybinės elgsenos atvirosios prieigos kontekste tyrimai užsienio šalyse priklausomai nuo iškeltų tyrimo tikslų atliekami pasitelkiant anketinės apklausos tyrimo metodą ar derinant anketinės apklausos ir diskusijų grupių bei giluminio interviu tyrimo metodus. Išanalizuotų užsienio šalių mokslininkų atliktų tyrimų rezultatai atskleidė, kad nors mokslininkai vis daugiau žino apie atvirąją prieigą, tačiau pagrindinė priežastis, kodėl ja nesinaudoja kaip leidybos kanalu, išlieka žinių apie atvirosios prieigos mokslinius žurnalus ir mokslinės informacijos talpyklas stygius. Lietuvoje, nors ir nagrinėti įvairūs su atvirąja prieiga susiję klausimai, iki šiol savarankiško tyrimo, analizuojančio mokslininkų leidybinę elgseną atvirosios prieigos kontekste, nebuvo atlikta.
