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Новые библиографические технологии и проблемы их внедрения в социальное информационное обслуживание и библиографическую практику
No full textThe article deals with the problem of the changing demands of education for librarianship and information work in developed capitalist countries as a result of the application of computers and changing technology of library work. There are indications that, under these conditions, education and training must be something rather different from traditional library education.
The changing role of information, which becomes one of the natural resources of a country, and the rapid development of computer technology reveal new professional demands for librarians. They are becoming something like gatekeepers of information, mediators between information stored in databases and information users.
As a result of this tendency, the teaching of online bibliographic searching is of great importance in the curricula of library schools all over the world.
The main trends of alteration in the programs of library schools during the last 10 years are surveyed, and principal tendencies of future development in the education of librarians are revealed
Spausdinto žodžio autoritetas XIX a. Lietuvos kaime
Get PDFGutenberg\u27s revolutionary discovery contributed to the modernization and democratization processes of Western Europe. "In social respect typographic continuity of man brought nationalism, mass market, universal literacy, and education," states M. McLuhan. Despite obvious unfavorable circumstances, which emerged in Lithuania in the 19th century as well as in Western Europe, both society and culture started to democratize. Figuratively speaking, the Enlightenment epoch was dwelling in the air at the moment, where the printed word, the book phenomenon, occupied a very special place. It was a new form of indirect public communication for the Lithuanian peasant, which he was destined to know, "to tame" in the course of the 19th century.
It is of consequence that the book, having acquired a mass, cheaper and in this sense a more affordable form, moreover, printed in the comprehensible Lithuanian language, spreads among people and becomes an evident fact of culture participation in society. The book gains authority. V. Kavolis, reasoning the issue where the authority of culture originates (the book—a concurrent attribute of culture), raises the following topical aspects: 1) "some elements of culture become reliable, important to human behavior," 2) "the authority of culture can originate from the power of its structure and its coherence. <...> We feel striking power which is in the very text or rite of culture." In the educative 19th century, there are plenty of signs recording the significance and power of the book. For example, already at the beginning of the century, the book as a significant tool of education was poetized in the texts by Dionizas Poška. In "Gramatoje pas Tadeušą Čackį," Dionizas Poška emphasizes the importance of the trilingual dictionary by K. Sirvydas, deplores the fate of many of the copies of the book, and grieves for trampling the mother tongue.
It is of major importance that the peasant estate becomes aware of the authority of the book. In general, in the epoch of Enlightenment, the peasant\u27s topic arises (the peasant becomes an object of literary portrayal as well). Interaction with the printed text (a prayer book, hymnal, fiction, calendar, map) turns into a new form of communication. It is prestigious for a richer farmer to have a book at home.
The increase in the standing of the book and reading is directly linked with the rise of the school system.
Partially, Lithuania reflects general European consistent patterns: "the majority of European regions, assuredly, so to say, and finally, became alphabeticized only in the 19th century, when primary schools were established wide," the "History of European Mentality" admits. The major mission of schools in that period was alphabetization. It could not have been efficient without printed books, without "a uniformly formalized educational process" (McLuhan).
Surely, the most traditional area of the operation of the printed word is the Church. Prayer books and other religious publications did not require much promotion; they were willingly bought. The ability to read was rather limited for the major part of the population. They could read only "their own" prayer book, that is, the book they were taught to read (A. Kulakauskas). It is obvious that literature of religious origin performed a certain educational role, which later was taken over by primers.
The publishing of Lithuanian books was not limited only to confessional or educational editions. Fiction books and books of practical attribution intended for peasant readers were started to publish in Lithuania. This is a major distinction. Buying books of the latter attribution was absolutely a voluntary, cultural gesture not supervised by any institution. This reveals the then state of literary communication in Lithuania. Gradually, the peasant\u27s self-consciousness of the 19th century changed; there were more people who could read not only prayer books but who preferred reading for their own pleasure. There occurred the need to read books not because it was a duty or it was profitable, but because books could meet more specific needs. The peasant finds it pleasant to read and experiences some aesthetic feelings. The practice of reading "Saints\u27 Lives" embodied these qualities already earlier. Now it is set much on reading translations of foreign authors or books by Lithuanian authors—P. Arminas, S. Daukantas, M. Valančius, or fiction by other authors.
Undoubtedly, the spread of the Lithuanian printed word in the Lithuanian village is a significant token of the 19th century, never suppressed by the wrongful prohibition of Lithuanian press by Czar Russia in 1864
Mažosios Lietuvos tautinio sąjūdžio protestantiškojo sparno periodinis leidinys ,,Pagalba" valdant kaizerinei Vokietijai (iki 1919 m.)
Get PDFThe Lithuanian national movement in Lithuania Minor was developing in the conditions of intensive activity of German political organisations, cultural integration of both parts of Lithuania (Minor and the Great one), and the strengthening of Lithuanian national autonomy. The National movement of Lithuanian Minor was transforming into a differentiated political movement and independent organisations since the 19" century. A part of them stayed under the influence of German political parties, another part sought the political autonomy. Each of these organisations relied and flocked around ideologically related newspapers: "Lietuviška ceitunga" in Klaipėda, "Konzervatyvus draugystės laiškas" in Priekulė, "Nauja lietuviška ceitunga" in Tilžė and others. The latest to emerge was the Protestant wing of Lithuanian national movement with a periodical "Pagalba" (1904--1939). Vilius Gaigalaitis (1870-1945)- a well-known Lithuanian activists a deputy of Prussian Parliament (landtag), an Evangelical-Lutheran priesi - edited it. This joumal and its editor\u27s supporters declared tolai loyalty to Kaiser Germany, however, they sought to preserve the identity of Lithuanians in Lithuania Minor through political and cultural activity, cultural cooperation with Great Lithuania, and creation and promotion of a significant image of Lithuanian nation in the world. This led to confrontation with political power in Germany. The cultural, national, and political development of "Pagalba" and its supporters was stopped by the war. The situation, factors of influence and the goals of activity later changed significantly
Terminologijos vaidmuo knygotyroje (iš vokiečių k. vertė L. Citavičiūtė)
No full textDer Begriffsapparat der Sozialwissenschaften, darunter auch der Buchwissenschaft, ist nicht nur im Rahmen der einzelnen Sprachen und Staaten, sondern auch im Rahmen der besonderen wissenschaftlichen Schulen und sogar bei den einzelnen Forschern verschieden. Die grundlegende Frage in diesem Vortrag ist: Wie bezeichnet man in der Fachliteratur Disziplinen, die das buchkundliche Wissen sammeln, bearbeiten, untersuchen und darstellen? Das Verständnis der Termini ist außerhalb des Begriffsapparats der Buchkunde unmöglich. Zur Erschließung der wirklichen Bedeutung der Äquivalente in verschiedenen Sprachen ist umfassendes Wissen notwendig. Sie sind verständlich oft nur auf der Stufe der einfachen Lexik und erfordern detaillierte Erläuterungen. Man muss auch die historischen Schicksale der Disziplin, die einheimische und internationale Tradition der Fachwortbildung kennen. Die Weiterentwicklung der Disziplin, ihre geographische Verbreitung, neue Fragen in der Forschung und in der Praxis geben neue Aufgaben und Perspektiven in der terminologischen Arbeit. Die Kenntnisse vom Buch und von der Buchwelt können nicht nur in der autonomen Buchwissenschaft oder in der Bibliographie, sondern auch in anderen Disziplinen stecken. Dann befinden sie sich in anderen Begriffsstrukturen und werden oft mittels einer anderen Terminologie beschrieben. Es gibt daher natürlich Schwierigkeiten im Verständnis und Übersetzen der Texte. Die Bearbeitung der neuen nationalen und internationalen Fachwörterbücher könnte den Buchforschern und Benutzern bessere Möglichkeiten geben, die bibliologische Literatur zu verstehen
Lietuvių DP knyginiai ryšiai su latvių ir estų DP Vakarų Europoje 194S-19S2 metais
Get PDFThousands of Lithuanians, Latvians, and Estonians left their native lands during World War II. They escaped from the second Soviet occupation and spent the post-war years in displaced persons (DP) camps in various West European countries. The living conditions in the camps were very difficult, but the social and cultural activity of the DPs was vibrant. Book publishing was one expression of this activity. Since DPs from the Baltic States lived in the same camps, they had book connections. Several areas of their activity can be discussed.
One of these was the publishing activity of Baltic DP joint institutions such as the Baltic University, the Lithuanian-Latvian Unity, the Baltic Society of Philately "Baltia," and others. A few books were published as a result of joint Baltic efforts, such as art exhibitions, poetry competitions, or individual initiatives (e.g., Salomėja Narkėliūnaitė, Aleks Rannit, V. K. Jonynas, and others).
Many publishing ideas were not realized (e.g., a book about the Meerback Baltic DP camp, the Vorarlberg DP camp Baltic almanac "Lootus-Ceritas-Viltis," a collection of Baltic writers\u27 prose in German, a map of the three Baltic states, and others). Some Latvian and Estonian DP books caused dissatisfaction among Lithuanian DPs as they allocated Vilnius and the Vilnius area to Poland.
The book connections between Lithuanian DPs and Latvian and Estonian DPs were sporadic, but this tradition continued after 1952 in various countries where Baltic emigrants lived
XVI-XVII a. kalendoriai Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekoje
Get PDFAlmanac - a book containing the days, weeks, and months of the year, along with information about festivals, astronomical data, and other items of interest.
The article describes the oldest almanacs held in the Vilnius University Library. There are 5 almanacs from the 16th century, 6 from the 17th century, and many from the 18th century. Special focus is given to their provenances. The majority of almanacs came to the Vilnius University Library from monasteries (Vilnius, Dotnuva, Molodechno, etc.). Another part came from the personal libraries of famous individuals. Many of these books have several bookplates, indicating a complex history within Lithuanian culture
Lietuviškų knygų tiražai 1795-1864 metais
No full textEditions of printings are a very important indicator of publishing activity, which characterizes quantitatively this publishing activity itself and shows the cultural and educational condition in the period which is treated.
There is not enough information about editions of books in the nineteenth century. There are 58 Lithuanian printing editions, which have been discovered by using various sources and special calculations. This new data expands the information presented in the Lithuanian national retrospective bibliography.
Information about all editions of Lithuanian books during 1795-1864, which is known now, is presented in the table. The data of this table also forms the basis of speculations about the dynamics and factors of editions.
Editions of Lithuanian printings increased significantly during 1795-1864. At the end of the 18th century, the general annual printings edition was 3,000 copies. In the mid-nineteenth century, this number increased to 50,000-70,000 copies. Even editions of ABC books increased from 1,500 to 5,000 copies.
The different sizes of editions of books on various subjects were determined by their content, purpose, and the different financial capacities of publishers. Printings for educational, informational, and administrative purposes had larger editions: calendars (almanacs) - from 3,000 to 10,000 copies, legal documents - from 3,000 to 5,000, and proclamations up to 10,000 copies.
Editions of fiction fluctuated from 500 to 5,000 copies, and those printings intended to inform about the trade of books were made up of only a few hundred copies.
We can also speak about the mass spreading of catechisms, books promoting religious morality, ceremony books, prayer books, and songbooks throughout the entire period in question. Their average editions in the mid-century were: catechism - 1,500-5,000, moral preachings - 4,000-15,000, ceremony books - 10,000, prayer books - 3,000-10,000, and religious songbooks - 5,000 copies.
Books intended only for priests, which were used for pastoral care, organizational, and administrative means of the church, had smaller editions - 300-500 copies.
Increased editions of Lithuanian books made the Lithuanian press cheaper and more accessible to readers. On the other hand, readers not only increased in number, but their reading demands expressed substantive changes too. These changes show the tendencies of secularization and democratization processes in the culture