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Vaclovo Biržiškos gyvenimas ir veikla 1940 - 1941 metais
Get PDFV. Biržiška\u27s activities are noted in the archival documents that can be found in the manuscripts departments of the libraries of Vilnius University and the Academy of Sciences, as well as in the Central State Archives.
On January 1, 1940, V. Biržiška was elected the director of Vilnius University Library. At the same time, he managed the library of Vytautas the Great University. As the director of Vilnius University Library, V. Biržiška prepared new rules for readers on how to use the library, attended to the librarians\u27 financial matters, and sought better premises. On his own initiative, on September 1, 1940, the Chair of Bibliography was established in the Faculty of Humanitarian Sciences, with V. Biržiška elected as chairman. The plan and teaching program were prepared, but World War II interrupted all his projects.
After the Germans occupied Lithuania, V. Biržiška went through a very complicated period in his life. Unable to manage the two major libraries of Lithuania, he retired from his duties as director of Vilnius University Library on November 28, 1941. He then went to Kaunas and managed the Vytautas the Great University Library.
Only a personality like V. Biržiška could manage the two greatest libraries in 1940-1941 during such a difficult period in the history of Lithuania
Natų leidyba Lietuvos XVI-XVII a. muzikinio gyvenimo kontekste
Get PDFIn the 16th and 17th centuries, musical notation was only a modest part of the published output in Lithuania. What was new in the large centers of music in Western Europe spread here and was incorporated into this country\u27s musical life, but due to specific political and cultural factors, this did not ensure an even musical development. Lithuania had no long-standing tradition of sponsorship by patrons of the arts, and the publication of notated music was limited to religious purposes and thus highlighted the main musical accents in Lithuanian church music.
That a Gregorian chant hymnal was not published until the very middle of the 17th century was largely due to the fact that the Lithuanian Catholic Church was answerable to higher authorities in Poland, which supplied them with most of the liturgical printed material they needed.
In the first half of the 17th century, when the Counter-Reformation in Lithuania ended, the Jesuit Academy of Vilnius (founded 1579) began to concern itself with the teaching of Gregorian chant. The Lithuanian Jesuits, now no longer accountable to the Polish church hierarchy, began to make independent decisions about the publication of hymnals. The first Gregorian chant books published in Lithuania by the Vilnius Academy in 1667 were prepared and organized by the Academy\u27s noted rhetorician, Professor Žygimantas Lauxmin. They were Ars et praxis musica, Graduale, and Antiphonale. These were reprinted till the end of the century, although their polygraphic quality was not particularly high.
The chants themselves were recorded in a variety of ways—as cantus planus (plainsong) and cantus fractus—and in mensural (measured) notation. A variant, local to Vilnius, was the printing of the Rorate advent hymn cycle in two-voice parts and several Latin Mass hymns in three parts.
It was the Jesuits who published the first Catholic hymnals in Lithuania in 1613, entitled Parthenomelica and prepared by Valentin Bartoszewski. They revealed the formation of a local hymn repertoire and the variability and great flexibility of the hymn melodies, some hymns having only empty staves provided.
In the middle of the 16th century, with the Reformation well-established, the printing of Protestant hymnals began with Martynas Mažvydas\u27 Katekizmas (Catechism). This first Lithuanian book, published in 1547 in Karaliaučius (Koenigsberg), had ten notated hymns. The melodies of some were identical to those in hymnals printed in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, perhaps because they had sprung from the same source.
Lithuania Major\u27s first notated publications were prepared at the Vilnius court of Mikołaj Radvila the Black, printed on his presses in 1558 in Brest and entitled Pieśni chwały Bożych. They were a collection of single and multiple-voice hymns. The music was composed in Vilnius by Wenceslaus Schamotulinus and Ciprianus Basilicus, who were in Radvila\u27s employ.
Later Protestant hymnals with notation were published in 1563-4 in Nesvyžius, and in 1580, 1581, 1594, 1598, and 1600 in Vilnius, and in 1614 and 1620 in Lubcza.
It is thought that the impetus and backing of Radvila the Black as patron of the first Protestant hymnal led to the publication of his court composers\u27 work outside the borders of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as was done in Cracow in the middle of the century. The distinct decrease in the printing of hymns scored for many voice parts after Radvila\u27s death in 1565 confirms his influence.
It may also be that Radvila financed the 1565 Cracow publication of the tabulature of Valentin Bakfark (Bacfark) living in Vilnius. Furthermore, Radvila\u27s death marked the end of Basilicus\u27 career as a composer and the sudden disappearance of Bacfark from Vilnius.
The greater part of books published in Vilnius in 1598 (M. Petkevičius\u27 Katekizmas) and in Kėdainiai (Knygos nobažnystės krikščioniškos in 1653) were hymnals whose hymns were based on melodies from the above-mentioned Vilnius publications.
The publication of notated music in the 16th-17th centuries was limited to Protestant and Catholic hymnals, which provide valuable information about Lithuanian church music and about the cultural climate of that period in general
Grožinės verstinės vaikų knygos leidyba Lietuvoje 1940- 1990 m.
No full textTranslated literature comprises a significant portion of all children\u27s books in Lithuania. Often, works originally written for adults become popular as children\u27s literature worldwide (e.g., D. Defoe\u27s, J. Swift\u27s, A. Dumas\u27, Ch. Perrault\u27s, and others). As a result, many book editors face difficulties in determining the appropriate target audience for these books. Consequently, the same classic literary work, published in Lithuania at different times, may be aimed at various reader groups (for example, "Robinson Crusoe").
Fiction has always constituted the largest portion of children\u27s books in Lithuania (in some years, up to 93%). Translations made up 54.7% of all children\u27s fiction published from 1940 until 1990. The majority of these books are prose and are primarily aimed at younger and middle-school-age readers (65.9%), with the smallest portion targeted at older school-age readers (15.9%). Poetry accounts for 11% of all children\u27s book translations, with the majority of it intended for younger readers.
Between 1940 and 1990, 1881 translated fiction books for children were published in Lithuania. These books were translated from 29 languages representing 88 nations worldwide by more than 800 translators. The majority of these books were translated from Russian (about 45%). The literary and folklore books of various nations within the U.S.S.R. comprise 60.7% of all children\u27s translations. Of these, 79.7% were by Russian creators, while the remaining 20.3% were by creators from 31 other nations within the U.S.S.R.
There were many challenges associated with translations, most of which were dictated by central departments in Moscow that regulated all publishing activities in the Soviet Union
Studentų informacijos poreikiai ir jų tenkinimo problemos aukštosiose mokyklose
Get PDFThe higher school forms reading, social, and professional interests of the students. The investigation of students\u27 information needs enables better service to readers, improves the promotion of books, enhances reference and bibliographic work, and creates optimal methods in information skills training.
The article analyzes students\u27 information needs, ways of satisfying these needs, readers\u27 attitudes towards library resources, and the use of information opportunities in universities in Ukraine, Moscow, Vilnius, and other higher education institutions in our country.
Based on students\u27 interests, purposes of their activities, and work in scientific and social circles, six types of students were identified. By connecting these types with the students\u27 information culture formation program, it is possible to develop the structure of students\u27 information needs. The article provides suggestions for training information users. On one hand, it helps to meet students\u27 information needs, and on the other, it trains creative information users and creators of new information
Nuo šnipo iki redaktoriaus: Elžbietos Sieniawskos, gim. Lubomirskos (m. 1729 m.), Krokuvos kašteliono žmonos, informatoriai
Get PDFResearch on written newspapers of the Saxon period has been ongoing for several decades. By looking at the avis from the perspective of their editors and purveyors, we get a fuller picture of the mentality of society. Elżbieta Sieniawska, née Lubomirska (d. 1729), Wife of the Castellan of Krakow and one of the most enterprising magnates at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries, collected information through her intelligence services. Had it not been for their efforts and every attempt to provide the Krakow castellan with news, it is likely that Sieniawska would have had serious problems keeping her knowledge of the country and the world up to date. Distinguishing in the article the profiles of spies, postal workers and newspaper editors, the author shows not only previously unpublished facts from the life of the information services, but above all points to the dependencies between their services.Saksonijos laikotarpio rašytinių laikraščių tyrimai tęsiasi jau kelis dešimtmečius. Žvelgdami į tyrimo objektą iš jų redaktorių ir tiekėjų perspektyvos, gauname išsamesnį visuomenės mentaliteto vaizdą. Elžbieta Sieniawska, gim. Lubomirska (m. 1729 m.), Krokuvos kaštelionė ir viena iniciatyviausių XVII–XVIII a. sandūros magnačių, rinko informaciją per savo asmenines žvalgybos tarnybas. Jei ne jų pastangos ir įvairiapusis siekis pateikti Krokuvos kaštelionei naujienas, tikėtina, kad Sieniawskai būtų keblu išlikti naujienų ir apie šalį, ir apie pasaulį sraute. Autorė straipsnyje aptaria šnipų, pašto darbuotojų ir laikraščių redaktorių asmenybių biografijas, tokiu būdu ne tik atskleisdama anksčiau neskelbtus faktus iš informacinių tarnybų gyvenimo, bet ir atkreipdama dėmesį į tam tikrą tarnybų tarpusavio priklausomybę
